精神分裂症患者一级亲属人格特征的研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属的人格特征.方法 采用分裂型人格问卷(SPQ)及三维人格问卷(TPQ)评定181例精神分裂症患者一级亲属(高危组)、321名正常对照个体(对照组)的人格特征.结果 高危组sPQ阴性分裂型人格维度评分[(9.80±7.05)分]高于对照组[(8.42±5.87)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高危组在TPQ寻求新奇维度评分[(15.60±5.62)分]、奖赏依赖维度评分[(17.41 ±1.13)分]与对照组[(14.20±2.83)分,(18.22±3.26)分]的差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).高危组的阴性分裂型人格维度分数与寻求新奇维度、奖赏依赖维度分数显著相关(r=0.17和-0.23).结论 精神分裂症患者一级亲属具有阴性分裂型维度、寻求新奇维度、奖赏依赖维度的人格特征.     

大学生分裂型人格与创造性的关系：认知灵活性的中介作用

目的 探讨大学生分裂型人格与创造性的关系以及认知灵活性在其中的作用机制。方法 采用分裂型人格问卷（SPQ）、认知灵活性问卷（CFI）和威廉姆斯创造性倾向量表（WCAT）对471名大学生进行问卷调查。使用Spearman相关分析变量间的相关关系，使用Bootstrap方法分析认知灵活性的中介作用。结果 大学生SPQ总评分、阳性分裂维度、瓦解维度和CFI评分与WCAT评分均呈正相关（r=0.241~0.313，P均<0.01），SPQ总评分、阳性分裂维度、瓦解维度与CFI评分均呈正相关（r=0.111~0.128，P均<0.05）；认知灵活性在阳性分裂维度与创造性之间起部分中介作用［间接效应=0.052（95% CI：0.016~0.112，P<0.01），占总效应的11.93%］；认知灵活性在瓦解维度与创造性之间起部分中介作用［间接效应=0.075（95% CI：0.020~0.161，P<0.01），占总效应的11.50%］。结论 分裂型人格不仅直接影响大学生的创造性，还通过认知灵活性的中介作用间接影响大学生的创造性。     

分裂样特质与某些基因的相关性分析

目的:为了探索精神分裂症的病因,将分裂样特质作为"内表型"进行遗传学分析,研究儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)、脯氨酸脱氢酶(PRODH)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)基因与分裂样特质的相关性,为寻找精神分裂症的相关候选基因提供资料。方法:以性别、年龄和受教育年限作为限制因素,在成都市5城区随机抽取了465名健康成年人纳入研究,采用分裂样人格问卷(SPQ)进行人格评定。用SPSS11.0软件对入组者的性别、年龄和受教育年限与SPQ相关得分进行回归分析。采用QTPHASE软件分别对COMT(rs4680G/A、rs165599G/A)、PRODH(1852G/A、1945G/A)、BDNF(rs6265)基因和SPQ的相关得分进行等位基因、单倍型的定量相关分析;采用方差分析进行基因型与分裂样特质的相关分析。结果:受教育年限与SPQ的7个亚量表分(牵连观念、奇怪的信念或怪异的思维除外)、3个因子分和总分均存在相关性得分随着受教育年限的增加而减少。多重检验校正前COMTrs4680G/A与怪异言语(配对等位基因P=0.04;配对基因型P=0.049)、多疑亚量表(配对基因型P=0.024)均存在相关;BDNFrs6265与因子2人际关系存在相关(配对基因型P=0.027)。多重检验校正后则上述相关性消失。另外,仅在男性个体中发现COMTrs4680G/A与SPQ总分、瓦解因子、情感狭窄亚量表相关。结论:COMTrs4680G/A可能与男性分裂样特质之间存在相关性。     

