彩色多普勒超声诊断阴囊急症的价值

目的 :探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断阴囊急症中的应用价值。方法 :对145例阴囊急症患者的彩色多普勒超声声像图进行回顾性分析,并与随访结果对照。结果:睾丸扭转诊断符合率90.0%(18/20);睾丸附睾炎诊断符合率95.6%(108/113);睾丸外伤诊断符合率100%(12/12)。以上3类阴囊急症中,超声对睾丸外伤的诊断效果最佳,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均达100%。睾丸附睾炎Vmax为(0.31±0.09)m/s,三者中最高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);睾丸附睾炎Vmin为(0.07±0.01)m/s,为最高,与扭转比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);睾丸扭转的RI值0.71±0.05最高,三者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超声对阴囊急症的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

急性阴囊疾病的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对急性阴囊病变的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法对急性睾丸炎、急性附睾炎、睾丸损伤、睾丸扭转及附件扭转52例急性阴囊疾病的彩色多普勒超声图像进行对比分析。结果本组急性阴囊疾病的超声检查结果与临床最后诊断及手术结果完全一致。本组52例中，急性睾丸炎10例，急性附睾炎16例，睾丸损伤12例，睾丸扭转9例以及睾丸附件扭转5例。结论彩色多普勒超声可作为诊断与鉴别诊断急性阴囊疾病的首选的无创临床检查手段。     

高频多谱勒超声对阴囊病变的临床应用

目的:探讨阴囊病变的超声图像特征及对阴囊病变的临床应用价值。方法:应用高频探头对30例阴囊病变进行检查及诊断,睾丸肿瘤及睾丸破裂伤等经手术病理证实。结果:30例阴囊病变中,睾丸或精索鞘膜积液10例、隐睾2例、外伤2例、肿瘤2例、附睾炎8例、附睾肿瘤4例、腹股沟斜疝2例。结论:高频多谱勒超声检查对阴囊病变的诊断及鉴别诊断有极高的临床应用价值。     

急诊阴囊疼痛患者核素阴囊显像的临床研究

目的 评价放射性核素阴囊显像用于鉴别急性睾丸蒂扭转和急性睾丸附睾炎的临床应用价值。方法 对４９例主诉急性阴囊疼痛患者的核素阴囊显像结果进行临床分析,并与超声检查结果相比较。“弹丸”式静脉注射Ｎａ＾９９Ｔｃ＾ｍＯ４后,分别行动态和静态采集,得到睾丸血流灌注像和静态血池像。结果 阴囊显像患侧阴囊放射性分布呈扭转表现的３７例患者中,经临床手术证实为睾丸蒂扭转者３５例,余２例为患侧腹股沟斜疝;３５例确诊为     

彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断及其临床意义

睾丸扭转多发生于青少年，早期诊断对能否保留睾丸有着重要意义。在临床上，睾丸扭转和急性睾丸炎及附睾炎等较难鉴别，如果不能及时作出诊断，有可能延误抢救时机。本文报道经多普勒超声检查并手术证实的睾丸扭转12例。探讨其临床意义。     

核素显像在阴囊急症的临床应用价值

目的 探讨放射性核素阴囊显像在急性睾丸扭转与急性睾丸附睾炎鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 对阴囊急症13例行SPECT核素阴囊显像，“弹丸”注射^99mTcO^-4 370 MBq后即刻行动态血流灌注显像，15min后行静态血池显像并进行显像结果分析。结果 10例血流灌注相呈血流减低，静态血池相放射性缺损，经急诊手术证实了9例为睾丸扭转，其中3例因及时确诊及手术纠正扭转而保留患睾。3例血流灌注相呈血流增高，静态血池相放射性分布仍明显高于对侧，符合睾丸附睾炎表现．经内科保守治疗后症状消失。结论 睾丸缺血的时间是影响其存活的重要因素。核素阴囊显像简便、快速、非创伤，对阴囊急症的鉴别诊断、治疗方法的选择具有重要的临床指导价值。     

睾丸扭转9例报告及文献复习

目的：报道睾丸扭转9例,结合文献讨论睾丸扭转的病因,临床表现,诊断和治疗。方法：为增强对此病的认识,采用彩色多普勒超声(CD),并分析其诊断价值。结果：8例经手术证实为睾丸扭转,5例保留睾丸,4 例切除。结论：应尽早手术检查和治疗。早期诊断、早期手术是挽救扭转睾丸的关键。     

