输尿管结石并发输尿管息肉75例分析

目的探讨输尿管结石并发输尿管息肉的病因、诊断和治疗方法,提高其诊治效果。方法回顾性分析本院1997年1月~2009年3月收治的75例输尿管结石并发输尿管息肉患者的诊治情况。结果 75例患者术后症状全部消失。病理报告输尿管炎性息肉62例,纤维性息肉13例。B超检查肾积水减轻59例,消失16例。术后随访未发现结石息肉复发及肾积水加重。结论输尿管结石继发息肉较多见,为炎性息肉;输尿管息肉继发结石较少见,为纤维性息肉。本病应采用手术治疗。手术治疗应根据息肉大小、数目、性质以及结石部位大小而定。输尿管镜碎石术加息肉切除是治疗的首选方法。     

腔内钬激光治疗输尿管结石并发息肉

目的：探讨输尿管结石并发输尿管息肉的腔内钬激光治疗的效果。方法：用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石；同时气化、切割息肉72例，术后均放置输尿管支架管1～12周。结果：72例术后症状均好转或消失，3个月后，随访到68例，B超检查肾积水均有不同程度的减轻，其中有23例消失。32例作腹部平片(KUB)及静脉尿路造影(1VU)检查显示结石均消失，输尿管未见狭窄。也未见息肉复发。结论：对输尿管结石停留在同一部位3～4个月以上，及ESWL两次以上未见排石，要考虑到同时并发输尿管息肉的可能。用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石和气化切割息肉对治疗结石伴息肉是一种有效的方法。     

子宫切除术致输尿管或膀胱损伤的手术治疗

目的:探讨子宫切除术所致的输尿管、膀胱损伤的手术处理方法及时机。方法:对4例膀胱阴道瘘及4例输尿管阴道瘘于损伤后2～3周经腹入路一次修复。早期1例输尿管阴道瘘于4个月后修复。3例输尿管离断伤(其中2例为双侧),2例于损伤后第2天直接吻合,1例行输尿管皮肤造口。1例输尿管、膀胱并发直肠损伤患者,Ⅰ期尿、粪转流,Ⅱ期行修补、复通术。8例输尿管梗阻、肾积水患者,于伤后3～32个月行输尿管膀胱肌瓣吻合5例,行输尿管膀胱再植术3例。结果:除输尿管离断伤中直接吻合失败1例,余均获成功。结论:子宫切除术所致输尿管、膀胱损伤的修复手术可提前于损伤后2～3周内施行。输尿管离断伤,应先行输尿管皮肤造口,入路应选择经腹。术式主要根据输管损伤部位距膀胱的长度而定。     

子宫切除术致输尿管或膀胱损伤的手术处理

目的:探讨子宫切除术所致的输尿管、膀胱损伤的手术处理时机。方法:对4例膀胱阴道瘘及5例输尿管阴道瘘中的近期4例,于损伤后2~3周内经腹入路一次修复;先前1例于4个月后修复。3例输尿管离断伤(其中2例为双侧),2例于损伤后第2天直接吻合,1例行输尿管皮肤造瘘。1例输尿管、膀胱并发直肠损伤患者,Ⅰ期尿、粪转流,Ⅱ期行修补、复通术。8例输尿管梗阻、肾积水患者,于伤后3~32个月,5例行输尿管膀胱肌瓣吻合,3例行输尿管膀胱再植术。结果:8例损伤后2~3周、1例于损伤后4个月施行膀胱阴道瘘及输尿管道阴道瘘修补术均获成功。3例输尿管离断伤其中直接吻合成功1例、失败1例。1例输尿管、膀胱并发直肠损伤患者经Ⅰ期尿、粪转流,Ⅱ期修补、复通后1年康复出院。8例输尿管梗阻、肾积水患者行输尿管膀胱再植术或输管膀胱吻合术均获成功。结论:子宫切除术所致输尿管、膀胱损伤的修复手术可提前于损伤后2~3周内施行;输尿管离断伤,应先行输尿管皮肤造瘘,经腹入路手术修复。     