肇事肇祸精神分裂症患者父母人格特征与应对方式调查及干预效果的2年随访

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症肇事肇祸患者父母的人格特征与应对方式及采取针对性干预措施对于降低精神分裂症患者肇事肇祸发生率的价值。方法:选取我院2012年1月至2014年1月收治的首发精神分裂症肇事肇祸患者87例作为病例组,采用随机数字表法将病例组分为干预组44例、非干预组43例。选取同期健康人40名(对照组),采用艾森克个性问卷及简易应对方式问卷对病例组和对照组父母进行调查;根据调查结果针对性地对干预组父母进行指导,改善其应对方式,非干预组不给于指导,对比两组患者随访2年中肇事肇祸的发生率。结果:病例组父母的EPQ问卷中E维度评分低于对照组父母(t=3. 079,P 0. 05),N维度评分高于对照组父母(t=4. 037,P 0. 05);两组父母的P、L维度评分差异无统计学意义(t=1. 337、t=0. 945,P 0. 05);病例组父母的SCSQ量表中积极应对评分低于对照组父母(t=7. 142,P 0. 05);两组父母的消极应对评分差异无统计学意义(t=1. 351,P0. 05);随访2年间,干预组的肇事肇祸率15. 91%低于非干预组的39. 53%,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=6. 077,P=0. 014)。结论:根据精神分裂症患者父母的人格特征对父母进行针对性干预,有利于降低患者的肇事肇祸率。     

精神分裂症一级亲属认知功能研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症一级亲属的认知功能。方法:100例精神分裂症患者的一级亲属(亲属组)与90名对照者(对照组)均采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)与持续操作测验(CPT)评估其认知功能。结果:亲属组WCST中总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数等均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);但CPT评分与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05);亲属组WCST中有认知功能障碍的例数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而在CPT中两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。WCST中的持续错误数和CPT评分与患者的文化程度、性别、年龄之间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论:部分精神分裂症患者的一级亲属存在认知功能障碍,对严重者有必要进行干预。     

精神疾病患者家庭环境及其一级亲属人格特征

目的探讨精神疾病患者的家庭环境及其一级亲属人格特征,为改善精神疾病患者康复环境进行有针对性的心理干预提供参考。方法将2014年1月-5月在郑州大学第一附属医院精神医学科住院的190例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神与行为障碍诊断的患者作为病例组,进行家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)测评,对179名精神疾病患者一级亲属进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测评,同期选取181名健康志愿者作为对照组,对所有入组的健康志愿者进行FES-CV和EPQ测评。结果病例组FES-CV中矛盾性和控制性因子评分均高于对照组[(3.58±2.02)分vs.(2.80±1.64)分,(3.43±2.08)分vs.(2.96±1.49)分,t=4.14、2.52,P0.05或0.01];病例组FES-CV中亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性、组织性评分均低于对照组[(5.91±2.20)分vs.(6.57±1.20)分,(4.56±1.82)分vs.(5.31±1.44)分,(3.43±2.29)分vs.(4.40±1.95)分,(4.75±2.06)分vs.(5.31±1.99)分,t=-3.07、-4.39、-4.43、-2.65,P0.05或0.01]。病例组一级亲属EPQ中精神质和神经质评分均高于对照组[(52.71±9.90)vs.(42.71±10.59)分,(54.44±11.97)分vs.(45.96±11.49)分,t=9.26、6.84,P均0.01]。结论精神疾病患者的家庭环境存在低亲密度、低情感表达、低娱乐性及低组织性特征,同时矛盾性和控制性在患者的家庭氛围中比较明显,且精神疾病患者的一级亲属多具有神经质和精神质的人格特点。     

强迫症患者一级亲属的三维人格特征的研究

目的 探讨强迫症患者一级亲属的三维人格特征.方法 运用三维人格问卷(TPQ)对48例强迫症患者一级亲属和95例正常对照进行测定.结果 强迫症患者一级亲属与正常对照组相比猎奇性分量表总分及各因子分无统计学差异;躲避伤害分量表HA1及HA2因子及总分均较高(P＜0.05);奖赏依赖分量表因子得分及总分无统计学差异.两组TPQ各因子评分无性别差异(P＞0.05).结论 强迫症患者一级亲属的三维人格特征表现为躲避伤害,看事情悲观,害怕不确定性.     

