极低出生体重儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率和高危因素分析

目的探讨极低出生体重儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的发生率和高危因素。方法回顾性分析我院2006年8月至2011年4月在重症监护室住院时间>24h的极低出生体重儿,按照是否合并NEC分为病例组和对照组,对两组进行21个相关单因素及多因素分析。结果 323例极低出生体重儿发生Ⅱ期以上NEC20例,发生率6.2%。单因素分析显示,病例组医院感染败血症(χ2=29.449)、前置胎盘(χ2=6.648)、和先天性心脏病(χ2=11.353)的比例较对照组明显增加,早期微量喂养(χ2=8.355)的比例低于对照组,开奶时间较对照组延迟[8.5(3.3～15)天比3.0(2～7)天,Z=2.921],P均<0.05。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,医院感染败血症(OR9.050,95%CI3.272～25.030)、前置胎盘(OR6.841,95%CI1.491～31.392)和开奶延迟(OR1.065,95%CI1.007～1.127)是NEC发病的高危因素(P均<0.05)。结论医院感染败血症、前置胎盘、延迟开奶是NEC发病的危险因素。尽早开展微量喂养,积极预防极低出生体重儿医院感染,有助于降低NEC发生率。     

Slow versus fast enteral feed advancement in very low birth weight infants: a randomized control trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerance of rapid advancement of enteral feeds in VLBW babies. SETTING: Tertiary teaching hospital. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: All stable neonates with birth weight less than 1250 grams were included in the study. The primary outcome variable was the time taken to achieve full enteral feeds (defined as 180 ml/kg/day). The secondary outcome variables were incidence of Necrotizing enterocolitis (NNEC) and incidence of apnea. At 48 hours, the infants were randomized into the slow advancement group (enteral feeds advanced by increments of 15 ml/kg/day) or fast advancement group (enteral feeds advanced by increments of 30 ml/kg/day). The monitoring during feeding included daily weight record, two hourly abdominal girth charting, gastric aspirates, apnea, time taken to reach full enteral feedings and for NNEC. RESULTS: There were 53 infants who were enrolled for the study (27 in the fast advancement group and 26 in the slow advancement group). In the fast advancement group, 20 percent completed the trial; whereas 14 (53.8 percent;) in the slow advancement group completed the study. The two groups were comparable for birth weights, gestational age, sex, intrauterine growth status, Apgar and CRIB scores. The infants in the fast group reached full enteral intake of 180 ml/kg/day significantly earlier (10 +/- 1.8 days) than in the slow group (14.8 +/- 1.5 days). The two groups were comparable for episodes of feed intolerance, apnea, NNEC. Infants in the fast group regained birth weight significantly earlier (median 18 days) than in the slow advancement group (median 23 days). CONCLUSIONS: Stable VLBW neonates can tolerate rapid advancements of enteral feeding without increased risk of adverse effects.     

极低出生体重儿坏死性小肠结肠炎

20世纪 70年代以来 ,极低出生体重 (ＶＬＢＷ )儿坏死性小肠结肠炎 (ｎｅｃｒｏｔｉｚｉｎｇｅｎｔｅｒｏｃｏｌｉｔｉｓ ,ＮＥＣ)已经成为发达国家ＮＩＣＵ患儿中 ,最常见的急腹症和肠穿孔的原因。ＮＥＣ的发病机制不明 ,危险因素包括早产、胃肠道缺血、感染和肠道喂养。ＮＥＣ早期缺乏特征性的临床表现。轻、中度患儿药物治疗有效 ,重度患儿需要手术治疗。ＶＬＢＷ儿ＮＥＣ没有特异性的预防措施 ,早期诊断和干预将减轻疾病对患儿的损伤。1　临床表现　　　ＶＬＢＷ儿ＮＥＣ的临床特点是 :①发病率高 ;②病死率高 ;③在胃肠道喂养前就可能…     

Necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with very low birth weight

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease in which the primary risk factor is prematurity. Despite, and partially as a result of, the tremendous strides neonatal care has taken, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of the newborn. The infant with very low birth weight is particularly susceptible, and the management of the condition in this group differs somewhat from other neonates. The outcomes continue to improve, but there are significant sequelae. Prevention, which would be the best "cure," is elusive, in no small part because of the multifactorial nature of the etiology of NEC.     

