临床医务人员鼻前庭金黄色葡萄球菌定植现况调查

目的了解医院临床科室医务人员鼻前庭金黄色葡萄球菌(包括甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌)定植情况,并探讨影响金黄色葡萄球菌定植的主要因素,为临床干预提供科学依据。方法 2016年12月-2017年1月,研究人员对医院临床科室工龄≥1年的医务人员进行鼻前庭采样,根据MSSA检出排名分重点科室和普通科室;采样后对标本进行细菌学培养,金黄色葡萄球菌阳性标本使用头孢西丁纸片扩散法进一步判定是否为甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)或耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),收集数据使用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果共调查11个临床科室,349名医务人员,采集标本349份,检出金黄色葡萄球菌18株,其中MSSA12株,医务人员人群定植率3.44%;MRSA6株,医务人员人群定植率1.72%;金黄色葡萄球菌的定植与医务人员年龄、性别、工龄、职业无关;重点科室医务人员鼻前庭的金黄色葡萄球(MSSA和MRSA)定植率均高于普通科室医务人员,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论金黄色葡萄球菌在医务人员鼻前庭定植率较低,重点科室医务人员鼻前庭的金黄色葡萄球菌特别是MRSA的定植需要关注。     

不同采样工具对医务人员鼻腔携带菌主动筛查结果分析

目的 利用两种采样工具对医务人员鼻腔携带菌进行主动筛查,比较结果差异,探讨神经外科医务人员鼻腔多重耐药菌（MDRO）定植情况,为MDRO的防控提供依据。方法 选取2019年7月某院神经外科110名在岗医务人员为研究对象,主动筛查其鼻腔带菌情况。医务人员左侧鼻孔采用0.85%生理盐水采样管（简称海绵拭子）,右侧鼻孔采用一次性鼻腔拭子（简称棉拭子）,比较两种工具的采样结果。对检出的MDRO进行耐药性分析、去定植,另外对病房采取集束化干预措施,并比较干预前后的效果。结果 110名医务人员,包括医生31名,护士66名,护工7名,进修及规培生6名。共检出细菌46株,其中10株MDRO,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌检出率分别为8.18%及0.91%,未检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌、耐万古霉素肠球菌。两种采样方式收集的标本培养24、48及72 h,两组菌落检出结果及半定量结果比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;两种采样方法的采样时间、一次性采集成功率、耗材损耗率、医务人员满意度各指标比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。棉拭子优于海绵拭子,且成本较低。检出的9株MRSA对红霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高,2株分离自护士的MRSA药敏谱表型完全一致。采取防控措施后,8名医护人员MRSA阳性者均转阴,且病房MDRO及其中的MRSA、CRAB的感染率及检出率较干预前均有所下降（P<0.05）。结论 神经外科医务人员鼻腔MRSA定植率较高,生理盐水采样管及一次性鼻腔拭子细菌检出结果几乎一致,从各种指标尤其是成本效益方面综合考量,棉拭子优于海绵拭子。建议对重点科室医务人员做鼻腔定植菌的监测,及时去定植,加强以接触隔离为核心的综合防控措施,以确保有效降低临床MDRO的发生率及医务人员的定植率。     

实习护士与医务人员鼻腔多药耐药菌定植现状调查

目的了解实习护士及医院医务人员鼻腔多药耐药菌携带情况及指导正确的隔离防护。方法随机选择2018年6月-2019年2月来解放军总医院实习的新护士61人,分别于实习前、实习7个月采集鼻拭子送检;不同时间段采集重症医学科、呼吸科监护室、急诊科监护室、神经内科监护室及神经内科3个普通病区的115名医务人员及已实习3个月的18名实习护士鼻拭子送检,进行病原菌鉴定,并做药敏分析,筛选耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)及耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(Carbapenems resistant enterobacter,CRE)了解定植情况。结果共采集标本255份,医务人员未检出CRE,MRSA检出率15.38%;实习护士未检出CRE,MRSA检出率33.33%;新实习护士实习7个月后未检出CRE,MRSA检出率为100.00%,三组人员MRSA检出率差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。不同人员类别MRSA检出率差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);未实习护士实习前及实习7个月MRSA检出率差异有统计学意义(P=0.012);不同ICU与普通病区医务人员MRSA检出率差异无统计学意义(P=0.416)。结论未实习护士及实习护士鼻腔MRSA携带率高于医务人员,可能与医院重视隔离防护有关,建议对新入科护士做鼻腔定植菌的监测及去定植,并在工作中加强防护。     

