床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的临床观察

目的　对床旁应用球囊漂浮电极导管行心脏临时起搏 176例进行总结分析 ,探讨床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。　方法　男性 10 8例 ,女性 6 8例 ,年龄 6 1 7岁± 9 8岁 ,安置临时起搏器原因为 :Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞 97例 ,病窦综合征 4 8例 ,因心动过缓外科手术中保护性起搏 31例 ,所有病例选择锁骨下静脉入路安置临时起搏器 ,通过分析起搏心电图图形特点和测量导管深度 ,并对需要植入永久起搏器的 93例患者的X线透视进行研究 ,判定该起搏方法的可行性和成功率。　结果　床旁心脏临时起搏适用于各年龄组人群 ,起搏部位经左锁骨下静脉入路植入者 ,两种起搏点的导管深度分别为 36 8cm± 2 7cm及 34 8cm± 3 3cm ,5例右锁骨下静脉入路者为右心室心尖部。其起搏点的导管深度 31 5cm± 3 1cm ,通过起搏心电图图形和导管深度指导下 ,应用球囊漂浮电极导管即刻成功率 10 0 %。 1例发生左侧气胸 ,发生率 1 7%。　结论　体表心电图和导管深度指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行床旁心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法 ,只要操作方法正确 ,可替代X线指导下的临时起搏 ,值得临床推广。     

球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁临时起搏62例

目的探讨静脉应用球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁心脏临时起搏的方法和可行性。方法回顾性分析62例球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁临时起搏的患者的临床资料．着重分析球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁临时起搏的方法。结果62例均床旁成功完成带囊临时起搏电极右心室起搏,从穿刺到起搏的时间为10～20min,中位时间15min,除外1例出现起搏导线打结外,所有患者均无出现严重心律失常、局部血肿、气胸、栓塞、心脏穿孔、感染等并发症发生。结论经静脉应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行床旁右心室临时起搏安全、可行。     

应用两种电极导管紧急床旁心脏起搏的临床观察

目的比较在体表心电图指导下两种电极导管紧急床旁心脏起搏治疗心动过缓的效果,探讨床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。方法75例严重心动过缓的患者中,50例使用带球囊漂浮电极经左锁骨下静脉穿刺,25例使用普通电极经左锁骨下静脉穿刺进行床边临时起搏,对两者的操作时间和效果分别加以回顾性分析,在一周内,38例在植入永久性起搏器时进行了导管位置的X线观察,其他存活患者也进行了导管位置的X线观察,比较两种起搏方式的成功率和安全性。结果球囊漂浮电极组,即刻起搏成功率为94%,起搏成功时间为(8.5±2.7)min,并发症发生率为2%,术后导管脱位率为6.3%;普通电极组,即刻起搏成功率为96%,起搏成功时间为(6.3±2.1)min,并发症发生率为8%,术后无导管脱位现象。结论体表心电图指导下应用两种电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法,值得临床推广。     

在起搏心电图指引下气囊漂浮电极床旁紧急临时起搏39例

目的评价在起搏心电图指引下经左锁骨下静脉床旁植入气囊漂浮电极紧急心脏临床起搏的可行性和安全性。方法对39例不同病因所致严重心动过缓者,在床旁无x线透视下,采取经左锁骨下静脉穿刺置管(seldinger法)、植入气囊漂浮电极(Swan-Ganz导管操作方法);根据起搏心电图判断电极是否进入右心室,行右心室心内膜临时起搏(VVI模式)。结果 39例全部起搏成功,开始穿刺至起搏时间平均(11.5±5.5)min,起搏时间1～15d,起搏阈值≤2.0mA。无电极脱位及心律失常发生。结论以本法行床旁紧急心脏临时起搏是一项成功率高、效果可靠、快捷安全的方法。     

