巩膜隧道小切口非超声乳化白内障手术的并发症及处理

目的:分析巩膜隧道小切口非超声乳化白内障手术并发症原因,探讨其处理方法。方法:回顾分析了135例(146眼)巩膜隧道小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术的并发症及其治疗方法。结果:并发症:后囊膜破裂15眼(10.3%),上方虹膜反复脱出4眼(2.7%),角膜水肿47眼(32.2%),葡萄炎12眼(8.2%),前房出血8眼(5.5%),后囊膜混浊17眼(11.6%),继发性青光眼2眼(1.4%)。结论:巩膜隧道小切口非超声乳化白内障手术并发症少,后囊膜破裂和角膜水肿是其主要并发症,对出现的并发症应积极妥善处理,可获得满意的手术效果。     

表面麻醉下超声乳化手术各阶段镇痛效果的评价

目的评价表面麻醉下白内障超声乳化手术二种切口(角膜、巩膜切口)不同手术阶段疼痛感觉及镇痛效果.方法铺巾前、开睑后滴"0.4%爱而卡因"表面麻醉剂二次后手术.随机选择角膜切口组,巩膜切口组各120例,在手术各阶段中不作任何提示,征询病人疼痛感觉,详细记录按疼痛分级表,并客观评价镇痛效果.结果本组病例手术时间范围5～25min,平均7.2 min.两组病例在水分离,超声乳化,清除皮质阶段中角膜切口组3级疼痛以下发生率分别为9.2%,25.0%,12.5%;巩膜切口组分别为12.5%,22.5%,13.3%.二组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).所有病例均能很好耐受手术,顺利完成手术并植入囊袋内人工晶状体.后囊膜破裂率为3.8%,前囊撕裂率5.8%,无晶状体核坠入玻璃体内和眼内大出血等严重并发症.结论表面麻醉方式行超声乳化手术是安全而有效的.     

小切口非超声乳化白内障手术并发症临床分析

目的 探讨小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出人工晶状体植人术的并发症及其原因，以减少并发症的发生。方法 对540例(562只眼)白内障患者行巩膜隧道切口非超声乳化白内障摘出人工晶状体植人术，对其并发症进行分析。结果 术中并发症为隧道切口过早穿透前房2只眼(0．4％)、虹膜撕脱1只眼(0．2％)、后囊膜破裂14只眼(2．5％)。术后并发症主要为角膜水肿57只眼(10．1％)，前房积血14只眼(2．5％)，人工晶状体前膜6只眼(1．0％)，伤口虹膜嵌顿4只眼(0．7％)、人工晶状体脱位2只眼(0．4％)。结论 小切口非超声乳化白内障手术并发症少，手术安全，其并发症的发生主要与操术熟练程度、切口大小及粘弹剂的质量与使用有关。     

婴儿白内障手术临床观察

目的观察超声乳化吸出联合后囊膜连续环行撕囊,但不行前部玻璃体切割术治疗1岁以内婴儿先天性白内障的效果,以探讨一种婴儿白内障简便可行的手术方法。方法11例(19眼)先天性白内障患儿,手术年龄平均(6.91±3.05)月(2-11月)。3mm巩膜隧道切口,连续环行撕除晶体前囊膜5mm,超声乳化注吸器注吸出晶体皮质,连续环行撕除晶体后囊膜4mm,一期均未植入人工晶体,均未行前部玻璃体切割术。术后第4天、1月、3月、6月、1年均散瞳镇静后行角膜、前房、眼底及屈光状态检查。结果术后第4天所有眼角膜清,瞳孔圆,眼底清,19眼均未见后囊膜混浊。仅1例术后3月复查发现后囊膜混浊(1/195.26%),给予后囊膜切开联合前部玻璃体切割术,随访1年未发生后囊膜混浊。其余18眼末次随访均未发生后囊膜混浊。随访时间(12.64±6.93)月(6-30月)。结论超声乳化吸出联合后囊膜连续环行撕囊,后囊膜混浊发生率低,无需行前部玻璃体切割术,手术并发症少,可成功治疗婴儿白内障。     

