β-连环素在结肠腺癌中的异常表达及其与预后的关系

目的:检测β-连环素(β-catenin)在结肠腺癌组织中的异常表达情况,分析其临床意义及与预后的关系。方法:收集2000年6月至2004年6月实施根治性切除、临床资料及随访资料完整的52例结肠腺癌患者及20例癌旁正常结肠组织的石蜡组织切片,采用免疫组织化学方法检测β-catenin的表达情况,并分析其与临床因素和预后的关系。结果:20例正常癌旁组织中β-catenin均呈正常表达。52例结肠腺癌组织中β-catenin的异常表达率为71%,β-catenin的异常表达与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤分化程度及血癌胚抗原(CEA)异常无关(P0.05),与淋巴结转移及临床分期相关(P0.05)。表达正常组患者术后生存期高于表达异常组患者,两者比较显著差异(P0.05)。结论:β-catenin的异常表达与结肠腺癌淋巴结转移及肿瘤的临床分期有关,其异常表达可能是结肠癌预后不良的重要因素,可作为临床判断结肠腺癌患者预后的指标之一。     

上皮型钙黏素基因启动子甲基化及其mRNA和蛋白表达在鼻咽癌组织中的意义

目的　探讨鼻咽癌癌细胞上皮型钙黏素基因启动子甲基化的程度及其mRNA和蛋白表达水平在鼻咽癌早期浸润和转移中的作用。方法　采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应 (methylation specificPCR ,MSP)、蛋白印迹、免疫组织化学和逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)等方法检测 2 1例鼻咽癌患者鼻咽原发癌和淋巴结转移癌配对组织中的上皮型钙黏素基因启动子甲基化程度和上皮型钙黏素、β 链接素在不同组织中mRNA和蛋白水平的表达。 结果　 ( 1)在 2 1例鼻咽原发癌组织中 ,11例( 5 2 4% )可以检测到上皮型钙黏素基因启动子的甲基化 ,而在配对的 2 1例淋巴结转移癌组织中 17例 ( 80 9% )则可检测到 ,二者差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。 ( 2 )在鼻咽原发癌组织中 ,80 %的癌细胞均表达上皮型钙黏素蛋白 ,在淋巴结转移癌组织中只有平均 5 0 %的癌细胞表达 ,两者亦差异有显著性 (P =0 0 0 4) ;但β 链接素蛋白在原发癌和淋巴结转移癌组织中均有较高的表达量 (均为 85 % )。 ( 3 )蛋白印迹检测表明 ,上皮型钙黏素在鼻咽原发癌组织中表达的平均相对强度为 2 0 6 7± 3 2 7,明显高于在转移癌组织中的蛋白平均相对强度 65 0± 15 9;而 β 链接素在不同组织中的蛋白表达相对强度则差异无显著性 (P =0 75 4)。 ( 4)上皮型钙黏     

宫颈癌中α/β-连接素的联合表达及意义

目的　探讨α- 连接素(α- catenin,α- cat)和β- 连接素(β -catenin,β- cat)在宫颈癌中的表达及与生物学行为的关系。方 法　应用免疫组化S P法检测α cat和β cat在41例子宫颈癌和10例正常子宫颈组织中的表达。结果　α- cat和β- cat在宫颈 癌异常表达分别为68.3%和41.5%,α -cat的异常表达与宫颈癌的分化程度、有无淋巴结转移和肌层浸润相关(P<0.01,P< 0.05,P<0.05)。β- cat异常表达率在有淋巴结转移组高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.01),α- cat和β -cat与宫颈癌的病理类型、 细胞增殖程度、临床分期以及患者年龄无关(P>0.05)。结论　宫颈癌广泛存在α- cat和β -cat异常表达。α- cat,β- cat与宫 颈癌的分化和浸润转移密切相关,检测α- cat和β- cat联合表达可以更精确而灵敏地预测宫颈癌的浸润与转移。     