The management of hydronephrosis in patients undergoing TURBT

Objective: Previous studies have shown the negative prognostic correlation of hydronephrosis in bladder cancer; however, practical uncertainties remain regarding the management of these patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the notes of patients undergoing TURBT over a three year period and recorded the management and outcome of patients with hydronephrosis. Results: Six percent with bladder cancer had hydronephrosis. Nearly all the cases had muscle invasive disease. At TURBT, the ureteric orifice was seen in 41%; in the remaining 59% of patients, the ureteric orifice was involved and resected. This resolved the hydronephrosis in only one patient (who had superficial disease). Conclusions: Hydronephrosis in bladder cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. The hydronephrosis does not resolve with resection alone. As awaiting it’s resolution may delay definitive treatment, we suggest aggressive management of hydronephrosis from the time of initial diagnosis with ureteric stenting in order to protect renal units and optimize renal function prior to further definitive treatment of bladder cancer.     

Management of iatrogenic ureteric injuries associated with gynecological surgery

Objective: This retrospective study defines the presentation and managementof iatrogenic ureteric injuries consequent upon gynecological surgery in ateaching hospital in Punjab, Pakistan.Patients and methods: 18 patients with median age 35 years (range 18–80years) with iatrogenic ureteric injuries associated with gynecological surgerywere referred to the department of urology at Nishtar Hospital Multan Pakistan.Main presenting symptoms were urinary incontinence, loin pain and anuria.Median time since injury and presentation was 3 weeks (range 1 day to 7 years). In 16 (88%) patients injury resulted from abdominal hysterectomy. Othercauses included ovarian cystectomy (one patient) and vaginal hysterectomy (onepatient). 11 (61%) patients had ureterovaginal fistula, 5 (28%) patients hadcomplete unilateral ureteric obstruction and 2 (11%) patients had bilateral ureteric obstruction and anuria. In 11 patients with ureterovaginal fistula ureteroneocystostomy was performed. In five patients with unilateral uretericobstruction, one had end to end anastomosis of ureter, three had ureteroneocystostomy only and one had ureteroneocystostomy and psoas hitch done. Two had anuriasecondary to bilateral ureteric obstruction. In one of these patients Boari flapand ureteroneocystostomy was carried out. The second patient had deligation ofcatgut sutures on ipsilateral side and ureteroneocystostomy on the contra-lateralside.Results: In 17 patients no major complication occurred. One patient whohad deligation of catgut sutures, the distal ureter sloughed and re-explorationand ureteroneocystostomy was performed. Renal salvage was achieved in all cases.Conclusion: Open surgical procedures for repair of iatrogenic uretericinjuries are associated with good outcome. Strategies to prevent these injuriesinclude adequate surgical training and meticulous surgical techniques.     

The correlation of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 with benign hydronephrosis.

PURPOSE: High serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in patients with hydronephrosis but without malignant disease is reportedly rare but to our knowledge the clinical features of hydronephrosis that affect this level have not yet been clarified. We examined the correlation of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 with hydronephrosis status in patients with benign hydronephrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 123 serum samples from 68 patients with and 55 without hydronephrosis. All patients enrolled in this study had no malignant disease. Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 was measured by immunoradiometric assay and that level was correlated with clinical factors. RESULTS: Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in patients with hydronephrosis was significantly higher than in those without hydronephrosis (p <0.0001). The serum level was elevated to greater than 37 units per ml. in 25% of the patients with but in only 1.8% of those without hydronephrosis. In the hydronephrosis group the clinical features that significantly correlated with the increased serum level were bilateral hydronephrosis, urinary tract infection, proteinuria, increased serum blood urea nitrogen, severe urinary tract occlusion and high grade hydronephrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 was significantly elevated in patients with benign hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis causes false-positive results when screening for malignant disease by serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 measurement.     

