瑞芬太尼联合氯诺昔康用于全麻患者苏醒期清醒无痛拔管

目的研究瑞芬太尼、氯诺昔康单独或联合应用于全麻患者能否在苏醒期清醒、无痛拔管。方法选取颌面部手术患者60例，美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级，随机分为4组（n＝15）。Ⅰ组，术毕停用瑞芬太尼；Ⅱ组，术毕瑞芬太尼减量至0.05μg/(kg·min)，拔管后即停药；Ⅲ组，诱导前20min、术毕前30min分别静注氯诺昔康8mg，瑞芬太尼术毕即停药；Ⅳ组，诱导前20min、术毕前30min分别静注氯诺昔康8mg，术毕瑞芬太尼减量至0.05μg/(kg·min)，拔管后即停药。观察记录患者苏醒期有无呛咳、躁动，呼唤睁眼时间、拔管时间，术毕、拔管即刻、拔管后5、10min血压（BP）、心率（HR），拔管后5、10min疼痛评分采用语言评价量表（VRS）。结果Ⅱ、Ⅳ组患者呛咳发生率均明显低于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05），睁眼时间和拔管时间均比Ⅰ组稍延长（P＜0.05）。Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组拔管即刻、拔管后5min BP和HR均低于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01），Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组在拔管后10min BP和HR仍低于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01），Ⅳ组患者各时间点的BP、HR无明显差异（P＞0.05）。Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组拔管后5min VRS评分均低于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）。Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组拔管后10?min VRS评分低于Ⅰ组或Ⅱ组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论瑞芬太尼或氯诺昔康单独应用均可降低全麻苏醒期不良反应；二者联合应用可在患者清醒、无痛条件下安全拔管。     

氯诺昔康超前镇痛对上腹部手术围术期细胞因子的影响

目的：研究氯诺昔康超前镇痛对上腹部手术围术期细胞因子的影响。方法：24例患者符合美国麻醉医师学会（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ级，择期全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC），随机分为两组，对照组（12例）术毕注射氯诺昔康8mg；超前镇痛组（12例）麻醉诱导前15min注射氯诺昔康8mg。所有患者在术前、术后1、4、6h分别抽取肘静脉血测白介素-6（IL-6）、血管内皮素（ET）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）的含量。结果：两组患者IL-6、ET和CRP值在术前差异无显著性（P〉0．05），随着手术、麻醉的创伤，术中、术毕升高较术前更为显著，然而，由于超前镇痛，观察组IL-6、ET和CRP值在术后1、4、6h时间比对照组升高缓慢（P〈0．05）。结论：氯诺昔康抗中枢敏感化所致超前镇痛作用可明显改善患者疼痛状态，降低应激水平。     

氯诺昔康用于PPH术后皮下自控镇痛的临床观察

目的观察氯诺昔康用于PPH手术术后皮下自控镇痛的效果和安全性。方法择期120例腰麻下行PPH手术患者，术毕前肱二头肌皮下置留置针接PCA泵，随机分为四组，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别给予氯诺昔康32mg、40mg，Ⅲ组芬太尼0．8mg，Ⅳ组曲马多800mg。负荷量分别为静脉注射氯诺昔康8mg、芬太尼0．05mg和曲马多100mg。采用VAS评分法评定疼痛程度，观察副作用发生情况，记录患者满意度。结果四组各时点VAS组内及组间比较均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；Ⅰ、Ⅱ组比Ⅲ、Ⅳ组副作用更少，病人术后生活质量和满意度更高（P均〈0．05）；Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组副作用、病人术后生活质量和满意度比较均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论较小剂量的氯诺昔康用于PPH术后皮下镇痛安全、有效，不良反应少，患者满意度高。     

