囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿67例临床分析

目的探讨囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾67例蛛网膜囊肿患者采用囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗的临床资料。结果 68.75%半年内蛛网膜囊肿消失,其余囊肿不同程度缩小,随着时间延长,缩小程度进一步加大,直到囊肿消失、颅内压消失,受压的脑组织恢复。结论应用囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗蛛网膜囊肿安全有效。     

囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿358例

目的 研究分析囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的方法及其有效性和安全性.方法 采用囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿358例,术前主要根据影像学结果选择不同的分流管,在显微镜下完成囊腔内的置管过程.结果 颅内蛛网膜囊肿颞窝的发生率为60.6%,1年内手术有效率为97.2%,术后分流管阻塞率为1.7%,术后感染率为1.1%.结论 囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿安全有效,具有操作简单、对脑组织干扰小等特点.     

囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿

目的 研究非开颅术（囊肿－腹腔分流术）治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术方法。方法 对颅内表浅部位的蛛网膜囊肿,行囊肿－腹腔分流术。结果 ５１例１５岁以下的病儿行囊肿－腹腔分流术,２３例得到随访。１年内囊肿完全消失率７４％,其余病例逐渐缩小,总体有效率（囊肿消失和缩小）１００％。有３例颅内分流管在囊壁外,再次行分流管调整术。结论 以囊肿－腹腔分流术代替传统的开颅术切除囊肿,具有手术简单、有效、并发症少、无复     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术指征和手术方法。方法回顾性分析手术治疗的26例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床资料。开颅手术治疗18例,行囊肿大部分切除并脑池开放术,其中囊肿部分切除并囊肿-脑室沟通术1例,1例因合并慢性硬膜下血肿而同时行血肿壁切除术。囊肿-腹腔分流术8例,其中因合并脑积水而行脑室-腹腔分流术2例。结果所有患者术后随访0．5～6年,所有患者症状均得到改善。头颅CT或MR2复查示囊肿消失10例,显著缩小15例,无变化1例。术后未出现严重并发症。结论囊肿切除并脑池开放术和囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿对改善患者症状均有良好效果,但各有优势和适应症。     

儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的治疗探讨

目的探讨儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术适应证、手术方法及手术中应注意的问题。方法回顾性分析71例儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的临床资料。其中囊肿切除术32例,囊肿-腹腔分流术39例。结果随访6个月到8年,影像学结果显示囊肿切除术组中。11例患者囊肿完全消失,19例患者囊肿体积明显缩小,总有效率为93．75％;2例患者囊肿复发,分别在9个月和14个月后再行囊肿-腹腔分流术。囊肿-腹腔分流手术组中,15例患者囊肿完全消失,23例患者囊肿体积明显缩小,总有效率为97．44约;1例患者囊肿体积无明显变化。1年后手术探查示分流管被大网膜包埋,调整分流管位置后囊肿体积体积缩小。癫痫治疗的有效率囊肿切除术为80％（8／10）。分流手术组为33．3％（3／9）,两者相比有统计学差异（P〈O．05）。结论囊肿切除术和囊肿-腹腔分流术均对儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿有着良好的治疗效果。以癫痫为主要表现的儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿,囊肿切除加局部皮层热灼术应为外科治疗首选：但对于其他该囊肿患者由于囊肿-腹腔分流术具有创伤小、操作简单、安全可靠、复发率低等优点,应为首选。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿-腹腔分流术后分流管依赖二例并文献复习

目的 探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿-腹腔分流术后并发分流管依赖的可能机制、影像学特征及治疗方法.方法 分析2例蛛网膜囊肿行囊肿-腹腔分流术后并发分流管依赖的诊治过程,并结合文献进行讨论和总结.结果 2例均表现为分流管功能丧失后继发严重颅高压症状,其中1例行侧脑室-腹腔分流术;另1例先行囊肿-腹腔分流术,1个月后分流管堵塞,改行腰大池-腹腔分流术.经治疗后2例均痊愈出院,预后良好.结论 分流管依赖是继发于分流管功能下降或丧失,临床表现呈持续进展性颅内压增高;影像学上可观察到侧脑室正常或轻度缩小,原囊肿短期内可复现增大;解除分流管梗阻或重新建立脑脊液引流渠道是安全有效的治疗方法.     

无框架定向治疗透明隔囊肿

目的探讨无框架定向手术治疗透明隔囊肿的手术适应证、手术方法及预后。方法术前常规行头颅CT冠状扫描,确定囊肿的中心位置与所定基线的关系,采用无框架定向穿刺透明隔囊肿后行囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗有症状的透明隔囊肿12例。结果12例病人的头痛、头晕症状均消失；3例有癫痫发作者术后未再复发；2例有意识障碍者术后清醒。全部术后复查CT和/或MRI显示囊肿均缩小,脑积水的病人脑室形态术后有不同程度回缩。术后3月头颅CT和/或MRI均示囊肿消失,脑室形态恢复正常。术后均好转或痊愈出院,无1例出现术后并发症。结论应用无框架定向行囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗透明隔囊肿具有微创、操作简便、疗效好、并发症少等优点,疗效好。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿-腹腔分流术后疗效长期随访分析

目的 探讨囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的疗效.方法 回顾我院2003年1月至2005年1月62例囊肿分流手术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者,随访其CT及MRI结果,对其疗效进行了长期随访.结果 62例囊肿中46例(74％)位于侧裂,8例(13％)位于大脑凸面,8例(13％)位于幕下.所有患者接受了蛛网膜囊肿-腹腔分流术.术后平均随访时间6.5年(6-8年),59例患者影像资料显示囊肿大部消失或完全消失,占95％.与分流手术相关的并发症有16例,其中8例出现良性颅高压症状.结论 囊肿-腹腔分流术是一种简单有效、安全的治疗方法,但应严格选择其手术适应证,对术后可能的并发症也应予以充分的重视.     

儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿不同术式的疗效分析

目的探讨儿童颅内颞叶蛛网膜囊肿的手术方法和疗效。方法颞部蛛网膜囊肿患儿65例,27例行囊肿-腹腔分流术,17例行显微镜下囊壁剥离＋脑池穿通术,21例行内镜下囊壁剥离＋脑池穿通术,并比较三种不同术式的治疗效果。结果囊肿-腹腔分流术、显微镜和内镜术后囊肿缩小率分别为88.9%、94.1%和95.2%,三者相比,无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。术后转流障碍是囊肿-腹腔分流术的主要并发症,且经受该手术患者并发感染后治疗效果差、囊肿消失后拔管率低;术后硬膜下积液和慢性硬膜下血肿则是显微镜和内镜手术的主要并发症。结论根据囊肿形态、大小、脑脊液吸收功能等进行评估,以微创为主导个体化选择手术治疗儿童颞部囊肿,可取得较满意效果。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿治疗中的有关问题

目的 探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术指征和手术方法.方法 回顾性分析209例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗方法等临床资料.结果 其中198例行CT蛛网膜下腔-脑池造影,非交通性47例均行于术治疗.43例行囊肿大部切除+脑池开放术,3例行脑室-腹腔分流术,1例行囊肿-腹腔分流术.所有手术病人手术顺利,各种术式各有利弊.结论 颅内蛛网膜囊肿应根据囊肿大小、临床症状体征、与蛛网膜下腔是否交通及年龄来决定治疗方式.手术首选囊肿切除+脑池开放术.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.