小儿腰椎穿刺深度及相关因素的研究

目的：为了正确预测小儿腰椎穿刺的进针深度，探讨小儿身高、体重、皮肤脂肪厚度等与进针深度的关系。方法：测量２０９例不同年龄组儿童２６４次腰椎穿刺的进针深度，分别对年龄、体重、身高、腹壁皮下脂肪厚度进行直线相关分析及回归处理。结果：小儿腰椎穿刺深度一般随年龄增长而递增。腰穿深度与年龄、体重间有密切相关关系；腰穿深度与身高呈中度相关关系；腰穿深度与腹壁皮下脂肪厚度亦有相关关系。结论：性别对腰椎穿刺深度无明显影响，而年龄和体重是影响腰穿深度的最重要因素，身高与腹壁皮下脂肪厚度亦有影响。     

静脉留置针常见并发症的护理与预防

目的探讨老年患者行静脉留置针穿刺的常见并发症及其临床护理措施。方法对2008年1～12月收治于我院行静脉留置针穿刺的168例老年患者的并发症发生情况以及护理措施进行回顾性分析。结果 168例患者中,发生皮下血肿13例;发生液体渗漏8例;发生套管堵塞5例;发生局部静脉炎6例。另外有9例患者发生穿刺部位轻微感染。结论静脉留置针的常见并发症有套管堵塞、皮下血肿、液体渗漏、局部静脉炎等,留置针时间以6d以内为佳,延长留置时间则会增加发生并发症的风险。     

新型气管插管气道湿化35例临床研究

目的：探讨经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术患者围术期的护理方法。方法：回顾性分析57例行经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术患者的护理措施及护理经验。结果：本组手术均顺利进行,手术时间49～144min,术中出血量30～90ml。术后发生皮下气肿2例,Trocar穿刺孔皮下脂肪液化l例,无出血、高碳酸血症等严重并发症发生。随访6个月-2年,血压均恢复于正常范围。结论：经后腹腔途径行肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全可靠。完善术前准备、加强术后观察和及时处理,可有效减少和避免相关并发症发生,且是保证患者顺利康复的重要条件。     

后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术57例围术期护理

目的:探讨经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术患者围术期的护理方法.方法:回顾性分析57例行经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术患者的护理措施及护理经验.结果:本组手术均顺利进行,手术时间49～144 min,术中出血量30～90ml.术后发生皮下气肿2例,Trocar穿刺孔皮下脂肪液化1例,无出血、高碳酸血症等严重并发症发生.随访6个月～2年,血压均恢复于正常范围.结论:经后腹腔途径行肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全可靠.完善术前准备、加强术后观察和及时处理,可有效减少和避免相关并发症发生,且是保证患者顺利康复的重要条件.     

术前留置套管针患者发生静脉炎的原因分析和护理干预

目的探讨术前留置套管针患者发生静脉炎的原因和预防对策。方法分析2013年1⁶月57例留置套管针的患者术后发生静脉炎的原因,在选择穿刺部位、选择套管针型号、套管针及附件固定、留置套管针穿刺技术等方面进行改进。结果 2013年76月57例留置套管针的患者术后发生静脉炎的原因,在选择穿刺部位、选择套管针型号、套管针及附件固定、留置套管针穿刺技术等方面进行改进。结果 2013年7¹2月术前留置套管针患者发生静脉炎5例(0.2%),低于干预前的静脉炎发生率(χ2=50.28,P<0.01)。结论根据患者具体情况、手术类型选择合适的套管针,选择合适的穿刺部位,规范套管针及附件的固定,对护士进行留置套管针穿刺培训,可有效减少患者静脉炎发生率。     

纤支镜引导下经皮气管切开术在重症医学科救治中的临床体会

目的观察纤支镜引导下经皮气管切开术(PDT)在重症医学科急危重症患者救治中的应用疗效。方法重症监护条件下,经气管导管插入纤支镜,穿刺套管针刺入气管内,纤支镜确认引导钢丝进入气管后,拔出套管针,用Ciaglia Blue Rhino(蓝犀牛)扩张器沿导丝充分扩开,气管导管置入气管内,拔出导丝及气管套管内芯,手术成功。结果 28例均操作顺利,手术时间短,出血少,术后无切口渗血、皮下血肿及皮下气肿等并发症。结论 PDT与传统气管切开术相比,具有出血少、操作简单、操作时间短、切口小、定位准确、并发症少的优点。     

胸腔镜下肺部手术后发生广泛皮下气肿的临床分析

目的 探讨胸腔镜下肺部手术后发生广泛皮下气肿的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2015年10月-2020年10月3314例行胸腔镜下肺部手术后发生广泛皮下气肿患者的临床资料,寻找发生广泛皮下气肿的相关因素,分析皮下气肿的治疗效果.结果 术后广泛皮下气肿发生率为1.90％(63/3314).其中,肺减容、胸腔粘连、合并肺气肿和...     

1例应用气管导管抢救气管套管脱出患者的护理

气管切开术是解除咽喉部阻塞引起的呼吸困难的急救手术。术后气管套管常因咳嗽、翻身、套管系带过松或患者自行将套管拔出等原因而脱出[1]。气管套管脱出紧急处理方法是重新置入气管套管。2004年我科收治1例病毒性脑炎患者,行气管切开术后第5天翻身后出现气管套管脱出,因患者肥胖,同时存在颈部皮下气肿,气管套管相对较短,故予置入气管插管用的气管导管,从而开放气道,待皮下气肿消退后更换气管套管,使患者成功度过危险期,现将护理体会报道如下。病例介绍患者,女,18岁,学生,身高160 cm,体重85 kg。因发热5d抽搐半天,于2004年11月3日收治入院,…     

小儿腰椎穿刺深度及相关因素的研究

为了正确预测小儿腰椎穿刺的进针深度，探讨小儿身高，体重，皮肤脂肪厚度等与进行深度的关系。方法：测量２０９例不同年龄组儿童２６４次腰椎穿刺的进针度，分别对年龄，体重，身高，腹壁皮下脂肪厚度进行了直线相关分析及回归处理。     

开放式腹腔镜套管针第一穿刺术982例分析

目的探讨开放式腹腔镜套管针第一穿刺术在妇科腹腔镜手术中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析982例妇科患者施行开放式腹腔镜套管针第一穿刺腹腔镜手术的情况。结果手术成功率为100%,仅1例网膜漏出,其余均无并发症。结论该术式简便、安全、操作时间短、成功率高,并发症少,易于推广,有临床实用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.