腹腔镜胃癌根治术后腹腔游离癌细胞的变化及意义

目的 对比研究腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术后腹腔游离癌细胞的变化,探讨腹腔镜胃癌根治术的安全性及可行性.方法 收集2006年4月至2008年6月间63例腹腔镜、61例开腹胃癌根治术患者术前、术后腹腔灌洗液,分别运用细胞学和荧光定量PCR方法 检测腹腔游离癌细胞的阳性率和癌胚抗原(CEA)mRNA的表达变化,观察胃浆膜受侵面积与腹腔游离癌细胞阳性率的关系.结果 腹腔镜组术后腹腔灌洗液游离癌细胞的阳性率为25.4%,与开腹组(29.5%)比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);腹腔镜组术后腹腔灌洗液CEA mRNA阳性率为41.3%,与开腹组(40.3%)比较差异亦无统计学意义(P＞0.05).腹腔镜组术前、术后腹腔游离癌细胞均为阳性的病例,其浆膜平均受侵面积为(16.2±2.2)cm2,而术前、术后游离癌细胞均为阴性的病例,其浆膜平均受侵面积为(5.3±0.8)cm2,腹腔游离癌细胞的阳性率与浆膜受侵面积呈正相关(R2=0.874,P=0.000).结论 腹腔镜胃癌根治术并不增加腹腔游离癌细胞的阳性检出率.     

胃癌腹腔微转移的研究及其临床意义

目的运用细胞学及RT-PCR方法检测胃癌患者术中腹腔冲洗液和腹膜组织,以探讨这些方法对预测胃癌腹腔微转移的意义.方法收集3 8例胃癌和5例胃良性病变患者的术中腹腔冲洗液,并同时切除少量大网膜、腹膜作为对照.用RT-PCR方法测定冲洗液中游离细胞的CEAmRNA表达,同时作冲洗液细胞学检查（PLC）.结果腹腔冲洗液和腹膜组织中的CEA mRNA的阳性率分别为36.8%（14/38）和39.5%（15/38）,皆高于腹腔冲洗液PLC的26.3%（10/38）.CEA mRNA的阳性率与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、浆膜侵犯深度有关.结论CEART-PCR方法对于检测腹腔微量游离癌细胞较PLC有更高的灵敏度和特异性,是一种检测胃癌腹腔微转移的有效方法.     

胃肠道癌术中腹腔内温热化疗临床适应证的探讨

目的:探讨胃肠道癌术中腹腔内温热化疗(IPHC)防治腹膜转移的临床适应证.方法:78例胃癌,5例结肠癌,剖腹后先收集腹水或腹腔冲洗液行细胞学或病理学检查,寻找游离癌细胞,并与肿瘤生物学特性进行单因素和多因素判别分析.结果:腹腔内游离癌细胞阳性率同腹膜转移、浆膜侵犯、TNM分期、浆膜侵犯面积、淋巴转移、腹水、Borrmann分型等因素有关(P<0.05),其中前两者为独立影响因素(P<0.0001).结论:IPHC的临床适应证为:①肉眼可见腹膜转移灶或癌性腹水;②术后腹膜转移;③腹腔冲洗液中发现游离癌细胞;④肿瘤侵及浆膜.     

术中实时 RT-PCR检测胃癌患者腹腔冲洗液癌胚抗原 mRNA的初步研究

目的探讨术中实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)定量检测胃癌腹腔冲洗液癌胚抗原信使核糖核酸(CEAmRNA)诊断腹腔游离癌细胞的可行性、可靠性及其临床意义。方法采用实时RT-PCR技术检测98例胃癌患者手术前后腹腔冲洗液CEAmRNA水平,并与常规RT-PCR、细胞学检查结果进行比较分析。结果全组腹腔冲洗液细胞学检查(PLC)阳性率为38.8%(38/98),常规RT-PCRCEAmRNA检测阳性率为52.0%(51/98),两者差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。腹腔冲洗液CEAmRNA浓度术前为犤172.11±63.07(范围0～5.623×106)犦拷贝(copies)/ml,术后为犤606.32±76.21(范围2.564×102～4.677×107)犦copies/ml,术后显著高于术前(P<0.01)。肿瘤侵犯浆膜,病期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期,细胞学检查及RT-PCRCEAmRNA阳性者腹腔冲洗液CEAmRNA水平显著升高(均P<0.01),而淋巴结转移与否及肿瘤细胞分化程度不同组之间的腹腔冲洗液CEAmRNA水平比较,差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05)。PLC(-)PCR(-)组、PLC(-)PCR( )组和PLC( )PCR( )组3组间腹腔冲洗液CEAmRNA浓度比较,差异有显著性意义(均P<0.05)。本研究将判断腹腔游离癌细胞的CEAmRNA界值初步定为21.73copies/ml。结论实时RT-PCR定量检测胃癌患者腹腔冲洗液CEAmRNA,是诊断腹腔游离癌细胞快速、敏感、可行的方法,有望成为术中腹腔化疗个     