Efficacy of saccharomyces boulardii on necrotizing enterocolitis or sepsis in very low birth weight infants: A randomised controlled trial

Background

Probiotics have strain specific effects and the effects of fungi in preventing diseases in preterm infants have been investigated poorly. Saccharomyces boulardii is a yeast which acts both as a probiotic and a polyamine producer.

Aim

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of S. boulardii in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or sepsis in very low birth weight infants.

Study design and subjects

A prospective, double blind, placebo controlled trial was conducted in preterm infants (≤ 32 GWs, ≤ 1500 g birth weight). They were randomized either to receive feeding supplementation with S. boulardii 50 mg/kg every 12 h or placebo, starting with the first feed until discharged.

Outcome measures

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or sepsis and NEC or death.

Results

Birth weight and gestational age of the study (n = 104) and the control (n = 104) groups were 1126 ± 232 vs 1162 ± 216 g and 28.8 ± 2.2 vs 28.7 ± 2.1 weeks, respectively. Neither the incidence of stage ≥ 2 NEC or death nor stage ≥ 2 NEC or late onset culture proven sepsis was significantly lower in the study group when compared with the control group (9.6% vs 7.7%, p = 0.62; 28.8% vs 23%, p = 0.34). Time to reach 100 mL/kg/day of enteral feeding (11.9 ± 7 vs 12.6 ± 7 days, p = 0.37) was not different between the groups.

Conclusions

Saccharomyces boulardii did not decrease the incidence of NEC or sepsis.     

早产极低出生体重儿肠道菌群变化与坏死性小肠结肠炎的相关性

目的:探讨早产极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）发生前肠道菌群结构特征变化。方法:采用前瞻性巢式病例对照研究。将2018年4月20日至11月20日生后24 h内收住苏州大学附属儿童医院或苏州市立医院新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）且出生体重<1 500 g、出生胎龄<35周的46例早产VLBWI作为研...     

Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that normalizing the intestinal flora by administration of prophylactic probiotics would provide a natural defense, thereby reducing both the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm neonates. STUDY DESIGN: Neonates < or =1500 g birth weight were randomized to either receive a daily feeding supplementation with a probiotic mixture (Bifidobacteria infantis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacteria bifidus; Solgar, Israel) of 10(9) colony forming units (CFU)/day or to not receive feed supplements. NEC was graded according to Bell's criteria. RESULTS: For 72 study and 73 control infants, respectively, birth weight (1152 +/- 262 g vs 1111 +/- 278 g), gestational age (30 +/- 3 weeks vs 29 +/- 4 weeks), and time to reach full feeds (14.6 +/- 8.7 days vs 17.5 +/- 13.6 days) were not different. The incidence of NEC was reduced in the study group (4% vs 16.4%; P=.03). NEC was less severe in the probiotic-supplemented infants (Bell's criteria 2.3 +/- 0.5 vs 1.3 +/- 0.5; P=.005). Three of 15 babies who developed NEC died, and all NEC-related deaths occurred in control infants. CONCLUSION: Probiotic supplementation reduced both the incidence and severity of NEC in our premature neonatal population.     

Renal calcification incidence in very low birth weight infants

Serial ultrasound examinations were performed on 31 neonates with birth weights of less than 1,500 g for the detection of renal calcifications. Renal calcifications occurred in 20 (64%) of the infants at a mean age of 39.3 +/- 26.7 days of life. Infants with renal calcifications had shorter gestations (28.2 +/- 1.8 v 31 +/- 1.4 weeks, P less than .004) and lighter birth weights (924 +/- 195 v 1,338 +/- 100 g, P less than .004) than those infants without renal calcifications (n = 11). Furosemide administration was more common in the infants with renal calcifications (65% v 9.1%, P less than .001). The mean total dose of furosemide administered before renal calcifications were noted was 9.59 +/- 7.25 mg/kg. The 20 neonates with renal calcifications had a mean urine calcium level of 12.0 +/- 6.8 mg/kg/24 hours, mean urine calcium to creatinine ratio of 1.32 +/- 1.03 (range 0.3 to 4.45), and a mean alkaline phosphatase concentration of 961 +/- 327 IU. Initial parathyroid hormone levels were not different between the two groups, and subsequent determinations in infants with renal calcifications did not differ significantly from initial values. Renal calcifications are fairly common among very low birth weight infants, particularly in those receiving supplemental calcium and furosemide therapy. Although long-term implications of such findings are not known, close monitoring of renal function by serial determinations of urine calcium and urine calcium to creatinine ratios may identify those infants at risk for renal calcifications.