Ileal ureteric replacement with an ileo-psoas muscle tunnel antirefluxing technique for the treatment of long segment ureteric strictures

OBJECTIVES

To develop and report our initial experience with a novel antirefluxing technique for segmental ileal ureteric replacement for the treatment of long ureteric strictures.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between January 2000 and January 2007, 12 cases of ureteric strictures (nine bilateral and three unilateral) were treated using a novel surgical technique in which the ureter was replaced with a segment of ileum using an end‐to‐side anastomosis. An antireflux valve was constructed by fixing the distal part of upper ureter (4 cm) between the psoas muscle and ileal segment (the ileo‐psoas tunnel technique). The distal ileum was connected to the urinary bladder with an end‐to‐side anastomosis.

RESULTS

The 12 cases were followed‐up for a mean (range) of 39.42 (12–64) months. There were no cases of pyelonephritis or signs of renal failure after surgery. There was dramatic improvement in hydronephrosis, as assessed by intravenous urography, in the 4–9 months after surgery. Cystography showed no evidence of ileo‐ureteric reflux. Mild hyperchloraemic acidosis was detected in two patients and was successfully treated with oral alkalization.

CONCLUSIONS

In our initial experience, ileal ureteric replacement combined with the ileo‐psoas tunnel antirefluxing technique is a highly effective procedure for the treatment of ureteric strictures.     

输尿管结石并发输尿管息肉58例分析

目的：探讨输尿管结石并发输尿管息肉的病因及发病机制,提高其诊治效果。方法：行输尿管切开取石加息肉段输尿管切除端端吻合术41例,输尿管切开取石加息肉单纯切除或电灼17例;术后放置输尿管支架引流48例。结果：58例患者术后症状全部消失。B超检查肾积水减轻39例,消失19例。结论：对长期停留在某一部位的输尿管结石,或肾积水程度与结石大小不相符时,应考虑到有并发输尿管息肉之可能。     

Upper urinary tract dilation due to conglutination of intraluminal distal ureters after orthotopic neobladder with split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplants: Early results of 8 cases

ObjectiveWe reviewed our experience with dilation of the upper urinary tract caused by the conglutination of distal ureters after orthotopic neobladder reconstruction using the split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplant technique.Materials and methodsFrom January 2000 to April 2007, 250 consecutive patients underwent radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. Ureterointestinal anastomosis was performed using the split-cuff nipple technique in 291 renoureteral units. The patients from a single center were followed up for a mean period of 8 months (range 1–22) after surgery. We incised the conglutination band using a transurethral endoscope. Patient characteristics, endoscopic technique, measurement of serum creatinine levels, and results of ultrasonography, cystoscopy, and excretory urography were collected.ResultsHydronephrosis was found in 8 patients (14 renoureteral units) due to the conglutination of the distal ureters to each other (n = 6) or to the neobladder wall (n = 2). After the incision procedure, seven patients had obvious improvement in renal function and hydronephrosis, and their symptoms disappeared. In 1 patient, hydronephrosis developed again because of ureteroenteric stenosis after 7 months and was resolved by open surgical revision. The hydronephrosis had improved greatly in this patient by 5 months after revision.ConclusionConglutination of the distal ureters is a cause of hydronephrosis after orthotopic neobladder reconstruction using the reimplant technique with the split-cuff nipple. Cystoscopy is mandatory in following up patients who have hydronephrosis with the split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplant technique, not only to confirm the diagnosis but to treat the complication by incising the conglutination band. Continued follow-up is required to evaluate the long-term results of this treatment.     