精神分裂症和情感障碍混合家系的遗传调查

目的 探讨精神分裂症和情感障碍混合家系的遗传效应。方法 采用严格的纳入标准,应用家族史法对55例混合家系的各级亲属2134人进行详细的调查记录。分三组进行分析。结果 (1)精神分裂症为先证者组,各级亲属精神分裂症的患病率为1.1％,与1993年全国七地区调查精神分裂症的群体患病率0.655％比较,P>0.05,统计学上无显著差异,一级亲属患病率为4.79％,各群体比较,P<0.05。各级亲属情感障碍的患病率为3.78％,与1992年全国七地区调查情感障碍的群体患病0.083％比较,P<0.05,统计学上有显著差异,一级亲属患病率为17.96％。(2)情感障碍为先证者组,各级亲属情感障碍患者率为1.234％,与群体比较,P<0.05,一级亲属患病为4.76％。各级亲属精神分裂症的患病率为3.67％,与群体比较,P<0.05,一级亲属患病率为12.24％。(3)混合组,各级亲属精神分裂症的患病率为2.27％,与群体比较,P<0.05,一级亲属患病率为9.44％。结论 混合家系中,血缘关系越近,亲属中精神分裂症和情感障碍的患病率越高;精神分裂症和情感障碍在遗传传递上可能具有交叉性。     

慢性酒依赖患者的失匹配负波改变与其人格特征的关系

目的:探讨慢性酒依赖(CAD)患者失匹配负波(MMN)改变与其人格特征的关系。方法:采用改良的艾森克人格问卷(EPQ-R)对33例CAD患者(CAD组)和33名健康对照志愿者(对照组)进行评估,同时进行事件相关电位(ERP)检测,分析CAD患者MMN指标与其人格特征的关系。结果:CAD组EPQ-R中神经质(N)、精神质(P)和掩饰性(L)维度评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);ERP各通道MMN潜伏期显著延长(P<0.05或P<0.01)。相关分析显示,CAD患者MMN指标与其人口学资料及人格特征无相关性。结论:CAD患者具有神经质、精神质的人格特征,其MMN潜伏期延长,但MMN改变与其人格特征无相关性。     

精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属认知功能和阴性症状相关性研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属认知功能和阴性症状的相关性。方法:精神分裂症患者44例及其一级亲属78名完成修订版韦氏成人智力量表的词汇测验(VS)、多维记忆评估量表的数字广度(DS)、汉词广度(WS)和空间广度(SS)测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及持续注意测验(CPT),使用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)的阴性症状分量表对受试者阴性症状进行评估。分析其相关性。结果:患者的VS、WS、SS、大部分WCST和CPT成绩与阴性症状总分相关(P0.05或P0.01);患者亲属的VS、DS、WS、SS、CPT的视觉漏报和视觉反应时间与阴性症状总分相关(P均0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,患者的VS、WCST完成分类和正确数、CPT听觉错误和视觉错误进入回归方程,联合预测阴性症状68.8%的变异,患者亲属的VS和CPT视觉漏报联合预测阴性症状63.9%的变异。结论:精神分裂症患者和一级亲属的认知功能与阴性症状有一定的相关性,但不完全重叠。     

Neuropsychological performance and spectrum personality traits in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis

Neuropsychological deficits are found in both schizophrenic patients and their relatives, and some studies have shown similar, but less severe, deficits in affective psychotic patients and their relatives. We set out to establish: (a) whether schizophrenia spectrum personality traits are more common in the relatives of schizophrenic patients than, in the relatives of affective psychotic patients; and (b) what the relation is between spectrum personality traits and neuropsychological deficits in these relatives. Relatives were interviewed using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), and also completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the Trail Making Test (TMT; Parts A and B) and Thurstone's Verbal Fluency Test (TVFT). Spectrum personality traits were equally common in 129 relatives of schizophrenic patients and 106 relatives of affective psychotic patients, but the performance of the former group was inferior to that of the latter on the NART and the TVFT. Relatives with high paranoid traits had lower NART scores than relatives without such personality traits; similarly, those with high schizoid traits took longer to complete the TMT, part B, than those without such traits; and relatives with high schizotypal traits generated significantly fewer words on the TVFT than those without such traits. We conclude that relatives of schizophrenic and affective psychotic patients share a propensity to schizophrenia spectrum traits, but relatives of the former have poorer neuropsychological performance. Furthermore, there exists an association between neuropsychological deficits and spectrum traits in both groups of relatives; in particular those with high paranoid traits have lower IQ scores than their less paranoid counterparts.     