不同采样工具对医务人员鼻腔携带菌主动筛查结果分析

目的 利用两种采样工具对医务人员鼻腔携带菌进行主动筛查,比较结果差异,探讨神经外科医务人员鼻腔多重耐药菌（MDRO）定植情况,为MDRO的防控提供依据。方法 选取2019年7月某院神经外科110名在岗医务人员为研究对象,主动筛查其鼻腔带菌情况。医务人员左侧鼻孔采用0.85%生理盐水采样管（简称海绵拭子）,右侧鼻孔采用一次性鼻腔拭子（简称棉拭子）,比较两种工具的采样结果。对检出的MDRO进行耐药性分析、去定植,另外对病房采取集束化干预措施,并比较干预前后的效果。结果 110名医务人员,包括医生31名,护士66名,护工7名,进修及规培生6名。共检出细菌46株,其中10株MDRO,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌检出率分别为8.18%及0.91%,未检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌、耐万古霉素肠球菌。两种采样方式收集的标本培养24、48及72 h,两组菌落检出结果及半定量结果比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;两种采样方法的采样时间、一次性采集成功率、耗材损耗率、医务人员满意度各指标比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。棉拭子优于海绵拭子,且成本较低。检出的9株MRSA对红霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高,2株分离自护士的MRSA药敏谱表型完全一致。采取防控措施后,8名医护人员MRSA阳性者均转阴,且病房MDRO及其中的MRSA、CRAB的感染率及检出率较干预前均有所下降（P<0.05）。结论 神经外科医务人员鼻腔MRSA定植率较高,生理盐水采样管及一次性鼻腔拭子细菌检出结果几乎一致,从各种指标尤其是成本效益方面综合考量,棉拭子优于海绵拭子。建议对重点科室医务人员做鼻腔定植菌的监测,及时去定植,加强以接触隔离为核心的综合防控措施,以确保有效降低临床MDRO的发生率及医务人员的定植率。     

甲状腺癌根治术手术部位感染聚集的流行病学调查

目的对甲状腺癌根治术手术部位感染(SSI)聚集病例进行流行病学调查,为医院感染防控提供依据。方法对某三甲医院2019年4月27日—6月7日甲状腺癌根治术后发生的SSI患者进行流行病学调查,采取干预措施,评价防控效果。结果该院短期内出现4例甲状腺癌根治术SSI,其中2例手术部位分泌物培养结果为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),且药敏谱表型一致。分别对手术组医生、病区护士、工勤人员(均采集鼻腔、额部、手3个部位)进行采样,同时对换药室、治疗室及相关床单元的环境物体表面进行采样,并从手术医生C的鼻腔及手标本中分离出MRSA,且与患者手术部位分泌物中培养出的MRSA药敏谱吻合。采取干预措施,暂停C医生手术资格,并予莫匹罗星去定植,10 d后复查,未培养出MRSA,去定植后1个月内,未发现相关感染病例,证实防控措施有效。结论 MRSA未有效脱定植可导致SSI聚集,应鼓励临床科室主动上报感染事件,减少感控风险隐患。     

重症监护病房患者耳念珠菌感染的调查与防控

目的 调查某院重症医学科(ICU)耳念珠菌患者感染/定植及环境污染情况,评价医院感染防控措施的效果。方法 2022年6月某院ICU 1例长期住院患者血培养检出耳念珠菌,立即对该科住院患者不同体表部位及病区环境进行多次采样和细菌培养(频率为每间隔一周采样一次),并采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱技术进行分析。对检出耳念珠菌的患者采取单间隔离、温水冲浴、洗必泰擦洗等措施,对病区环境采取擦洗、消毒等措施,采取主动筛查的方法评估防控措施效果。结果 第一次主动筛查ICU 14例在院患者,其中8例患者检出耳念珠菌9株;首次检出耳念珠菌前一周内转出ICU的3例患者,均未检出耳念珠菌。第二次主动筛查ICU 13例在院患者,其中2例患者检出耳念珠菌2株;第三次主动筛查ICU 8例在院患者,仅在1例患者的腹股沟和腋下检出耳念珠菌,余患者筛查均为阴性;第四、五次主动筛查均未再检出耳念珠菌。环境监测结果显示,第一次主动筛查采集80份环境标本,分别在地面、医疗设备检出耳念珠菌6株,第二、三次筛查均未检出耳念珠菌。经采取综合防控措施,14例在院患者仅1例发生耳念珠菌败血症医院感染,其余患者均确定为耳念珠菌定植...     