氯诺昔康复合小剂量芬太尼用于术后镇痛

目的 观察氯诺昔康复合小剂量芬太尼用于术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的镇痛效应与不良反应，评估氯诺昔康术后镇痛的安全性与有效性。方法 选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级全麻择期上腹部手术患者45例，随机分为三组，每组15例。PCIA药物配伍为：F组：芬太尼0．75mg；T组：曲马多500mg＋芬太尼0．2mg；L组：氯诺昔康32mg＋芬太尼0．2mg；用生理盐水稀释至100ml。PCIA工作模式采用持续背景剂量（2ml／h）配合单次按压剂量（0．5m1），锁定时间7．5min。术毕患者清醒拔管后，F组静注芬太尼1μg/kg；L组静注氯诺昔康8mg；T组静注曲马多100mg作为负荷剂量，然后接上原先配置好的PCIA泵。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）记录每个患者术后的疼痛程度，同时记录术后48h内可能出现的不良反应和患者对镇痛效果的总体满意度。结果 F组患者术后各时间点的VAS评分稍高于T、L两组，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；镇痛期间F组恶心、呕吐不良反应发生率明显高于T组与L组（P〈0．05）；T组与L组之间差异无统计学意义；镇痛期间三组患者对镇痛效果的总体满意度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 氯诺昔康用于术后PCIA镇痛效应与曲马多相近，复合小剂量芬太尼都能达到良好的镇痛作用。相对于单独应用芬太尼，两者联合芬太尼用于术后静脉镇痛，不良反应明显减少。     

帕瑞昔布钠复合地佐辛用于改善开胸术患者麻醉恢复期质量的效果观察

目的探讨帕瑞昔布钠复合地佐辛对提高开胸术患者麻醉恢复期质量的效果。方法择期开胸手术患者60例,随机分为三组（n=20）：P组：麻醉前10min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg（5m1）;D组：术毕前20min静脉注射地佐辛0．2mg／kg;PD组：麻醉前10min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg（5ml）＋术毕前20min静脉注射地佐辛0．1mg／kg。于麻醉前（T1）、拔管前即刻（T2）、拔管后1min（T3）、拔管后5rain（T4）时记录呼吸（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）,记录苏醒、拔管时间。评估拔管后5min时的躁动（RS）评分、镇静（RSS）评分,和舒适（BCS）评分。结果与PD组相比,P组他、T3时刻HR增快,MAP增高;RS评分增高,与D组、PD相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;D组苏醒、拔管时间延长,RSS评分增高,与P组、PD相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PD组BCS评分增高,与P组、D相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论麻醉前10min帕瑞昔布钠40mg复合术毕前20min0．1mg／kg地佐辛静注用于开胸手术后,患者有满意的麻醉恢复期循环变化,且不影响患者的苏醒、拔管时间,苏醒质量高,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

曲马多、氯诺昔康防治全麻苏醒期躁动

目的观察曲马多、氯诺昔康治疗全麻苏醒期躁动的疗效.方法选择60例全麻病人,双盲随机分为3组,术毕缝皮前静脉用药,Ⅰ组为曲马多3 mg/kg,Ⅱ组氯诺昔康16 mg,Ⅲ组注射用水2 ml.观察指标为躁动评分、Ramsay镇静评分、B℃S舒适评分、心率、平均压、恶心呕吐.观察时间点为:麻醉前(t1)、用药后30 min(t2)和40 min(t3)、气管拔管时(t4)、拔管后5 min(t5)和10 min(t6).结果气管拔管时心率、平均压Ⅰ组比Ⅲ组低(P＜0.05);用药后30 min、拔管后5 min,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组相比,镇静有显著差异(P＜0.05):用药后40 min、气管拔管时、拔管后10 min,Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组相比,躁动显著减少(P＜0.05);用药后40 min、拔管后10min,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组相比,躁动显著减少(P＜0.05);Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组比Ⅲ组舒适(P＜0.05).结论曲马多、氯诺昔康可防治全麻苏醒期躁动,曲马多更有效.     