核仁素的表达定位和定量与前列腺癌演变的关系

目的探讨前列腺癌和非癌组织中核仁素表达定量和定位的差异,及核仁素表达的增高和核外迁移对鉴别诊断前列腺癌和非癌组织的价值。方法用免疫组化SP法检测50例前列腺癌组织和50例非癌组织中核仁素的表达,分析前列腺癌组织和非癌组织中核仁素表达定量和定位的差异,并比较核仁素与p504S和p63在前列腺癌中表达的相关性,分析前列腺癌中核仁素表达定量与癌组织Gleason评分的关系。结果前列腺癌和非癌组织中细胞核均表达核仁素;前列腺癌胞质和胞膜核仁素的阳性表达率(90%)明显高于癌旁正常前列腺组织(5%)、前列腺增生症(13%)和前列腺上皮内瘤变(20%)(P<0.01)。Allred半定量分析显示,前列腺癌组织中核仁素表达量(7.7±0.3)高于癌旁正常前列腺组织(3.9±0.2)、前列腺增生症(4.0±0.4)和前列腺上皮内瘤变(5.5±0.2)(P<0.01)。在前列腺癌中,核仁素胞质阳性表达与癌细胞p504S的阳性表达呈正相关,与基底细胞p63的阳性表达呈负相关(P<0.01)。前列腺癌中核仁素表达定量与Gleason评分呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论前列腺在癌变过程中核仁素表达增高,并出现核外迁移;核仁素的核外迁移...     

性激素受体在直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨直肠癌中雌激素受体α(ERα)、雌激素受体β(ERβ)、雄激素受体(AR)、孕激素受体(PR)的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学Envi-sion二步法检测ERα、ERβ、AR、PR在60例直肠癌和癌旁组织及30例正常直肠黏膜组织中的表达,并分析其与直肠癌临床病理特征的关系。结果:直肠癌与癌旁组织及正常直肠黏膜组织中均未见ERα阳性表达;直肠癌组织中ERβ和PR阳性表达显著低于癌旁组织和正常直肠黏膜(P0.05),后两者间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);直肠癌中AR阳性表达显著高于与癌旁组织及正常直肠黏膜组织(P0.05),后两者间比较差异无统计学意义。ERβ和PR在直肠癌组织中的表达与TNM分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移、浸润程度和肝转移密切相关(P0.01),而与年龄、性别、肿瘤直径及病理类型无关(P0.05)。AR在直肠癌组织中的表达与其临床病理学特征指标均无关(P0.05)。结论:ERβ和PR在直肠癌组织中表达缺失,可能参与直肠癌的发生,且与直肠癌的恶性生物学行为有关;而AR的表达可能也参与了直肠癌的发生,但其对直肠癌的恶性生物学行为的作用不明显。     

EBV-LMP2A和β-catenin蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达关系及意义

目的 探讨EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白2A(latent membrane protein 2A,LMP2A)和β-连环素(β-catenin)在鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)中的表达关系及其临床意义.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测LMP2A和β-catenin蛋白在32例鼻咽黏膜慢性炎、56例NPC和18例NPC淋巴结转移灶中的表达,采用Westem blot法和免疫荧光细胞化学染色法观察LMP2A和β-catenin蛋白在CNE2-LMP2A细胞及其对照组CNE2-Vector和CNE2细胞中的表达.结果 (1)LMP2A在NPC及其淋巴结转移灶中的阳性率分别为89.3％ (50/56)和77.8％(14/18),均明显高于鼻咽黏膜慢性炎(37.5％,12/32)(P均＜0.01);β-catenin在NPC及其淋巴结转移灶中的异常表达率分别为62.5％ (35/56)和83.3％(15/18),均明显高于鼻咽黏膜慢性炎(3.1％,1/32)(P均＜0.01);LMP2A与β-catenin正常表达呈负相关(rs=-0.391,P ＜0.01);LMP2A和β-catenin蛋白在鼻咽癌T分期、N分期和临床分期组间表达率的差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.05或P＜0.01).(2)CNE2-LMP2A细胞中β-catenin蛋白表达水平明显高于CNE2-Vector和CNE2细胞;CNE2-LMP2A细胞中β-catenin胞质和胞核的表达水平明显高于CNE2-Vector和CNE2(P均＜0.01).结论 LMP2A高表达和β-catenin异常表达与鼻咽癌临床生物学行为进展密切相关,其机制可能与LMP2A上调β-catenin蛋白水平并促进其核转位有关.     

Maspin在鼻咽癌癌变和转移中的作用研究

目的：研究Maspin(mammary serine protease inhibitor)在鼻咽上皮癌变和鼻咽癌转移中的作用。方法：用免疫组织化学染色检测30例正常鼻咽黏膜上皮组织,24例鼻咽上皮鳞状化生组织、14例非典型增生鼻咽上皮、10例原位鼻咽癌和50例浸润性鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)组织中表达水平变化;同时检测了189例不同转移潜能NPC组织中Maspin的表达,分析其表达水平与NPC临床病理特征和患者预后的关系。结果：Maspin在原位癌和浸润性NPC组织中的表达分别显著低于正常鼻咽黏膜上皮组织、鼻咽上皮鳞状化生组织(P<0.05)。在有转移NPC组织中的表达明显低于无转移NPC组织(P<0.001),在颈部淋巴结转移癌组织中的表达明显低于原发癌(P<0.05)。Maspin表达水平与NPC的淋巴结转移、远处转移、临床分期以及NPC患者的总生存期负相关,是一个NPC预后判断的独立因素。结论：Maspin可能是一个与NPC发生、发展和转移相关的抑制蛋白,Maspin低表达的NPC患者预后差。     