Upper pole heminephrectomy: is complete ureterectomy necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the re-operation rate on the distal ureter after upper pole heminephrectomy with incomplete ureterectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The case notes from one institution were reviewed retrospectively; 60 upper pole heminephrectomies with incomplete ureterectomy were undertaken in 39 girls and 16 boys (mean age at primary surgery 27 months, range 3--88). RESULTS: Thirty-two children (58%) had an antenatal diagnosis while 12 (22%) presented with a urinary tract infection (UTI) and six (11%) with urinary incontinence. Twenty-nine of the 60 renal units (48%) had an associated ureterocele and in nine (15%) the ureter was ectopic. Ten infants (18%) underwent initial puncture of a ureterocele. Five patients (8%), all females, required lower urinary tract re-operation. The indications for secondary surgery were recurrent UTIs in all and a prolapsed ureterocele in one. All five had ultrasonographic evidence of a dilated ureteric stump. Reflux into the retained stump was detected in one child. CONCLUSIONS: The re-operation rate for a redundant ureteric stump in this series was 8%. The risk of injury to the good ureter may outweigh the benefits of a complete ureterectomy.     

Hydronephrosis as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer in a cystectomy-only series

OBJECTIVES: Hydronephrosis in patients with bladder cancer is caused by tumour at the ureteral orifice, secondary ureteral tumours, intramural or extravesical tumour infiltration, or compression of the ureter. This study investigated the prognostic impact of hydronephrosis in bladder cancer. METHODS: A series of 788 patients were treated with radical cystectomy with curative intent for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder without neoadjuvant/adjuvant radiotherapy/chemotherapy between January 1986 and September 2003. All patients had a complete follow-up until death or until the study's end date. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariate analysis with a Cox regression model was performed with respect to potential influencing factors. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients (13.7%) had unilateral and 25 patients (3.2%) had bilateral hydronephrosis. The rate of organ-confined tumours was significantly higher in patients without hydronephrosis (67.9% vs. 37.6%; p<0.001). Forty-three (32.3%) of the 133 hydronephrotic patients had a tumour involving the ureteral orifice. In this group the rate of organ-confined tumours was significantly higher than in the other patients with hydronephrosis (53.5% vs. 30.0%; p=0.009). In the multivariate analysis, preoperative hydronephrosis was determined as an independent prognostic marker for recurrence-free survival besides the pT classification and lymph node status (p=0.0015). The etiology of hydronephrosis did not affect the tumour-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Hydronephrosis at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer is associated with a high probability of advanced tumours. It is an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival.     

双线悬吊法经腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾盂成形术

目的探讨双线悬吊法经腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾盂成形术的临床价值。 方法2016年9月至2018年11月在连云港市第一人民医院采取双线悬吊法经腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾盂成形术患者22例,其中男19例,女3例。年龄4个月～14岁,平均年龄（5.3±2.7）岁。左侧20例,右侧1例,双侧1例,共23侧。右侧经结肠肝曲系膜缘打开侧腹膜入路,左侧经结肠系膜入路,在术中将输尿管和肾盂切口的两端用双线悬吊于腹壁,以便于缝合,用5-0可吸收线行Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术,并从吻合口留置双J管,术后结合超声检查随访。 结果22例顺利完成手术,无中转开腹手术者。手术时间90～260 min,单侧平均（137±55）min。术中失血5～20 ml。平均住院时间7 d。术后1例因返流反复发热,在拔出双J管后症状消失,1例发生尿外渗,保留腹腔引流3 d后自愈。术后随访6～25个月,患儿临床症状消失,复查超声提示肾积水消失或减少,肾皮质逐渐增厚。 结论双线悬吊法经腹腹腔镜下肾盂成形术是一种安全、有效、容易学习的手术方法。     

Iatrogenic ureteral injury and the development of vesico-vaginal fistula: a complication of total hysterectomy for multiple myoma uteri

A 42-year-old woman underwent total hysterectomy for multiple myoma uteri. Postoperatively the patient complained of lower abdominal pain and total incontinence. She had also developed left-sided hydronephrosis. Left nephrostomy was constructed and necessary investigations were done. It was diagnosed as a case of left ureteral injury with vesico-vaginal fistula. Repair of vesico-vaginal fistula and reimplantation of the left ureter were performed in a single setting three months after the injury. Subsequently, the nephrostomy was removed. Hydronephrosis was improved with an excellent outcome of fistula repair.     