重症监护病房医务人员鼻前庭细菌定植情况及耐药性调查

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）医务人员鼻前庭病原菌定植情况,为加强ICU医院感染的预防与控制提供依据。方法2015年5月主动筛查某院ICU非感染状态下的医务人员鼻前庭细菌定植情况,并进行细菌培养、菌株分离及菌种鉴定。分析调查结果并与同期患者检出细菌的耐药情况进行比较。结果共调查医务人员96名,从鼻前庭标本中分离病原菌43株,分别来自不同的医务人员,病原菌分离率及携带率均为44.79%。分离的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌（15株,占34.88%）,其次为产气肠杆菌（9株,占20.93%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（7株,占16.28%）等。医生、经常吸烟及从不锻炼的医务人员鼻前庭病原菌的检出率较高,差异具有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。43株病原菌中检出1株耐亚胺培南的肺炎克雷伯菌。医务人员检出的7株肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、呋喃妥因的耐药率均＞50.00%,对头孢噻肟与亚胺培南的耐药率分别为28.57%、14.29%;同期患者检出的11株肺炎克雷伯菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率为100.00%,对其他常用抗菌药物均敏感。医务人员检出的4株大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为75.00%,对庆大霉素、妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星及复方磺胺甲口恶唑的耐药率均为50.00%,而同期患者检出的6株大肠埃希菌对大部分常用抗菌药物均耐药。结论长期工作在ICU的医务人员鼻前庭病原菌定植率高,定期主动对医务人员鼻前庭病原菌定植情况进行筛查及监测,对预防医院感染,防止医务人员与患者之间的交叉传播具有重要意义。     

莫匹罗星对金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株体外敏感性分析

目的调查莫匹罗星对金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株的体外敏感性,并探讨其耐药菌株对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法收集温州医科大学附属第一医院2007年1月-2013年9月连续分离的金黄色葡萄球菌共899株,采用K-B法测定其对莫匹罗星的敏感性并统计耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌对临床常用抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 899株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)482株和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)417株,其中26株金黄色葡萄球菌对莫匹罗星耐药,包括22株MRSA和4株MSSA;2007-2013年金黄色葡萄球菌对莫匹罗星的耐药率分别为5.02%、3.00%、1.56%、3.92%、2.08%、1.67%和2.26%;所有耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和呋喃妥因均表现为敏感,而对青霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、克林霉素、红霉素和环丙沙星等抗菌药物的耐药率70.00%。结论莫匹罗星仍对金黄色葡萄球菌表现出较好的体外抗菌活性,且耐药率保持相对稳定且较低的水平。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对莫匹罗星高水平耐药的研究

目的 了解金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)对莫匹罗星高水平耐药(MUH)的状况,并探讨其耐药菌株对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药特性.方法 用美国BD公司Phoenix-100型全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统鉴定细菌及做药敏试验,该仪器可以同时检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(M RSA)和莫匹罗星高水平耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌.结果 共检出金黄色葡萄球菌382株,其中MUH菌株检出25株,检出率为6.5％,其中23株为MRSA,占92.0％;莫匹罗星高水平耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌对阿米卡星等15种临床常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,均＞80％,且呈多药耐药,但对万古霉素、利奈唑胺全部敏感,呋喃妥因耐药率也较低.结论 临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌中,已出现莫匹罗星高水平耐药的菌株,临床应加强对该类菌株的监测,以减少耐药菌株的产生和流行.     

ICU患者MRSA定植与感染的危险因素研究

目的比较重症监护室(ICU)、呼吸内科监护室(RICU)和神经外科监护室(NSICU)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)定植与感染状况,探讨患者MRSA定植/感染的危险因素。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,连续收集2013年5月1日—7月31日入住某院3个ICU患者的临床资料,采集患者(医护人员)鼻拭子及其周围环境标本进行MRSA检测。结果 197例患者,检出MRSA22株,MRSA定植率为11.17%;ICU、RICU和NSICU定植率分别为4.00%、11.90%和15.87%,差别无统计学意义(χ2=4.04,P=0.133)。患者临床标本MRSA检出率为2.03%(4/197),医护人员MRSA鼻前庭定植率为1.72%(2/116)。MRSA定植患者周围环境中MRSA检出率为22.73%(5/22),高于非定植患者4.00%(7/175)(χ2=8.93,P=0.003)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁、侵入性操作、住ICU时间长和近期使用抗菌药物是MRSA定植/感染的独立危险因素。结论临床应主动对入住ICU的患者进行MRSA定植筛查,采取有效措施,防止MRSA在医院环境与患者间的双向传播;同时,尽量避免使用侵入性操作,减少患者住院日和合理使用抗菌药物,减少ICU患者MRSA定植与感染的发生。     

Disparities in depression care in managed care settings

The implementation of managed health care two decades ago produced sweeping changes in the delivery of health care. A large number of patients who have depression are cared for in managed care settings. Despite the fact that managed health care programs have offered the advantage of affordable and effective treatment of depression to many patients, racial and ethnic minorities remain underdiagnosed and undertreated. Diagnosis of depression, prescribing of antidepressant therapy, and referral for psychotherapy occur significantly less often in minority patients compared with whites. In the managed care setting, a number of issues at the physician level may negatively affect the quality of depression care, including attitudes toward psychiatry and mental health services, unfamiliarity with best practice guidelines for depression, and lack of cultural competency. On the other hand, a number of innovative approaches (eg, collaborative care) have demonstrated effectiveness in managed care settings. In some cases, physician education can be integrated with these approaches to assist health care providers in managed care organizations to provide the best possible depression care. This article focuses on issues relevant to depression care of minorities in the managed care sector, cites strategies for improving quality of depression care, and discusses implications for CME.     