小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除术

目的 探讨小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除及人工晶体植入术的临床效果。方法 上方梯形巩膜隧道切口，两穿刺口，水下连续环行撕囊，水分离后，用夹面包法摘除晶体核，囊袋内植入硬质人工晶体。共实施212例(231眼)。结果 术后1周视力≥0．5者184眼(79．65％)，术后1个月视力≥0．5者202眼(87．45％)。角膜内皮丢失率为13．2％。结论 小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除术操作简便，手术效果满意。     

小切口非超声乳化白内障手术临床观察

目的　探讨小切口在非超声乳化白内障手术的应用。方法　分别对 5 0例 (6 2只眼 )进行小切口非超声乳化白内障现代囊外摘出手术。结果　术后 1周矫正视力≥ 0 .5者 5 2只眼 (84 % ) ,术后 1月矫正视力≥ 0 .5者5 3只眼 (85 % ) ,角膜散光平均为 0 .75± 0 .2 5 D。结论　小切口白内障现代囊外摘出手术 ,切口小、娩核容易、术中并发症少、角膜散光小、视力恢复快     

白内障小切口非超声乳化手术临床观察

目的探讨白内障小切口非超声乳化手术的临床应用特点及治疗效果。方法 59例（60只眼）白内障患者行巩膜隧道小切口下非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除及人工晶状体植入术,观察手术并发症及术后视力恢复情况。结果术后1个月,视力≥0.6者46只眼（76.7%）,≥0.3者55只眼（91.7%）,术中后囊膜破裂2只眼,术后角膜水肿21只眼。结论白内障小切口非超声乳化手术不需要特殊的手术设备,手术操作简单,安全性高,术后视力恢复快,值得临床推广应用。     

硬核白内障超声乳化术中高负压下劈核技术的应用

硬核白内障超声乳化术常需较高的超声能量 ,较长的手术时间 ,因此容易造成角膜内皮的损伤。我们在手术中 ,应用高负压抓核、拦截劈核技术 ,使超声能量降低 ,超声时间缩短 ,明显减少了硬核白内障的手术并发症。资料与方法老年性白内障患者 76例 (76眼 )。男 3 9例 ,女 3 7例 ,年龄 5 7～ 82岁。其中Ⅲ级核 3 4例 ,Ⅳ级核 42例。术前视力手动 / 3 0ｃｍ～ 0 1。手术方法 :盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液表面麻醉 ,巩膜切口者 ,局部结膜下注射 2 %利多卡因 0 2ｍｌ。透明角膜切口或巩膜隧道切口 ,连续环形撕囊 ,水分离。负压设置在 2 0 0ｍｍＨｇ(2 6 67…     

表面麻醉下巩膜隧道切口超声乳化术的临床观察

目的：探讨表面麻醉在巩膜隧道切口超声乳化术中的应用效果。方法：对295例（301只眼）白内障患者行表麻下巩膜隧道切口的超声乳化术。结果：随访3-6个月，裸眼视力≥0.5者286只眼（95.02%），≥1.0者244只眼（81.06%）。132例（44.75%）患者仅在电凝止轿时有轻微痛感，3例（1.02%）手术全过程有痛感；发生后囊膜破裂2只眼，术后角膜内皮细胞轻度水肿2只眼，切口处形成滤泡1只眼。结论：表面麻醉下经巩膜隧道切口的超声乳化术具有安全、有效、快速等优点，是白内障手术的又一改进。     

小切口白内障囊外摘出与超声乳化白内障摘出效果比较

目的 比较小切口白内障囊外摘出人工晶状体植入术与超声乳化白内障吸出硬质人工晶状体植入术两种方法的临床效果。方法 分别对140只眼小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘出术及154只眼超声乳化硬质人工晶状体植入术的术后视力、角膜内皮丢失率，术中、术后并发症进行比较。结果 小切口非乳化组1周后视力＞0．5者115只眼(82．2％)，＜0．4者25只眼(17．8％)。超声乳化组＞0．5者128只眼(83．1％)，＜0．4者26只眼(16．9％)。角膜内皮丢失率，小切口非超声乳化组13．2％，超声乳化组12．8％。术后角膜内皮水肿：小切口非乳化组11只眼(7．86％)，超声乳化组10只眼(6．49％)。结论 小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出与超声乳化硬质人工晶状体植入术疗效相似，前者简便、易行、经济，适宜于基层医院开展。     

Phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia: Resident experience

PURPOSE: To compare the intraoperative and postoperative complications and outcomes of phacoemulsification performed by residents using topical and retrobulbar anesthesia. SETTING: Two university ophthalmology departments. METHODS: One hundred fifty phacoemulsification procedures were performed by 3 residents who used retrobulbar anesthesia (retrobulbar group), and 146 phacoemulsification procedures were performed by another 3 residents who used topical anesthesia and who had no experience with retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia (topical group). Case notes were prospectively compared. The data analyzed included the ocular history, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). RESULTS: There were no differences between the 2 groups in complication rates. Anterior capsule tears occurred in 8 eyes (5.3%) in the retrobulbar group and 7 eyes (4.7%) in topical group. Capsulorhexis was continuous but not curvilinear in 14 eyes (9.3%) and 12 eyes (8.2%), respectively. Capsulorhexis tear or posterior capsule rupture that necessitated conversion to extracapsular cataract extraction occurred in 3 eyes (2.0%) in the retrobulbar group and in 1 eye (0.6%) in the topical group. Posterior capsule rupture with vitreous loss occurred in 10 eyes (6.6%) and 9 eyes (6.1%), respectively. Loss of lens fragments in the vitreous cavity occurred in 3 eyes (2.0%) and 4 eyes (2.7%), respectively. The 63 postoperative complications (41 eyes [27.3%], retrobulbar group; 22 eyes [15.0%], topical group) included cystoid macular edema, intraocular lens decentration, endophthalmitis, bullous keratopathy, transient intraocular pressure elevation, temporary corneal edema, and vitreous hemorrhage. Some cases had more than 1 complication. The BSCVA, including in eyes with preexisting ocular pathology, was 20/40 or better in 86.7% in the retrobulbar group and 84.9% in the topical group. CONCLUSION: When supervised and in selected patients, residents who have no retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia experience can safely perform phacoemulsification using topical anesthesia.     

Subjective visual experience and pain level during phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation under topical anesthesia

PURPOSE: To investigate the subjective visual experiences and pain during the phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation under topical anesthesia, and whether these parameters change according to the stage of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS: Forty eyes of 40 patients with cataract undergoing phacoemulsification and IOL implantation under topical anesthesia were included in this study. The patients were told that they would be asked about their visual experiences and pain level, if any, during every stage of the surgery. As for degree of the pain, a 5-grade scale was used. The surgery was divided into 9 stages, i.e., clear corneal incision, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, side-port incisions at 3 and 9 o'clock positions, hydrodissection, nuclear rotation, phacoemulsification, bimanual irrigation and aspiration, IOL implantation, apposition of corneal incisions with stromal hydration. RESULTS: All subjects (100%) reported that they had seen some kind of light during the operation. Thirty-eight patients (95%) said that they had seen one or more colors. In 32 patients (80%), the light intensity decreased, and colors blurred significantly following the hydrodissection. As for the pain level during surgery, the overall pain score was found to be 0.40. The highest mean pain score was noted during IOL implantation stage followed by phacoemulsification and bimanual irrigation-aspiration. CONCLUSION: Topical anesthesia is both a safe and effective method for small-incision clear corneal phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Patients may experience visual sensations, and the pain felt during the operation is low and tolerable. Visual experiences and pain level may change according to the stage of phacoemulsification cataract surgery.     

Phacoemulsification with transpupillary silicone oil removal and lens implantation through a corneal incision using topical anesthesia

PURPOSE: To evaluate phacoemulsification combined with transpupillary silicone oil removal and foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation through a single corneal incision and planned posterior capsulorhexis after pars plana vitrectomy using topical anesthesia. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy. METHODS: This noncomparative nonrandomized noncontrolled interventional case series comprised 34 consecutive patients (34 eyes). The mean age of the 25 men and 9 women was 54.4 years +/- 13.3 (SD). A mean of 8.2 +/- 9.4 months after silicone oil injection, patients had phacoemulsification with transpupillary silicone oil removal and foldable acrylic IOL implantation through a single corneal incision and a planned posterior capsulorhexis under topical anesthesia. Patients were operated on by the same surgeon. Visual acuity, the frequency of retinal redetachment, secondary cataract and vitreous hemorrhage formation, subjective pain and discomfort, the duration of surgery, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were noted. The mean follow-up was 9.4 +/- 5.1 months (range 4 to 21 months). RESULTS: Vision improved or stabilized in 88.2% of eyes. Retinal redetachment occurred in 4 eyes (11.8%) and transient vitreous hemorrhage in 1 (2.9%). All patients reported minimal discomfort during the procedure. The mean duration of surgery was 17 +/- 4 minutes. There was no significant intraoperative or postoperative IOP variation. CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification, transpupillary silicone oil removal, and IOL implantation through a single corneal incision under topical anesthesia was safe and effective. In general, the visual outcomes were good with improvement in visual acuity.     