Management and Course of Hydronephrosis Secondary to Inflammatory Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the management and course of obstructive uropathy secondary to inflammatory aneurysms. From January 1981 to December 2000 a total of 52 patients underwent surgical intervention for inflammatory aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Eleven of these cases (21%) had obstructive uropathy, which was bilateral in five cases. Preoperative drainage of the urinary tract was done in five ureters in three patients with four double J catheters and one percutaneous nephrostomy; surgical ureterolysis was also carried out in one case. Endoaneurysmorraphy and placement of an aortic graft were performed in all 11 patients. Operative mortality was zero. There was no recurrence of hydronephrosis in seven patients during a mean follow-up of 55 months. Three patients were lost to follow-up and one died. When compared with 41 inflammatory aneurysms in which hydronephrosis did not develop, there were statistically significant differences with respect to lumbar pain and renal insufficiency. The ureter is a structure adjacent to the aorta that is trapped by fibrosis in 21% of patients with inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms. The natural tendency of the periaortic fibrosis is to remit following surgery to correct the aneurysm. This results in spontaneous remission of the hydronephrosis, making routine intraoperative manipulation of the ureter unnecessary.     

医源性输尿管损伤并发上尿路梗阻的外科治疗策略

目的：研究医源性输尿管损伤后并发上尿路梗阻的病理基础。探讨处理医源性输尿管损伤后梗阻的外科治疗策略。方法：回顾性分析自2007年2月～2009年4月,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院泌尿外科诊治的16例输尿管腔内操作致医源性输尿管损伤并发上尿路梗阻的患者。患者平均年龄49岁。所有患者输尿管损伤后均曾成功留置D-J管4～6周。就诊时平均术后时间9．8个月（3～18个月）。通过磁共振水成像（MRU）评价输尿管梗阻累及部位、梗阻段长度及输尿管瘢痕组织厚度。以STORZF7.9。输尿管镜检查患侧输尿管。对于患侧输尿管管腔通畅者行开放输尿管梗阻段切除术,并对该段输尿管行病理检查。对于输尿管镜证实受累输尿管存在机械性梗阻,狭窄段长度〈2cm的患者行输尿管镜下钬激光输尿管内切开术。所有患者术后留置D-J管6周。术后6个月以静脉尿路造影（IVu）评价手术效果。结果：在4例患者中,STORZF7.9。输尿管硬镜成功进镜至肾盂,未发现患侧输尿管机械性梗阻。予切除瘢痕增生段输尿管,病理检查提示输尿管全层增厚伴慢性炎症,纤维组织增生,平滑肌细胞排列杂乱,但黏膜层尿路上皮完整且无明显增生。另12例患者经输尿管硬镜检查证实机械性梗阻存在,行钬激光输尿管内切开术。术后6个月随访显示,4例行开放手术患者均未出现输尿管再狭窄。12例行输尿管钬激光内切开患者中3例上尿路梗阻复发。行狭窄段切除,6个月后随访见上尿路积水消失。结论：在部分输尿管损伤后上尿路梗阻的患者,其输尿管管腔通畅,动力性梗阻可能占主导地位。对于这些患者外科手术切除输尿管狭窄段可能是最佳选择。输尿管腔内钬激光内切开术适用于狭窄段较短（〈2cm）且不伴严重输尿管增厚的患者,但远期复发率较高。尿外渗是加重输尿管损伤后纤维瘢痕形成的重要因素,在合并严重尿外渗的患者中,经皮肾穿刺（PCN）引流可能减轻局部纤维瘢痕反应,改善患者预后。     

