甲状腺良性病变术中损伤喉返神经的原因及预防(附2 266例分析)

目的探讨甲状腺良性病变手术所致喉返神经（RLN）损伤的原因及预防措施。方法回顾分析2000年1月至2004年7月2266例甲状腺良性痛变的手术资料，对甲状腺良性病变的位置及手术方法与RLN损伤的关系进行比较分析。结果位于甲状腺背侧的良性病变RLN损伤率为8．62％（81／940），显著高于甲状腺其他部位病变的手术损伤率（0．15％）。位于甲状腺背侧的结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤，显露RLN组的喉返神经损伤率为1．56％（1／64）、0（0／33），显著低于未显露喉返神经的损伤率[8．53％（59／692）、13．9l％（21／151）]。位于甲状腺其他部位的良性病变，显露RLN组与未显露喉返神经组的RLN损伤率差异无显著性。结论甲状腺良性病变手术，喉返神经损伤与病变位置有关；结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤位于甲状腺背侧，手术应常规显露RLN，而位于其他部位则不需常规显露RLN，可采用RLN区域保护法。     

复发性结节性甲状腺肿诊治分析

目的探讨复发性结节性甲状腺肿的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析再次手术治疗的复发性结节性甲状腺肿60例,首次手术行单侧腺叶手术的39例(65%),再手术时29例行对侧腺叶部分切除,5例行患侧腺叶全切加对侧腺叶部分切除,5例行双侧腺叶大部分切除。首次手术行双侧腺叶手术21例,再手术时16例行一侧腺叶全切加对侧腺叶部分切除,5例行双侧腺叶大部分切除。结果60例患者中,再手术后发现甲状腺癌10例(16.7%),15例(25%)出现术后并发症,其中永久性喉返神经损伤2例,永久性低钙血症2例,甲状腺功能减退症5例。再次手术并发症发生率为25%,高于首次手术(6%)(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺良性疾病再手术是安全可行的;但手术者应遵循手术原则与手术方式,小心细致,尽量防止并发症的发生。     

Temporary and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following thyroid surgery. Modifying factors: the educational status of the surgeon

17 of 525 patients (3.2%) showed an laryngoscopically established palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve after surgery for struma. The analysis of these operations, performed by five surgeons during or within three years after the period of surgical training, revealed that the operations performed under assistance of the senior surgeons were high grade selected (p = 0.026). Thus 14.8% of the operations performed because of simple goiter but only 4.8% of the operations performed because of thyroid cancer/recurrent goiter/extensive nodular goiter were assisted in this way. On the other hand it was necessary to call for help of a senior surgeon because of intraoperative difficulties in only 1.26% of the cases operated on for simple goiter, but in 19.6% of the more complex forms of goiter (p less than 0.001). The risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was nearly 10 times higher in the complex forms of goiter than in the simple forms (p less than 0.001). More extensive surgical training in the forms of complex goiters should be able to improve the results.     

Total thyroidectomy. The preferred option for multinodular goiter.

Total thyroidectomy is an operation that has generally been reserved for the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Over the last decade total thyroidectomy has become used increasingly and is now the preferred option in the authors' unit for the management of multinodular goiter affecting the entire gland. Over the period from 1975 to 1985, 853 thyroidectomies have been performed for multinodular goiter; of these, 115 have been total thyroidectomies. During that time, the incidence of total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter has increased in percentage terms from 9% in 1975 to 50% in 1985. There have been two cases of permanent hypoparathyroidism and one case of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and these occurred in patients who had less than total thyroidectomy. Total thyroidectomy is an appropriate operation for the management of diffuse multinodular goiter where the entire gland is involved because it precludes patients from requiring further surgery for recurrent disease, with its high associated risks. It must be emphasized, however, that protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands must still be paramount in dealing with benign thyroid disease.     