Topical versus sub-Tenon's anesthesia without sedation in cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare pain control using topical anesthesia with that using sub-Tenon's anesthesia for clear corneal phacoemulsification cataract surgery and foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. SETTING: Departments of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Asklepeion Voulas and General Hospital of Athens, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients scheduled for bilateral cataract surgery 1 to 2 months apart were prospectively randomized to receive topical anesthesia (100 eyes) or sub-Tenon's anesthesia (100 eyes). The randomization was stratified so that one half of first-eye surgeries and one half of second-eye surgeries were assigned to each anesthesia group, with each patient receiving each type of anesthesia once. All patients had clear corneal phacoemulsification with foldable IOL implantation. Patients were asked to rate their pain level on a 10-point scale for 4 periods: during the administration of the anesthetic agent, during surgery, immediately after surgery, and 24 hours postoperatively. The surgeon recorded his subjective assessment of ease of surgery and surgical complications using a standardized template. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent of patients who received topical anesthesia and 8% of patients who received sub-Tenon's anesthesia reported no pain during delivery of the anesthetic agent. The mean pain score was 0.19 +/- 0.39 (SD) in the topical group and 1.35 +/- 0.63 in the sub-Tenon's group. The difference between groups was statistically significant (P <.001). Seventy-two percent of patients in the topical anesthesia group and 86% in the sub-Tenon's anesthesia group reported no pain or slight discomfort during surgery (mean score 1.13 +/- 1.57 and 0.57 +/- 1.28, respectively) (P <.001). Ninety percent of topical anesthesia patients and 100% of sub-Tenon's anesthesia patients reported no pain or slight discomfort 30 minutes postoperatively (mean score 0.80 +/- 0.93 and 0.12 +/- 036, respectively) (P <.001). All patients in the topical anesthesia group and 77% in the sub-Tenon's group reported no pain 24 hours postoperatively (mean pain 0.00 +/- 0.00 and 0.23 +/- 0.40, respectively) (P <.001). Complications including prolonged akinesia of the globe, chemosis, and conjunctival hemorrhage occurred significantly more frequently in the sub-Tenon's than in the topical group (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients having cataract surgery under topical anesthesia had more intraoperative and postoperative discomfort than patients receiving sub-Tenon's anesthesia. However, patients having topical anesthesia reported less pain during its administration and had fewer complications. Both anesthesia methods provided high levels of pain control without additional sedation.     

表面麻醉下超声乳化术117例临床分析

目的:评价在表面麻醉下行超声乳化及人工晶状体植入术的安全性及优越性。方法:在爱尔凯因表面麻醉下对117例(121眼)白内障患者行超声乳化及人工晶状体植入术并观察其麻醉效果及视力。结果:在表面麻醉下全部患者均能很好地配合手术完成,无1例更换麻醉方法。平均手术时间13.26min,术后1d视力>0.5者占65.3%,术后1wk>0.5者占87.6%。结论:在表面麻醉下行超声乳化白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入术是安全优越的。     

透明角膜切口白内障手术后的临床效果观察

目的　评价透明角膜切口白内障超声乳化摘出及后房型人工晶状体植入术的疗效。方法　对 3 2 8眼白内障在表面麻醉下施行上方或颞侧透明角膜切口白内障超声乳化摘出及后房型人工晶状体植入手术。结果　术后视力恢复迅速 ,术后 1周时视力 >0 5者达 78 9%～ 80 6% ,并趋稳定。结论　透明角膜切口白内障超声乳化摘出及后房型人工晶状体植入术可以在表面麻醉下进行 ,具有组织损伤小 ,切口易愈合 ,术后视力恢复快等优点。上方或颞侧透明角膜切口术后最佳非矫正视力差异不显著。     