Multiple dimensions of schizotypy in first degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients

Considerable research has been devoted to identifying individuals predisposed to schizophrenia, with much of the effort devoted to identifying the personality characteristics of the biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Although resource-consuming interviews have yielded promising results, investigators have long sought self-report measures that index genetic risk for schizophrenia. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) is a self-report measure that assesses the nine features of DSM-defined schizotypy. The SPQ, modified to include validity scales, was administered to 135 nonpsychotic first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and 112 healthy controls. Principal components analysis (PCA) yielded three factors that correlated highly with previously reported factors (social-interpersonal, cognitive-perceptual, and disorganization). Social-interpersonal deficits were found to best differentiate relatives from controls. Contrary to the hypothesis that schizophrenia relatives are more defensive in responding to schizotypy questionnaires, relatives were significantly less defensive than controls. The results demonstrate that a multidimensional paper-and-pencil measure can characterize schizotypal features in schizophrenia relatives, which will be useful for the further delineation of the heritable schizophrenia spectrum phenotype.     

Psychopathology and personality traits in psychotic patients and their first-degree relatives

Personality dimensions have been associated with symptoms dimensions in schizophrenic patients (SP). In this paper we study the relationships between symptoms of functional psychoses and personality dimensions in SP and their first-degree relatives (SR), in other psychotic patients (PP) and their first-degree relatives (PR), and in healthy controls in order to evaluate the possible clinical dimensionality of these disorders. Twenty-nine SP, 29 SR, 18 PP, 18 PR and 188 controls were assessed using the temperament and character inventory (TCI-R). Current symptoms were evaluated with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) using the five-factor model described previously (positive [PF], negative [NF], disorganized [DF], excitement [EF] and anxiety/depression [ADF]). Our TCI-R results showed that patients had different personality dimensions from the control group, but in relatives, these scores were not different from controls. With regard to symptomatology, we highlight the relations observed between harm avoidance (HA) and PANSS NF, and between self-transcendence (ST) and PANSS PF. From a personality traits-genetic factors point of view, schizophrenia and other psychosis may be initially differentiated by temperamental traits such as HA. The so-called characterial traits like ST would be associated with the appearance of psychotic symptoms.     

Cerebellar and lobar blood flow in schizophrenia: a perfusion weighted imaging study

Accumulating evidence indicates that cannabis use may be a risk factor for schizophrenia (SZ), and chronic cannabis users score higher than non-users on measures of schizotypal personality traits. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relations between normal personality, schizotypy, and cannabis use. Sixty-two chronic cannabis users and 45 cannabis-naïve controls completed a measure of normal personality, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and two measures of schizotypy, the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) and perceptual aberration scale (PAS). Substance use was assessed using the SCID I alcohol/drug module and a locally developed drug use questionnaire. On the NEO-FFI, users scored higher than controls on openness, but lower on agreeableness and conscientiousness, and endorsed greater schizotypy on the SPQ and PAS. Higher neuroticism predicted greater schizotypy in both groups, and, higher Extraversion predicted lower negative-syndrome schizotypy among users. Finally, duration of cannabis use was positively correlated with scores on the SPQ and PAS among users, suggesting a relation between overall cannabis use chronicity and schizotypy. These data show that cannabis users differ from non-users on dimensions of normal personality and schizotypy, and provide further evidence that cannabis use is associated with increased levels of psychosis-related personality traits.     

Childhood schizotypy and positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients predict schizotypy in relatives

BACKGROUND: Schizotypy is one phenotypic expression of the familial-genetic liability to schizophrenia, but its precise relationship to frank psychotic symptoms remains unclear. We, therefore, set out to examine the relationships between (a) premorbid personality in schizophrenic patients, (b) the psychopathology they showed, and (c) schizotypal traits in their relatives. METHOD: Ninety consecutively admitted schizophrenic patients were interviewed with the Present State Examination (PSE). Their mothers were interviewed concerning their childhood personality and social adjustment, and 121 of their well relatives were evaluated with three different schizotypal scales. Factor analyses were carried out on (a) the nine main psychotic symptoms from the patients' PSE interview, and on (b) the schizotypal features derived from the scales completed by the first-degree relatives. Correlation coefficients were calculated between premorbid personality traits, and factor scores in probands and in relatives. RESULTS: No relationship was found between childhood schizoid-schizotypal personality traits and any particular dimension of psychopathology in patients. The positive syndrome in patients was correlated with higher scores for relatives on the three schizotypy scales, but did not predict any specific pattern of schizotypy in the relatives. Premorbid schizoid-schizotypal traits were also correlated with schizotypy in the relatives. CONCLUSIONS: Schizotypy in relatives has a familial relationship with schizoid-schizotypal traits in the childhood, and with positive symptoms during the illness, of schizophrenic patients.     