鼻咽癌淋巴结转移组织中EB病毒BamH Ⅰ"f"变异分析

目的 探讨高发区原发鼻咽癌及相应的淋巴结转移癌组织中EB病毒BamH Ⅰ"f"变异情况.方法 原位杂交法检测了21对鼻咽原发癌及其相应的淋巴结转移癌组织、22例未伴淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌组织中EB病毒EBER的表达,进而采用PCR和限制性酶切分析技术检测了所有鼻咽癌病例及相应的淋巴结转移癌组织和50例鼻咽黏膜慢性炎组织中EB病毒BamH Ⅰ"f"变异情况.结果 所有鼻咽癌和相应的淋巴结转移癌组织均呈EBER阳性表达.21对鼻咽原发癌及其相应的淋巴结转移癌组织、22例未伴淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌组织和50例鼻咽黏膜慢性炎组织中EB病毒BamH Ⅰ"f"基因变异率分别为52.4%(11/21)、57.1%(12/21)、81.8%(18/22)和2.1%(1/47).统计学分析显示,鼻咽癌组织"f"变异率明显高于鼻咽黏膜慢性炎组织的变异率;伴淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌组织中"f"变异率并不比未伴淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌组织的变异率高.另外,表现为"f"变异的1例鼻咽黏膜慢性炎呈"F/f"型,且其组织学可见部分鼻咽上皮出现轻度的不典型增生.结论 高发区鼻咽癌组织中EB病毒BamH Ⅰ "f"变异率远高于同一地区鼻咽黏膜慢性炎组织中的变异率;鼻咽癌淋巴结转移组织中也有较高的BamH Ⅰ"f"变异率,且与其原发癌组织基本一致.     

胃印戒细胞癌中HGF、TGF-β1及P选择素的表达及意义

目的 研究肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)、TGF-β1与P选择素在胃印戒细胞癌组织中的表达,并分析三者在转移与浸润中的相互作用.方法 采用免疫组化检测HGF、TGF-β1与P选择素在72例胃印戒细胞癌和64例胃其他类型腺癌及30例癌旁正常组织中的表达情况.结果 胃印戒细胞癌组织中HGF、TGF-β1与P选择素阳性表达明显增强(P<0.05),HGF与TGF-β1 、TGF-β1与P选择素表达皆呈正相关(r=0.254,P<0.05;r=0.713,P<0.01).TGF-β1表达与肿瘤的浸润深度有关(P<0.01),有淋巴结转移者P选择素阳性率明显高于无淋巴结转移者(P<0.05).结论 HGF、TGF-β1与P选择素与胃印戒细胞癌转移浸润密切相关,有望成为胃印戒细胞癌靶向治疗的新靶点.     

胃癌中TGF-β1、HIF-1α、VEGF的表达及临床意义

目的观察转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)、低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)及血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在胃癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达,探讨其与胃癌恶性生物学行为间的相关性。方法采用免疫组化SABC法检测手术切除胃癌组织中的TGF-β1、HIF-1α及VEGF的表达,分析其与胃癌患者的病理分级、组织学类型、淋巴结转移及TNM分期等临床病理参数的关系,探讨其作为判断胃癌患者预后指标的可能性。结果 TGF-β1、HIF-1α、VEGF在150例胃癌组织中,阳性率分别为62.7%、59.3%和63.3%;在癌旁组织中阳性率分别为10.7%、22%和13.3%,三者在胃癌组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。TGF-β1的表达与肿瘤的浸润深度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期密切相关(P<0.05);TGF-β1阳性的患者比其阴性的患者更易发生淋巴结和远处转移;HIF-1α、VEGF的表达与肿瘤的组织学类型、淋巴结转移及TNM分期有相关性(P<0.05)。结论胃癌组织中TGF-β1、HIF-1α、VEGF表达与肿瘤的生物学特征密切相关,可能是肿瘤侵袭转移的机制之一;检测TGF-β1、HIF-1α、VEGF对预测肿瘤侵袭转移及判断预后具有一定价值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.