透明角膜切口超声乳化折叠人工晶状体植入术138例分析

目的 探讨透明角膜小切口白内障超声乳化及折叠式人工体植入术的方法及疗效。方法 对１３８例（１６８只眼）白内障病人进行透明角膜切口的超声乳化白内障摘出术,全部病 列均采用表面麻醉及植入折叠式人工晶状体,术后观察手术反应、视力和并发症。结果随访第１天的;裸眼视力在０．４以上者有１５７眼,占９３．４５％,术后１周和手术后１个月的矫正视力在０．５以上者分别为１５２眼（９０．４８％）和１６０眼（９５．４     

前玻璃体切除联合四点固定推注人工晶状体悬吊术

目的:探索表面麻醉前房灌注下透明角膜切口前玻璃体切除术联合四点固定推注人工晶状体悬吊术的临床疗效及安全性。方法:对我院2004-03/2006-12各种原因所致需要悬吊人工晶状体患眼51眼,在表面麻醉下通过2.8mm透明角膜切口,在前房灌注下用前玻璃体切除器处理瞳孔区机化膜及玻璃体后,巩膜外入路睫状沟四点固定Rayner Superflex推注式丙烯酸人工晶状体。结果:51例患者均在表面麻醉下顺利完成手术,有7眼术中加用一次表面麻醉药,无1例改变麻醉方法。手术时间15.12～40.80(平均20.83)min。术后视力提高5行以上者25眼(49.02%);3行以上者42眼(82.35%);1行以上者49眼(96.08%);2眼提高不明显,但诉较前清楚。对眼底检查无明显影响。结论:表面麻醉前房灌注下透明角膜切口前玻璃体切除术联合四点固定推注人工晶状体悬吊术治疗无晶状体眼安全、快捷、疗效确切,是治疗各种原因所致无囊膜支撑需悬吊人工晶状体的最佳手术方案之一。     

表面麻醉下小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入

目的:探讨表面麻醉下行小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除及人工晶状体植入术的安全性、有效性及适应证。方法:对150例152眼白内障患者在表面麻醉下行隧道小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除及人工晶状体植入术并观察其麻醉效果及术后视力。结果:所有患者在表面麻醉下均能很好地配合手术顺利完成。无1例改用其他麻醉方法。平均手术时间为24min。术后第2d视力≥0.2者147眼(97%);视力≥0.5者103眼(68%);视力≥0.8者20眼(13%)。结论:表面麻醉下小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入是安全经济、实用、效果好、相对来说易掌握,特别适用于经济欠发达地区成熟、过熟、大核、硬核白内障多的情况。     

Aqueous humor levels of topically applied bupivacaine 0.75% in cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To measure the intraocular levels of bupivacaine 0.75% topically applied before phacoemulsification and to develop standards for topical anesthesia in cataract surgery. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom. METHODS: Forty eyes having phacoemulsification for senile cataract under topical anesthesia without sedation were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 preoperative topical anesthesia regimens. Bupivacaine 0.75% was applied in 0.1 mL drops 3 times in the 30 minutes before surgery in 18 eyes and 6 times in the 60 minutes before surgery in 22 eyes. Aqueous humor and serum samples were taken at the start of surgery and the bupivacaine levels measured. A visual analog pain score scale was used to indicate intraoperative pain. RESULTS: The mean aqueous humor level of bupivacaine was 5.9 microg/mL +/- 4.3 (SD) after 3 drops and 5.7 +/- 4.0 microg /mL after 6 drops. The blood levels were less than 1.0 microg/mL. There was no statistically significant difference in the intraocular level of bupivacaine between the 2 groups. There was no difference in the age or sex distribution between the 2 groups, although there was an increase in the intraocular level of bupivacaine with age (approximately 1.4 microg/mL per decade; P =.048). There was no clear pattern associating the pain score with age, sex, or intraocular level of bupivacaine. CONCLUSIONS: A 3-drop regimen of bupivacaine 0.75% in the half hour before cataract surgery penetrated the eye as effectively as 6 drops in the 1 hour before surgery and provided good analgesia for phacoemulsification. Bupivacaine 0.75% penetrated the eye increasingly effectively with increasing age.