A loop-forming duplicate recurrent laryngeal nerve: report of a case and clinical relevance in thyroid surgery

This is a report of a unilateral loop-forming duplicate recurrent laryngeal nerve and its clinical relevance. A 72-year-old woman with a giant goiter underwent a total thyroidectomy. At operation we identified two recurrent laryngeal nerves on the right side and one on the left side. The nerve on the right was smaller and displaced laterally by the goiter, whereas the other was adjacent to the trachea and behind the goiter, and it was accidentally divided. Both nerves were united before innervating the larynx. The divided nerve was microsurgically reanastomosed but a postoperative assessment revealed hoarseness. This case report of an anomalous loop-forming duplicate recurrent laryngeal nerve indicates that it may not be sufficient to identify a single recurrent laryngeal nerve on one side during thyroid surgery especially when the observed recurrent nerve is relatively smaller than usual.     

胸骨后甲状腺肿98例外科治疗分析

目的分析探讨不同分型胸骨后甲状腺肿的外科治疗和人路选择。方法回顾性分析98例胸骨后甲状腺肿患者的临床资料,其中结节性甲状腺肿89例,滤泡性甲状腺腺瘤8例,甲状腺乳头状癌1例。SINGHI型37例,Ⅱ型56例,Ⅲ型5例;全部I型和55例Ⅱ型均行颈部低领式切口,1例Ⅱ型为恶性并周围粘连明显行颈胸联合切口,Ⅲ型行颈胸联合切口。术中常规显露喉返神经;28例使用超声刀配合手术。结果98例患者手术均获成功,术后4例并发短暂的低钙血症,3例短暂声嘶,8例甲状旁腺功能减退。结论I型和Ⅱ型胸骨后甲状腺肿患者采用颈部低领式切口是可行的,胸骨后甲状腺肿为恶性并周围粘连明显以及Ⅲ型行颈胸联合切口是必要的。术中常规显露喉返神经对于减少喉返神经损伤具有重要意义。应用超声刀行胸骨后甲状腺肿切除术,减少手术时间及术中出血量,是安全、有效的手术方法。     

胸内甲状腺肿的诊断与手术治疗

目的　探讨胸内甲状腺肿的临床诊断与手术治疗方法。方法　回顾分析经术后病理证实为胸内甲状腺肿 2 8例。结果　术前明确诊断 2 4例 ( 86% )。坠入性胸内甲状腺肿 2 6例迷走性胸内甲状腺肿 2例。手术入路分别为颈部领式切口 11例 ,低位领式切口加胸骨正中切开 9例 ,开胸法 6例 ,颈胸联合切口 2例。术后并发症 3例 ( 10 .7% ) ,为出血和喉返神经损伤。结论　X线胸片、CT检查、同位素扫描是主要诊断手段。手术切除是胸内甲状腺肿首选治疗方法。应根据肿物不同情况选择合适的手术径路。出血和喉返神经损害是术后主要并发症 ,可通过术中防范措施来预防。     

120例巨大甲状腺肿的外科治疗

目的：探讨巨大甲状腺肿外科治疗的特点与治疗要点。方法：收集我院17年间收治的甲状腺肿物患者3200例,并将重量在500g以上、肿块直径8cm以上的巨大甲状腺肿患者120例进行回顾研究。结果：巨大甲状腺肿占同期病例的3.8%。其中102例行一侧甲状腺叶切除加对侧次全切除,18例行甲状腺全切术,其中12例行甲状腺全切加颈部淋巴结清扫术。病理诊断105例为结节性甲状腺肿,甲状腺癌15例（12.5%）,继发甲亢者20例（16.2%）。术后出现并发症者44例,其中包括术后甲状腺功能低下30例,甲状旁腺功能低下5例,单侧喉返神经损伤7例,双侧喉返神经损伤1例,气管软化塌陷1例,无死亡病例。结论：巨大甲状腺肿可合并胸骨后甲状腺肿,可压迫气管,使气管移位变窄,手术操作难度大,风险较高,并发症多。应选择合适的麻醉方法,根据不同情况作不同处理,避免大血管和喉返神经的损伤。     

Quality assurance study in thyroid gland surgery. Initial comparative intermediate -term results for benign thyroid gland surgery]