浆膜浸润胃癌中肝细胞生长因子、转录因子SP1、血管内皮生长因子和CD34表达与胃癌细胞脱落及预后关系

目的 观察肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、转录因子SP1、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及CD34在浆膜浸润胃癌(T3)中表达及其与病理生物学行为关系,同时探讨胃癌细胞腹腔脱落的分子基础及其对预后的影响.方法 采用大剂量生理盐水(1000 ml)腹腔灌洗方法,选择性收集2007年4月至12月80例浆膜浸润胃癌(T3)手术患者腹腔冲洗液,进行细胞学检测和细胞角蛋白18(CK18)免疫化学检测寻找癌细胞;运用免疫组织化学方法,对石蜡包埋的浆膜浸润胃癌(T3)癌组织中HGF、SP1、VEGF和CD34[以微血管密度(MVD)值表示]进行检测;同时进行严密随访.结果 患者腹腔冲洗液细胞学检测阳性率为63.8%(51/80),CK18免疫化学检测阳性率为75.0%(60/80).腹腔冲洗液细胞学检测阳性病例CK18检测均为阳性,腹腔冲洗液细胞学检测阴性患者有9例CK18检测为阳性,其中6例经病理科医师会诊确定为游离癌细胞阳性,本组病例脱落细胞阳性率为71.3%(57/80).胃癌组织中HGF、SP1和VEGF阳性率分别为57.5%、52.5%和55.0%,与MVD值的相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05).HGF、SP1、VEGF和MVD值与脱落细胞阳性率等临床特征相关(P<0.05).经单因素分析发现HGF、SP1、VEGF和MVD值与预后相关(P<0.05),Logistic回归分析显示HGF、SP1和VEGF是预后的独立影响因素(P<0.05).结论 浆膜浸润胃癌(T3)中HGF、SP1、VEGF及MVD表达与胃癌生物学行为关系密切,检测几种因子对预测胃癌细胞腹腔脱落和术后复发具有一定的参考价值.     

胃癌术中腹腔游离癌细胞检测方法的对比研究

目的探讨检测腹腔游离癌细胞的方法及临床意义。方法应用细胞学检查(PLC)、流式细胞术(FCM)、实时荧光定量RT-PCR分别检测50例胃癌患者术中腹腔冲洗液(腹水)中游离癌细胞、CK20蛋白和CK20mRNA表达阳性率,比较三种方法对腹腔游离癌细胞检测的敏感度。结果 50例胃癌患者腹腔冲洗液(腹水)中,PLC检测腹腔游离癌细胞阳性率为20.0%(10/50),FCM检测CK20蛋白表达阳性率为36.0%(18/50),实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测CK20mRNA表达阳性率为58.0%(29/50);实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测腹腔冲洗液(腹水)中CK20mRNA表达阳性率高于FCM检测CK20蛋白表达阳性率及PLC检测腹腔游离癌细胞阳性率(P0.05或P0.001);FCM检测腹腔冲洗液(腹水)中CK20蛋白表达阳性率与PLC检测游离癌细胞阳性率相比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。腹腔冲洗液(腹水)中检测CK20mRNA表达阳性率与肿瘤浸润深度、分化程度、TNM分期和淋巴结转移有关(P0.05)。结论实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测CK20mRNA表达是检测腹腔游离癌细胞的有效方法。     