急性睾丸疾病的超声诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:探讨超声诊断和鉴别诊断急性睾丸疾病的价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析78例急性睾丸疾病患者的睾丸超声表现,并与临床、手术及病理结果进行对照分析. 结果:12例睾丸肿瘤瘤体较大,内部回声杂乱不均匀,病灶区血管走行不规则或呈"树枝状"分布,5例伴有钙化灶;26例睾丸外伤阴囊壁水肿增厚,病变部位回声减弱并与液性暗区混杂分布,彩色血流减少,周围组织彩色血流增强;21例急性睾丸炎患侧睾丸肿大,实质血流分布异常丰富呈五彩镶嵌的"彩球样"; 18例睾丸扭转患侧睾丸血流明显少于健侧或血流消失;1例睾丸结核病侧睾丸回声极不均匀,多种回声混杂分布. 结论:超声能够对各种急性睾丸疾病做出快速、准确的诊断和鉴别诊断.     

彩色多普勒超声对急性睾丸及其附件扭转诊断价值

急性睾丸扭转是临床儿科急症,常需手术治疗,其诊断正确与否,直接决定患儿愈后,而睾丸附件扭转是一种自限性疾病,不需要手术治疗,自2000年以来,对急性阴囊疼痛患儿进行超声检查,检出39例睾丸扭转,28例睾丸附件扭转,并对整个病程进行了追踪观察和研究,发现它们的声像图各具有一定     

超声检查睾丸扭转的临床价值

目的: 探讨睾丸扭转的超声表现及其诊断价值.材料和方法: 回顾性分析17例睾丸扭转患者的高分辨力灰阶超声、彩色多普勒超声表现.结果: 17例睾丸扭转均经手术证实,其中12例经外科手术复位成功,其主要超声表现为睾丸附睾增大,睾丸实质内血流信号减少;5例因睾丸坏死而被切除,其主要超声表现为睾丸缩小,睾丸内血流信号消失.17例睾丸周围血流信号较强,其中13例患侧精索较健侧增粗.结论: 高分辨力灰阶超声联合彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸扭转有很高的敏感性和特异性,可作为阴囊急诊的首选方法.     

Imaging of the scrotum: role of MRI

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of imaging for correct clinical and therapeutic management of patients with scrotal disease.

Materials and methods

Between 2000 and 2007, 801 patients with suspected scrotal disease underwent colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) at our centre. In 46 patients, the CDUS study was followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

CDUS revealed an inflammatory process in 277 patients (34.58%), testicular trauma in 112 (13.9%), funicular torsion or torsion of the vestigial remnant in 44 (5.4%), findings suggestive of testicular neoplasm in 35 (4.3%) and no abnormality in 41.5%. MRI, used to further investigate the CDUS findings in 46 cases, showed three cases of intraparenchymal haematoma, one of intrascrotal cavernous body rupture, one of testicular abscess with intrascrotal fistula, two of testicular infarction and 15 of neoplasm. MRI allowed the exclusion of focal abnormalities in ten patients with testicular microlithiasis, in three with chronic orchitis and in four with atrophic involution. MRI confirmed the finding of inguinal hernia in three cases.

Conclusions

On the basis of our experience, CDUS is irreplaceable as an initial approach to patients affected by scrotal disease, whereas MRI is an ideal second-line investigation. MRI offers useful, and in some cases decisive, information, as it is capable of revealing unexpected findings and elucidating complex aspects. MRI helps improve patient management, with an overall reduction in costs.     

Color Doppler US in the evaluation of acute scrotal disease

Twenty-seven patients presented with painful acute scrotal swelling. After a clinical impression was established, all patients underwent diagnostic imaging with color Doppler ultrasound (US). Seven patients underwent surgical exploration for testicular torsion diagnosed with color Doppler US (100% operative confirmation), one underwent radical orchiectomy for treatment of seminoma, and one underwent orchidopexy for treatment of a freely mobile testis. Eighteen patients were treated for nonoperable conditions. Diagnoses made with color Doppler US correlated with final clinical diagnoses in all patients. In 10 of 27 patients (38%), the diagnosis was established at color Doppler US. Until now, nuclear scanning has had a paramount role in the evaluation of equivocal cases of acute scrotal disease. Results show that color Doppler US helps accurately correlate anatomy and perfusion in real time and may prove to be the definitive imaging technique for the diagnostic evaluation of acute scrotal pain or swelling.     

US in the assessment of acute scrotum

Background

The acute scrotum is a medical emergency . The acute scrotum is defined as scrotal pain, swelling, and redness of acute onset. Scrotal abnormalities can be divided into three groups , which are extra-testicular lesion, intra-testicular lesion and trauma. This is a retrospective analysis of 164 ultrasound examination performed in patient arriving in the emergency room for scrotal pain.The objective of this article is to familiarize the reader with the US features of the most common and some of the least common scrotal lesions.