In 1998 the East German Association for Quality Securing of Surgery performed a study to evaluate the standard of performance of surgical treatment for benign goiter. In total, 46 hospitals participated and 6,029 operations could be analysed. The documentation was based on a detailed registration sheet and recorded items of preoperative complaints, diagnostic procedures, intraoperative findings with operative strategy, postoperative complications and definitive histology. All hospitals were divided into three groups regarding their number of surgical performances for benign goiter (< 50 operations, 50-150 operations, > 150 operations) to assess their training and expertise. Indications for surgical treatment were similar in all three groups with 78% for multinodular goiter and 19% for uninodular goiter. There was no statistical difference in distribution for M. Basedow, recurrent goiter or thyroid carcinoma. Hospitals with more than 150 operations per year for benign goiter performed statistical significant more extended procedures with routinely preparation of the laryngeal recurrent nerve and parathyroid glands. There was no statistical significant difference regarding postoperative complications. Because of the not finished check up (follow up 6 months postoperative), results for temporary nerve palsies (3.9%) and temporary hypoparathyroidism (6.3%) could only be stated.     

Substernal goiter. Report of 212 cases

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this retrospective study was to report the results of the surgical treatment in a series of 210 patients operated on for substernal goiters. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From 1982 to 1996, 210 patients with substernal goiters, including 80% of women, were operated on via a cervical approach in 208 cases, via a sternotomy in two cases. Two patients with operative contra-indications were not operated on. Twenty-five were operated on for a substernal recurrence of a goiter. In 160 cases, extraction of the substernal portion was easy. In 48 cases, removal of the substernal portion was facilitated by the discovery of the recurrent nerve at its entering into the larynx and a downward dissection of the tracheal attachments of the lobe. The complete dissection of the cervical portion made easier the ascension of the substernal portion even in very large substernal components. RESULTS: Three papillary carcinomas were diagnosed. A transient laryngeal nerve palsy occurred in 7.2% of the patients and a transient hypoparathyroidism in 13.4%, A definitive laryngeal nerve palsy occurred in 1.2% of the patients, and a persistent hypoparathyroidism in 2.1%. Of the 25 patients who underwent surgery for recurrence of a goiter, three (12%) developed a transient laryngeal nerve palsy, one (4%) a permanent nerve palsy, four (20%) a transient hypoparathyroidism and one (4%) a persistent hypocalcemia. CONCLUSION: CT scan and MRI are the best explorations to evaluate intrathoracic extension of substernal goiters. Thyroidectomy was performed via a cervical incision in 208 patients and via a sternotomy in two patients only. The complete dissection of the cervical portion with discovery of the recurrent nerve at its entering into the larynx, facilitates the ascension of the substernal portion even in very large substernal goiters.     

巨大甲状腺肿的手术治疗(附83例报告)

目的总结巨大甲状腺肿的手术治疗体会。方法对2002年1月至2006年12月收治的83例手术治疗的巨大甲状腺肿病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果83例病人手术均较顺利,治疗效果满意。全组无手术死亡,1例食道损伤,2例喉返神经损伤,5例喉上神经损伤,3例暂时性低钙血症。结论手术治疗巨大甲状腺肿仍是安全有效的,但要有充分的术前准备,严格操作规范,并灵活应用各种手术技巧。     

Surgical treatment of substernal goiter: An analysis of 59 patients

PURPOSE: Substernal goiter is defined as a thyroid mass of which more than 50% is located below the thoracic inlet. In this article we report the diagnosis, symptoms, thyroid function, treatment, and postoperative complications of 59 patients with substernal goiter. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2005, 59 patients underwent surgery for substernal goiter at our institution. The indications for surgery were multinodular goiter in 46 cases, follicular adenoma in two cases, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in one case. Ten patients were operated on for recurrent thyroid disease. RESULTS: The leading preoperative symptoms were dyspnea (49.2%), dysphagia (13.6%), hyperhidrosis (10.2%), and cardiac dysfunction (6.8%). All but two thyroid glands could be removed through a Kocher transverse collar incision. The most common postoperative complications were persistent (5.1%) or temporary (3.4%) paresis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, transient hypocalcemia (3.4%), and hematoma (3.4%). A tracheotomy was required in one patient with bilateral vocal cord paresis (1.7%). CONCLUSIONS: (1) We conclude that a subtotal thyroidectomy is also the treatment of choice for asymptomatic benign substernal goiter. (2) Transverse collar incision should be the standard approach for most patients. (3) The visual identification of at least two parathyroid glands is essential to prevent permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism.     