氯诺昔康预防气管拔管不良反应的临床观察

目的 观察氯诺昔康预防气管拔管不良反应。方法 60例静吸复合麻醉下的手术患者,关腹膜后停用麻醉维持药,A组静脉给予氯诺昔康16mg,B组静脉注入曲马多100mg,C组静注生理盐水2mL。监测不同时点的平均动脉压（MAP）、HR和SpO2,并记录停止全麻维持药至拔除气管导管时间、清醒时间、出手术室时间及拔管时是否躁动和恶心、呕吐等。结果 16mg氯诺昔康和100mg曲马多均能有效预防气管拔管期的不良反应,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 氯诺昔康能有效预防气管拔管的不良反应,减少苏醒期躁动,不影响苏醒时间,值得临床推广。     

丙泊酚复合氯诺昔康在人工流产术的应用

目的研究丙泊酚复合氯诺昔康在人工流产术中麻醉的效果。方法拟行无痛人工流产术的健康早孕妇女66例，随机分为3组，每组22例。A组：静注丙泊酚2．0mg／kg，术中必要时追加丙泊酚0．2～0．3mg／kg；B组：静注丙泊酚及芬太尼0．5μg／kg；C组：静注丙泊酚及氯诺昔康0．16mg／kg；B、C组均静注丙泊酚2．0mg／kg。分别记录术中SBP、HR、RR、SpO2，并观察各组镇痛效果、用药量、术毕恢复情况。结果3组比较术中SBP、HR、RR、SpO2的变化差异，有显著意义（P〈0．05）；A组用丙泊酚量最大，呼吸抑制发生率为42％；B组呼吸抑制发生率最大，为63％；C组无1例出现呼吸抑制；苏醒时间：B组长于A、C组（P〈0．05）。镇痛效果：3组均能为人工流产术提供有效的镇痛，但以B、C组为优。结论丙泊酚复合氯诺昔康用药量少，术后苏醒快，下腹痛发生率较低，是一种安全、有效的人工流产术镇痛方法。     

布托啡诺对全麻患者术后拔管期躁动的预防

目的 探讨布托啡诺对全麻患者术后拔管期躁动的预防作用。方法 选择择期胃癌全麻腹部手术患者40例、ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,随机分为布托啡诺组（B,n=20）和对照组（C,n=20）。布托啡诺组术毕给予布托啡诺0、5mg静脉注射,对照组术毕给予生理盐水0.5ml静脉注射。记录患者不同时间点的生命体征、拔管时间、拔管时的躁动评分,拔管后5min的清醒评分（Rarnsav）及不良反应。结果布托啡诺组拔管时的躁动评分低于对照组（P〈0．05）,拔管后5min的Ramsay镇静评分高于对照组（P〈0.05）,两组对导管刺激均引起心血管反应（P〈0.05）,但布托啡诺组优于对照组（P〈0.05）;两组不良反应的情况亦相似（P〉0．05）;布托啡诺组拔管时间长于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论布托啡诺可以有效预防全麻患者术后拔管期躁动,但延长术后拔管时间。     

氯诺昔康联合吗啡用于老年人骨科手术后静脉自控镇痛的研究

目的　评价氯诺昔康联合吗啡用于老年人骨科术后静脉自控镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级，择期行下肢骨科手术的老年患者60例，随机分为两组，Ⅰ组（对照组，30例）患者以0．050％吗啡作为术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的药物，Ⅱ组（观察组，30例）患者以0．040％氯诺昔康＋0.025％吗啡150ml镇痛。以视觉模拟评分（VAS）作为衡量疼痛强度的指标，观察镇痛开始后4、8、20、24、48h的吗啡用量、镇痛效果、不良反应，并记录镇痛结束后的患者总体满意度。结果Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组镇痛开始后4、8、20、24、48h　VAS比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；各时间点吗啡用量间差别有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；不良反应除尿潴留外差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者对镇痛治疗总体满意度间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论　氯诺昔康联合吗啡用于老年人骨科术后镇痛，可减少吗啡的用量，减轻不良反应的发生，提高镇痛质量。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.