胃癌转移规律研究新进展

胃癌转移方式按好发程度依次为淋巴结转移、腹膜种植转移和血行转移。淋巴结转移的高危因素包括浸润深度,大体类型,生长方式,癌灶长径>4cm,低分化,淋巴管受侵阳性等。有无淋巴结转移是影响早期胃癌预后最重要的独立危险因素。术中腹腔冲洗液脱落癌细胞（ECC）检查是诊断或检测潜在腹膜转移的常用方法和金标准。不同的浆膜分型是预测胃癌根治术后腹膜复发的独立危险因素。CEA、肝素酶等肿瘤标记物对检测或预测腹膜转移具有较好的临床意义。胃癌的血行转移多发生于肝、肺、骨等脏器。隆起型、高分化、AFP阳性的肝样腺癌、团块状生长、静脉癌栓阳性病例易发生肝转移。浸润型、低分化、静脉癌栓阳性是胃癌肺、骨转移的病理生物学特征。     

大肠癌患者术中腹腔冲洗液中Survivin mRNA的检测及临床意义

目的 探讨检测大肠癌患者术中腹腔冲洗液Survivin mRNA表达的临床意义.方法 收集36例大肠癌和8例大肠良性病变患者的术中腹腔冲洗液,用RT-PCR方法 测定腹腔冲洗液中游离细胞的Survivin mRNA表达,同时作腹腔冲洗液细胞学检查(PLC).结果 腹腔冲洗液用RT-PCR方法 测定Survivin mRNA的阳性率为52.7%(19/36),高于腹腔冲洗液PLC的30.5%(11/36).Survivin mRNA的阳性率与肿瘤的组织学类型、淋巴结转移、浆膜侵犯程度、肿瘤分化程度和Dukes分期有关.结论 检测腹腔冲洗液中Survivin mRNA的表达将有助于大肠癌的预后的判断及治疗方案的制定.该法较PLC方法 有更高的灵敏度和特异性.     

检测腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶活性对结直肠癌患者的诊断价值

目的探讨测定腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶活性对检测腹腔中游离癌细胞的敏感性。方法采用原位分子杂交(ISH)技术测定28例结直肠癌患者术始、术毕腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶活性,同时与常规细胞学检查结果进行比较。结果28例结直肠癌患者术始、术毕腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶阳性率分别为42.9%(12/28)和21.4%(6/28),P>0.05;差异无显著性意义。常规细胞学检查游离癌细胞阳性率术始、术毕分别为14.3%(4/28)和3.6%(1/28);两者差异也无显著性意义(P>0.05)。术始,腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶阳性率为42.9%,细胞学检查阳性率为14.3%,两者差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);术毕,腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶阳性率为21.4%,细胞学检查阳性率为3.6%,两者差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。原发癌肿已侵出浆膜层者和原发癌肿侵及和未侵及浆膜层者,术始腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶阳性率分别为73.3%和7.7%,两者差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01);腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶阳性与临床原发癌肿侵出浆膜层呈正相关,但与原发癌肿大体类型、组织学类型及有无淋巴结转移均无关(均P>0.05)。结论用ISH技术测定腹腔灌洗液中细胞内端粒酶活性对检测腹腔中游离癌细胞的敏感性明显高于常规细胞学检查。     

腹腔液胃癌细胞学与CEA mRNA检测比较的意义

目的：探讨胃癌病人术中腹腔冲洗液细胞学及腹腔冲洗液、腹膜组织中的癌胚抗原（CEA）mRNA，以探讨对腹腔中游离癌细胞和预测腹膜转移的诊断价值。方法：收集48例胃癌和5例胃良性病变病人的腹腔冲洗液或腹水，并同时切除少量大网膜、膈腹膜和盆腔腹膜作为对照。冲洗液行常规细胞学检查，并逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）法检测腹腔游离癌细胞和网膜组织中CEA mRNA的表达。结果：腹腔冲洗液和腹膜组织中的CEA mRNA的阳性率分别为39．58％（19／48）和43．75％（21／48），皆高于腹腔冲洗液细胞学27．08％（13／48）（P＜0．05）。CEA mRNA的表达与淋巴结转移、肿瘤浸润深度、浆膜侵犯程度及TNM分期呈正相关。结论：腹腔冲洗液CEA mRNA和细胞学检查是检测腹腔游离癌细胞和预测腹膜转移的有效方法；如同时行腹膜组织CEA mRNA的检测可能更有助于诊断。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.