Methods

Between January 2008 and January 2010, 164 patients aged few month and older with scrotal symptoms, who underwent scrotal ultrasonography (US), were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical presentation, outcome, and US results were analyzed. The presentation symptoms including scrotal pain, painless scrotal mass or swelling, and trauma.

Results

Of 164 patients, 125 (76%) presented with scrotal pain, 31 (19%) had painless scrotal mass or swelling and 8 (5%) had trauma. Of the 125 patients with scrotal pain, 72 had infection,10 had testicular torsion, 8 had testicular trauma, 18 had varicocele, 20 had hydrocele, 5 had cryptorchidism, 5 had scrotal sac and groin metastases, and 2 had unremarkable results. In the 8 patients who had history of scrotal trauma, US detected testicular rupture in 1 patients, scrotal haematomas in 2 patients .Of the 19 patients who presented with painless scrotal mass or swelling, 1 6 had extra-testicular lesions and 3 had intra-testicular lesions. All the extra-testicular lesions were benign. Of the 3 intra-testicular lesions, one was due to tuberculosis epididymo-orchitis, one was non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and one was metastasis from liposarcoma

Conclusions

US provides excellent anatomic detail; when color Doppler and Power Doppler imaging are added, testicular perfusion can be assessed

     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转诊断中的作用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸扭转的临床意义。方法回顾分析15例经手术病理证实的睾丸扭转患者的术前彩色多普勒超声表现,并与手术病理对比分析。结果15例患者中,13例的彩色多普勒超声显示血流消失或明显减少提示睾丸扭转,有2例初次超声检查误诊,1例误诊为睾丸炎,另1例误诊为正常。后经复查超声,诊断为睾丸扭转。结论彩色多普勒超声能准确地显示睾丸内血供情况,判断睾丸缺血的不同阶段,因而它是诊断睾丸扭转首选的、可靠的检查方法。     

Does color Doppler sonography improve the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Our experience concerning the use of color Doppler sonography (CDS) in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum is reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From July 2000 to July 2005, 155 patients (median 17.2 years) were admitted with a diagnosis of acute scrotum (unilateral in 150 cases, bilateral in 5). Along with a careful anamnesis and the physical exam, all patients underwent a CDS study of the scrotal content using a sonograph GE Logiq 500 with a multifrequency (7.5-10 MHz) linear probe Small Part. The following CDS parameters were evaluated: intensity of the color-power signal on the testicular parenchyma and on the epididymis; systolic peak velocity (SPV) and telediastolic velocity (TDV) in correspondence of the gonadal hilum. Ultrasound and flowmetry parameters registered on the painful testis were compared with those registered on the healthy controlateral testis. The reduction/absence versus the increase of color-power signal in the parenchyma and the reduction/absence versus the increase of SPV and TDV in the centripetal intratesticular arteries were considered presumptive of testicular torsion versus orchiepididymitis. RESULTS: The results only refer to the 150 patients (300 testis) with acute monolateral scrotum. The clinical picture and the physical exam suggested a torsion of the spermatic cord in 40 cases, a spontaneous de-torsion in 5, an orchiepididymitis in 80, a blunt scrotal trauma in 15, a bulky epididymal cyst or a hydrocele in 4 and a testicular pain of unknown etiology in the remaining 6 cases. Standard US was pathological in 95 patients (63.3%); CDS was pathologic in 70 patients and in 42 of them suggested a testicular torsion. Fifty-three patients underwent surgical exploration: among 42 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of testicular torsion, the diagnosis was confirmed in 22 cases, no anomaly was found in 16 cases and in 4 patients a torsion of testicular appendix was found. The rupture of the tunica albuginea was present in six out of seven patients submitted to surgical exploration for previous blunt trauma and the sonographic diagnosis of hematocele was documented in all cases. The single false-negative diagnosis of testicular torsion in CDS occurred in an 18-month-old child. In presence of funicular torsion, the sensitivity and specificity of physical exam and CDS were 100% versus 95.7% and 86.5% versus 85.3%, respectively; sensitivity and specificity of SPV, TDV and color-Doppler signal on the testis were 100% and 94.8% versus 100% and 90.1% versus 95.7% and 90.8%. In the pre-operative assessment of scrotal trauma, the B-mode US showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90%, respectively; the color Doppler analysis has not supplied with additional elements for planning a surgical exploration. In presence of orchiepididymitis, the sensitivity and specificity of the physical exam in association to CDS was equal to 100%. In all patients with torsion of the testicular appendix, physical exam and CDS parameters were within normal limits. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In our experience CDS is an indispensable imaging modality for the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum; however, the informations it can afford are operator-dependent and have to be supported by the history and physical exam of the patient. CDS findings constitute probably an important medico-legal support when the necessity of surgical exploration is excluded; anyway, in presence of a clinical suspicion of testicular torsion, even with an apparently normal CDS, the surgical exploration is recommended.     