Quality palliative care in long-term care settings

It is paramount that physicians and midlevel practitioners who care for residents in long-term care facilities be able to provide high-quality comfort care to their patients, the majority of whom are frail and suffering from chronic and progressive diseases. Physicians must be knowledgeable in the assessment, prevention, and relief of patients' physical, emotional, and spiritual distress, as well as develop appropriate attitudes, knowledge, and skills to care for patients who are in the last years of life. The provision of high-quality palliative care is the essence of long-term care medicine.     

Health care without managed care in Japan

The best gross health indices in the world and universal coverage with no overt signs of rationing characterize the Japanese health care system. The delivery system, which consists primarily of private physicians and private hospitals, is functionally independent, but the financing system is strictly regulated. The author argues that this combination is the key to the system's unique success.     

Orem自理模式在产科新生儿护理中的应用

目的 探讨Orem自理理论模式在产妇护理新生儿的应用效果.方法 选择施行剖宫产手术的初产妇100例,随机分为实验组和对照组各50例.实验组在常规护理基础上采用Orem自护理论模式让产妇实现自我护理新生儿,对照组按整体护理模式进行常规护理新生儿.观察两组产妇母乳喂养、新生儿护理技巧与理论知识掌握情况.结果 实验组产妇在掌握母乳喂养掌握情况、新生儿护理技巧及理论知识方面和产妇及家属对收取优质护理项目费满意度均明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).结论 将Orem自理理论应用在产科新生儿护理中,可发掘产妇护理新生儿的能力,体现了护士自身价值,提升优质护理的内涵,密切了护患关系,是更为先进、科学、合理的护理模式.     

Advance care planning in long-term care facilities

Residents of long-term care facilities are at risk of serious medical illnesses and being unable to express choices when difficult treatment decisions must be made. Advance care planning (ACP) allows residents to consider, make, and communicate their preferences for how medical decisions should be made if they are unable to participate in the decision-making process. This article reviews the three steps in ACP: consideration of options and expression of values, communication of decisions, and documentation of the choices. The article defines and describes the particular value of ACP in long-term care facilities, reviews the literature on successful ACP programs in long-term care, and concludes with practical suggestions on how to develop and implement ACP programs.     

Palliative care in a psychiatric-somatic care unit

Patients with severe psychiatric and somatic disorders may require admission to a combined psychiatric-somatic care unit. These units provide specialised psychiatric and somatic care as well as palliative care. This is illustrated by two case reports. A 51-year-old man with a malignant brain tumour was admitted to our psychiatric-somatic care unit after threatening his wife and children. He was aggressive and confused. Seizures were suspected and palliative care was needed. Within a few weeks his condition deteriorated. He died 1 day after terminal sedation had been initiated. A 78-year-old woman was admitted to receive daily electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) for depression with catatonia. The ECT had to be interrupted repeatedly due to comorbid infections and complications. She died 3 days after palliative care was initiated.     

Quality of care for primary care patients with depression in managed care

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the process and quality of care for primary care patients with depression under managed care organizations. METHOD: Surveys of 1204 outpatients with depression at the time of and after a visit to 1 of 181 primary care clinicians from 46 primary care clinics in 7 managed care organizations. Patients had depressive symptoms in the previous 30 days, with or without a 12-month depressive disorder by diagnostic interview. Process indicators were depression counseling, mental health referral, or psychotropic medication management at index visit and the use of appropriate antidepressant medication during the last 6 months. RESULTS: Of patients with depressive disorder and recent symptoms, 29% to 43% reported a depression-specific process of care in the index visit, and 35% to 42% used antidepressant medication in appropriate dosages in the prior 6 months. Patients with depressive disorders rather than symptoms only and those with comorbid anxiety had higher rates of depression-specific processes and quality of care (P < .005). Recurrent depression, suicidal ideation, and alcohol abuse were not uniquely associated with such rates. Patients visiting for old problems or checkups received more depression-specific care than those with new problems or unscheduled visits. The 7 managed care organizations varied by a factor of 2-fold in rates of depression counseling and appropriate anti-depressant use. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of process and quality of care for depression as reported by patients are moderate to low in managed primary care practices. Such rates are higher for patients with more severe forms of depression or with comorbid anxiety, but not for those with severe but "silent" symptoms like suicide ideation. Visit context factors, such as whether the visit is scheduled, affect rates of depression-specific care. Rates of care for depression are highly variable among managed care organizations, emphasizing the need for process monitoring and quality improvement for depression at the organizational level.