球囊漂浮电极导管床旁临时心脏起搏器在高原地区医院中的应用

目的探讨球囊漂浮电极导管床旁临时心脏起搏器在高原地区医院中的应用方法及可行性。方法选择2011年9月~2016年3月丽江市第一人民医院心血管内科收治的在床旁应用漂浮电极导管技术行临时起搏治疗的患者116例为研究对象,在心电监护指导下,在无X线透视条件下如何将漂浮球囊电极植入右心室心尖部,严密观察手术过程并发症、术后并发症,平均操作时间,放置时间,安置一次的平均费用。结果 116例患者均成功植入右心室心尖部。起搏器安置时间约8~30 min,电极留置时间0.5~20天,平均时间约6天,一次临时起搏器置入费用2500元。发生并发症2例,其中气胸1例,误传锁骨下动脉1例,起搏器安置成功后电极脱位2例,均为喝酒后烦躁患者。无其并发症发生。结论球囊漂浮电极导管床旁临时心脏起搏器适合在没有X线透视、不宜搬动危重患者、高原地区偏僻医院中应用,值得大力推广。     

球囊漂浮电极导管床旁心脏临时起搏术40例临床分析

目的观察漂浮电极导管床旁临时心脏起搏的临床应用效果。方法对40例严重缓慢型心律失常患者在床旁体表心电图监护指导下,通过Seldinger穿刺技术,在无X线透视条件下将临时起搏漂浮电极导管送入右心室．通过体表心电图QRS波群确定电极位置。记录放置电极导管所花费的时间与平均起搏时间,观察临时起搏操作并发症。结果40例患者穿刺均获成功,安置球囊漂浮电极导管平均操作时间（9．1±2．1）min,起搏时间1-15d,中位时间5．5d,电极脱位2例,无其他并发症。结论床旁漂浮电极导管可在没有X线设备下紧急起搏而不需搬动危重患者,具有操作简单、起搏迅速、疗效肯定及相对安全的特点,适合在基层医院推广应用。     

体表心电图指导床边心脏临时起搏器植入的价值

探讨体表心电图对应用气囊漂浮电极床边植入心脏临时起搏器的指导价值。方法经不同静脉途径在体表心电图指导下应用气囊漂浮电极进行１５６例心脏临时起搏器的植入，５４例病例在随后植入永久性起搏器时进行了导管位置的Ｘ线观察，对比研究了起搏图形与导管位置，导管深度间的关系。     

床旁球囊漂浮心脏临时起搏导管的应用研究

目的通过总结应用床旁球囊漂浮电极导管行心脏临时起搏的病例,分析影响临时起搏成功率的因素,探讨床旁心脏临时起搏的最佳方法.     

超声心动图辅助指导床旁临时起搏器植入术的临床应用

目的 比较在超声心动图指导下行心脏临时起搏与床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的临床疗效、安全性及操作时间的差异.方法 90例需进行临时起搏的患者,随机分为两组,A组(52例)在超声心动图指导下将普通起搏电极导线植入右心室进行临时起搏;B组(38例)通过常规球囊漂浮起搏电极导管置入.两组均穿刺左锁骨下静脉.比较两组手术操作时间、起搏成功率、起搏阈值、电极导线脱位率.结果 与B组相比,A组在操作时间,起搏成功率,起搏阈值方面均好于B组(P<0.05).起搏成功率为96.2%和86.8%,起搏阈值为(0.75±0.32)V和(0.95±0.45)V.结论 在超声心动图指导下行心脏临时起搏器植入可明显缩短手术操作时间,安全、有效,具有临床实用价值.     

起搏脉冲引导的临时心脏起搏

目的探讨用起搏脉冲引导的临时心脏起搏的可行性.方法应用深静脉穿刺和带漂浮球囊的起搏电极,经体表心电图在起搏脉冲的指导下定位,进行床旁临时心脏起搏.结果86例起搏均获成功,且无严重的室性心律失常.结论床旁经静脉临时心脏起搏在体表心电图监测下,用起搏脉冲定位是安全有效的.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.