Long-term laryngoscopic follow-up in vocal cord paralysis following struma surgery

Of 525 patients 17 (3.2%) showed a laryngoscopically established palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve after surgery due to goiter. A laryngoscopic follow-up of all these patients, performed at least one year after the operation, revealed that 76.5% of the recurrent nerve palsies were temporary and 23.5% were permanent. Danger of permanent palsy increased in the sequence--uncomplicated nodular goiter--struma maligna--recurrent goiter. The outcome of long-term follow-up showed a palsy rate of 0.8%, which was much lower than the corresponding rate reported by short-term control (p = 0.005). Therefore laryngoscopic long-term follow-up in cases of postoperative abnormal laryngoscopic function should be a standard part of follow-up in thyroid gland surgery.     

复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术方式的选择

目的探讨正确选择复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术的方式,以降低手术并发症发生率。方法回顾性的分析手术治疗的68例复发性结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料。其中1次术后复发者56例,2次术后复发者10例,3次术后复发者2例。结果一侧全切或近全切 对侧次全切或大部切12例,一侧次全切 对侧次全切或大部切28例,一侧次全切20例,一侧大部切8例。平均手术时间136.43 min,术中出血平均212.33 mL。术中有54例显露喉返神经;有2例患者术后出现声带麻痹,其中1例双侧麻痹者行气管切开;3个月后拔除气管导管。4例患者出现一过性的四肢麻木。结论再次手术时,首选一侧腺叶的全切除,至少应行次全或近全切除,应当摒弃大部切除术。     

Experience with the ultrasonic aspirator in surgery of benign goiter

In 60 cases intracapsular resection of goiter was performed by using ultrasonic aspirator. The superior pole vessels and the inferior thyroid artery were not touched, the recurrent laryngeal nerve was not identified. Minimal hemorrhage in the intra- and postoperative period, operation time saving in comparison with conventional subtotal thyroidectomy, no temporary and no permanent damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and no wound infection were observed. Not suturing the remnants of thyroid optimal blood supply was obtained. There were no hypoparathyroidism and but one case of hypothyroidism.     

How to prevent surgical morbidity after a total thyroidectomy for a multinodular euthyroid goiter?

AIM OF THE STUDY: Total thyroidectomy has been advocated for the treatment of multinodular nontoxic and benign goiter. The aim of this study, based on our experience, was to define the surgical factors which permit to decrease morbidity related to total thyroidectomy for multinodular euthyroid benign goiter. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In a retrospective study performed between January 1996 and September 2000, all records of total thyroidectomy for initial treatment of multinodular euthyroid benign goiter were reviewed. This study allowed to specify recurrent and parathyroid morbidity after surgery. RESULTS: There were 51 women and 13 men with a mean age of 47 years. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 2 patients. It resolved in 1 patient but was permanent in another (1.6%). Transient hypocalcemia was found in 8 patients (12.5%). One patient had permanent hypocalcemia (1.6%). CONCLUSION: The results of our serie are comparable to previous reports. Systematic identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and preservation of the parathyroid blood supply permit to decrease the surgical morbidity.     

复发性结节性甲状腺肿再手术中喉返神经的保护探讨

【摘要】〓目的〓探索结节性甲状腺肿术后复发再手术中喉返神经的保护策略。方法〓选取我科32例复发性结节性甲状腺手术患者,回顾性分析其手术、临床资料。结果〓通过术中精细解剖,清晰暴露甲状腺解剖标志——Berry韧带和Zuckerkandl结节,明确喉返神经“起点”与“终点”,完整切除腺体,保护喉返神经完好;术后3例患者出现暂时性声音嘶哑,予以神经营养和理疗,2例患者术后两周内恢复正常,1例患者术后四周内恢复正常。结论〓结节性甲状腺肿术后复发再手术者,喉返神经毗邻结构因粘连而层次不清,术者掌握必要的手术技巧和精细操作,暴露关键的甲状腺解剖标志以显露喉返神经,是避免其医源性损伤的重要方法。     