Clinical outcome and follow-up of prenatal hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis is probably the most common congenital abnormality detected prenatally by ultrasonography This study was performed to determine the cause and outcome of prenatal hydronephrosis in our hospital. A total of 45 infants, with 57 prenatally hydronephrotic renal units, were enrolled into this study. For the purpose of this study, the degree of hydronephrosis was defined as mild, moderate or severe. Postnatal ultrasonography was performed as soon as possible in those with bilateral hyronephrosis and 3-7 days after birth in those with unilateral hydronephrosis. Voiding cystourethrogram was performed in 6-8 weeks time. In the absence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), diethylenetriamene penta acetate scan was performed to exclude obstructive uropathy. There were 29 males and 16 females (male:female ratio 1.8:1), and unilateral and bilateral hydronephrosis were seen in 33 (73%) and 12 (27%) of the cases, respectively. Hydronephrosis was caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in 20 (44.5%), VUR in 10 (22.2%), ureterovesical junction obstruction in four (8.9 %), posteriorurethral valves in four (8.9 %), UPJO with VUR in two (4.4%) and non-VUR non-obstructive in one (2.2%). During follow-up, 16 patients (35.5%) required operative intervention while seven (15.5%) improved spontaneously. Fetal hydronephrosis needs close follow-up during both ante-natal and postnatal periods. In this study, the most common cause for hydronephrosis were UPJO and VUR. Also seen in this study is the noteworthy point that mild fetal hydronephrosis is relatively benign and does not require surgical intervention in most cases and surgery should be performed only if there is renal function compromise. Prenatal consultation with a pediatric nephrologist and urologist is useful in decreasing parental anxiety and facilitating postnatal management.     

Refluxing chimney versus nonrefluxing LeDuc ureteroileal anastomosis for orthotopic ileal neobladder: a comparative analysis for patients with bladder cancer

PURPOSE: Radical cystectomy and various techniques of urinary diversion are gold standard treatments for invasive bladder cancer. However, postoperative hydronephrosis is a common complication in these patients. A special focus was placed on the type of ureteroileal anastomosis used with 2 different techniques performed at 1 institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 2003 a total of 106 consecutive patients with bladder cancer underwent cystectomy followed by construction of an ileal neobladder. The nonrefluxing technique of ureter tunneling described by LeDuc and the refluxing chimney technique used for ureter implantation into the ileum-neobladder were compared. Hydronephrosis due to ureteral strictures was studied immediately following surgery and up to 5 years after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 204 RU were included in the study. The LeDuc technique was used in 132 RU (64%) and the chimney technique was used in 72 RU (36%). Hydronephrosis rate of 2% were found in each of the 2 groups after 5 years of followup. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative hydronephrosis due to ureteral strictures is observed at the same rate during long-term followup with the LeDuc and chimney techniques. We favor the chimney technique compared to the LeDuc tunnel due to easier technical preparation and a better chance to identify the ureters endoscopically at a later time. The chimney does give extra length to reach the ureteral stump, especially in cases of distal ureteral carcinoma in situ.     

Bilateral multiple ureteral polyps causing intermittent hydronephrosis: a case report

We report an unusual case of bilateral ureteral polyps causing intermittent hydronephrosis, which developed extensively in the upper part of ureters. The patient was an 8-year-old male. He had several episodes of gross hematuria with right flank pain. Ultrasonography of the kidney showed mild bilateral hydronephrosis, while this finding was markedly aggravated in association with the onset of pain. Intravenous pyelogram and retrograde pyelogram revealed multiple filling defects in both upper parts of ureters. Since the diseased part of the ureter was wide (about 7 cm in length), a segmental resection of the right ureter with mobilization of the right kidney was performed, followed by end-to-end ureteral anastomosis. The pathological diagnosis was fibroepithelial polyps. Regarding the disease of contralateral ureter, no surgical treatment was performed because he had no clinical symptoms. Six years after the surgery, he again developed gross hematuria with left flank pain. Marked dilatation of the left renal pelvis was shown by ultrasonography, which suggested left intermittent hydronephrosis caused by ureteral polyps. He underwent a partial ureterectomy with mobilization of the left kidney for the left ureteral disease. No recurrence of polyps has been observed in the urinary tract since this surgery.