Doppler ultrasonography in testicular tumors presenting with acute scrotal pain

PURPOSE: To determine whether Doppler ultrasonography (US) could be useful in the evaluation of testicular neoplasms presenting with acute scrotal pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 18 patients with acute scrotal pain using Doppler US. Peak systolic and end-diastolic velocity measurements were performed at first admission and on completion of 1-week proper antibiotic treatment. Data were retrospectively reviewed and compared with findings of a control group of 17 age-matched subjects. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients evaluated, 11 were found to have testicular tumors and 7 testicular inflammation. Peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were significantly increased in patients with testicular tumor (p<0.002) and orchitis (p<0.01) versus normal controls. Follow-up examination on completion of 1-week antibiotic treatment demonstrated persistent high velocity values in patients with tumor and normalization of velocity values in patients with orchitis. CONCLUSION: Our results support the concept that follow-up Doppler US examination is of value in patients with acute scrotal pain submitted to antibiotic treatment since it may contribute to the differentiation between orchitis and testicular tumor.     

Acute scrotal abnormalities in children: diagnosis by combined sonography and scintigraphy

Both scintigraphy and real-time sonography have been used to assess acute symptoms involving the scrotum. However, because of its high sensitivity and ability to document physiologic abnormalities, scintigraphy has been the procedure of choice. Scintigraphy, however, lacks specificity; its value lies mainly in serving to distinguish torsion from nontorsion. The purpose of this study was to supplement scrotal scintigraphy with sonography to determine if the combination improves diagnosis and management compared with scintigraphy alone. Forty-three scrotal scintigrams and sonograms were performed on 40 consecutive patients with acute scrotal symptoms. The interpretation of the scintigram was altered by sonography in six (14%) of the combined scans, directly affecting clinical management. In three patients with acute hydroceles diagnosed by sonography, exploratory surgery was avoided despite scintigraphic findings suggesting testicular torsion. Scintigraphy was normal in two patients with spontaneous testicular detorsion, whereas sonography showed recent spermatic-cord torsion that required subsequent orchiopexy. In a patient with epididymitis and orchitis, sonography showed a complicating scrotal abscess, which was not apparent on scintigraphy and which required antibiotic treatment. The addition of sonography to the scintigraphic evaluations of children with acute scrotal abnormalities changed the diagnosis and clinical management in 14% of the patients studied.     

The pattern of radionuclide scrotal scan in torsion of testicular appendages

The aim of this study was to define the radionuclide scrotal imaging (RSI) pattern in cases of torsion of testicular appendages and to correlate it with the duration of symptoms. Two hundred and seventeen patients with acute scrotal pain were evaluated prospectively during the past 13 years. Two groups of patients were defined according to the interval between the onset of symptoms and the performance of RSI: group A comprised patients in whom RSI was performed within 5 h after the onset of symptoms, while group B comprised patients in whom RSI was performed between 5 and 24 h after the onset of symptoms. An SPX-4 Elscint or an Apex 405 gamma camera with a parallel hole or converging collimator was used. Between 5 and 15 mCi of technetium-99m pertechnetate was injected as a bolus intravenously. The radionuclide angiogram consisted of six to eight consecutive 5-s frames. The scrotal static scan was obtained immediately following the radionuclide angiogram. The hot dot sign, which is a small spot of increased tracer perfusion and uptake on RSI, was not present during the first hours after the onset of symptoms. Therefore, RSI is inaccurate and is not indicated for the diagnosis of torsion of testicular appendages of less than 4–5 h duration. The hot dot sign was, however, demonstrated on the RSI in 45% of the patients with scrotal pain lasting between 5 and 24 h. The overall sensitivity and accuracy of RSI in diagnosing torsion of testicular appendages in this group of patients were 68% and 79%, respectively. In all the patients with a positive hot dot sign, torsion of testicular appendages was found at exploration (specificity 100%). Therefore, the hot dot sign was found to be pathognomonic of torsion of testicular appendages.