Evidence-Based Surgical Management of Substernal Goiter

BACKGROUND: A number of reports have been published concerning the surgical treatment of substernal goiters; however, there is yet to be a comprehensive review of this body of literature using evidence-based methodology. METHODS: This article is a systematic review of the literature using evidence-based criteria and a review of unpublished data from our institution. RESULTS: Issue 1. Limited level III/IV data suggest that the incidence of cancer in substernal goiters is not higher than the incidence of cancer in cervical goiters. Risk factors for malignancy in substernal goiters may include a family history of thyroid pathology, a history of cervical radiation therapy, recurrent goiter, and the presence of cervical adenopathy (grade C recommendation). Issue 2. Prospective level V data suggest that, for most patients, expert endocrine surgeons utilize an extracervical approach approximately 2% of the time to remove a substernal goiter safely; a sternotomy or thoracotomy appears more likely in cases of a primary substernal goiter or a mass larger than the thoracic inlet (no recommendation). Issue 3. There may be a higher rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism and unintentional permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury when total thyroidectomy is performed for removal of a substernal goiter than for removal of a cervical goiter alone (grade C recommendation). Injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was not specifically addressed and is almost certainly underreported. Issue 4. The presence of a substernal goiter, especially being present more than 5 years and causing significant tracheal compression, is likely a risk factor for tracheomalacia and tracheostomy (grade C recommendation). Tracheomalacia with substernal goiter is an infrequent occurrence, and many cases of tracheomalacia can be managed without tracheostomy (no recommendation). Issue 5. Prospective level V data suggest that about 5% to 10% of operations for substernal goiters are performed because of recurrent or persistent disease, although retrospective level V data report an even higher rate, up to 37%. The most common initial operations with recurrence or persistence appear to be subtotal or hemithyroidectomy (no recommendation). CONCLUSION: Evidence-based recommendations provide reliable information regarding the pathologic findings and operative management of substernal goiters in expert hands.     

巨大复发多结节性甲状腺肿的手术技巧

目的探讨巨大复发多结节性甲状腺肿的手术对策。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月期间实施巨大复发多结节性甲状腺肿手术的25例患者资料。 结果本组25例患者均手术成功,手术时间2～3.5 h,术中失血量10～100 ml,术后暂时性喉返神经损伤和甲状旁腺功能减退分别为1例(4%)和2例(8%)。 结论对于巨大复发多结节性甲状腺肿的手术,术者需掌握相应的操作技巧,使用术中神经监测,可保障手术的安全。     

A prospective evaluation of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis during thyroidectomy

HYPOTHESIS: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after thyroidectomy can be unrecognized without routine laryngoscopy, and patients have a good potential for recovery during follow-up. DESIGN: A prospective evaluation of vocal cord function before and after thyroidectomy. Periodic vocal cord assessment was performed until recovery of cord function. Persistent cord palsy for longer than 12 months after the operation was regarded as permanent. SETTING: A university hospital with about 150 thyroid operations performed by 1 surgical team per year. PATIENTS: From January 1, 1995, to April 30, 1998, 500 consecutive patients (84 males and 416 females) with documented normal cord function at the ipsilateral side of the thyroidectomy were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Vocal cord paralysis after thyroidectomy. RESULTS: There were 213 unilateral and 287 bilateral procedures, with 787 nerves at risk of injury. Thirty-three patients (6.6%) developed postoperative unilateral cord paralysis, and 5 (1.0%) had recognizable nerve damage during the operations. Complete recovery of vocal cord function was documented in 26 (93%) of 28 patients. The incidence of temporary and permanent cord palsy was 5.2% and 1.4% (3.3% and 0.9% of nerves at risk), respectively. Among factors analyzed, surgery for malignant neoplasm and recurrent substernal goiter was associated with an increased risk of permanent nerve palsy. Primary operations for benign goiter were associated with a 5.3% and 0.3% incidence (3.4% and 0.2% of nerves at risk) of transient and permanent nerve palsy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Unrecognized recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy occurred after thyroidectomy. Thyroid surgery for malignant neoplasms and recurrent substernal goiter was associated with an increased risk of permanent recurrent nerve damage. Postoperative vocal cord dysfunction recovered in most patients without documented nerve damage.