Relationship between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives.

BACKGROUND: Continuous rather than categorical measures of psychopathology may provide greater statistical power to detect susceptibility loci for schizophrenia. However, it has not been established that the dimensions of schizophrenic symptomatology and personality traits in nonpsychotic individuals share etiological factors. We therefore sought to clarify the relationship between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenic probands and dimensions of schizotypy in their first-degree relatives. METHODS: In the Roscommon Family Study, we examined the ability of positive and negative symptoms in probands to predict 7 factors of schizotypy in nonpsychotic relatives using regression analysis. These consisted of positive, negative, and avoidant symptoms; odd speech; suspicious behavior; social dysfunction; and symptoms of borderline personality disorder. We examined 3 proband groups: schizophrenia (n = 127); schizophrenia, simple schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder (n = 178); and all nonaffective psychoses (n = 216), and their nonpsychotic relatives (n = 309, 477, and 584, respectively). RESULTS: Positive symptoms in all nonaffective psychoses probands predicted positive schizotypy (beta = 0.1972, P =.0004), social dysfunction (beta = 0.0719, P =.0489), and borderline personality disorder symptoms (beta = 0.1327, P =.0084) in relatives, while negative symptoms predicted negative schizotypy (beta = 0.2069, P =.0002), odd speech (beta = 0.2592, P =.0001), suspicious behavior (beta = 0.2749, P =.0001), and social dysfunction (beta =.2398, P =.0002). Proband negative symptoms and borderline personality disorder symptoms in relatives in the schizophrenia, simple schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder group were inversely related (beta = -0.1185, P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia predict corresponding schizotypal symptoms in relatives. This provides evidence that these schizophrenic symptom factors (1) are etiologically distinct from each other and (2) occur on an etiological continuum with their personality-based counterparts.     

Awareness of everyday executive difficulties precede overt executive dysfunction in schizotypal subjects

Much evidence indicates that schizophrenic patients exhibit deficits on tests of executive functioning. It is therefore hypothesized that individuals with high schizotypal personality traits that may have a predisposition to schizophrenia, are also likely to exhibit impairments in neuropsychological tests of executive function. The sample consisted of 65 healthy controls that were divided into high and low scorers on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-B: Raine et al., 1995). Participants completed a battery of executive tasks (category and letter fluency, the Hayling test, Zoo map); however, a MANOVA revealed no significant differences between high and low SPQ scorers. Nevertheless, high SPQ scorers scored significantly higher on the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) self-rating scale of everyday executive problems; and these self-ratings correlated significantly with the disorganisation and cognitive-perceptual features of the SPQ-B, but not with the interpersonal features. This suggests that perceived executive dysfunction is pre-morbidly present and may become evident in test performance only with the onset of schizophrenia itself.     

Self-face recognition and theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives

OBJECTIVE: The hypothesized relationship between theory of mind (ToM) and self-face recognition as well as its potential genetic associations has not been previously explored in patients with schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives with schizotypal personality traits. METHOD: Ten patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 10 of their first-degree relatives and 10 healthy controls were included. To assess self-face recognition (SFR), participants were presented images of faces of themselves and others and asked to make rapid 'unfamiliar', 'familiar' and 'self' judgments. As a measure of ToM, subjects were administered the Revised Mind in the Eyes Test (MET [Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., and Plumb, I., 2001. The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42(2), 241-251.]). Schizotypal characteristics in relatives and controls were assessed using a modified version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ [Raine, A., 1991. The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin 17(4), 555-564.]). RESULTS: Patients took longer and were less accurate on the SFR task than their relatives who in turn performed worse than healthy controls. Specific ToM deficits in schizophrenia were replicated. There was a relationship between accuracy rates on the MET and SFR tasks. High levels of schizotypal traits such as social anxiety, constricted affect and no close friends were important for both tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Face recognition deficits and ToM deficits in schizophrenia are apparent. The critical influence of high levels of select schizotypal traits is also highlighted. A deficit in relatives of schizophrenia patients raises the possibility that ToM and face recognition deficits may be candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Support for the hypothesized link between ToM and face recognition is provided.