高胆红素血症新生儿肠道菌群特点及与β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶活性的相关性

目的 探讨高胆红素血症新生儿肠道菌群特点及与β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶（β-glucuronidase,β-GD）活性的关系。方法 选取2018年1~12月入院治疗的高胆红素血症新生儿50例为高胆红素血症组,选取非高胆红素血症新生儿30例为对照组。通过16S rRNA高通量测序方法分析两组新生儿肠道菌群的差异。通过酚酞-葡萄糖醛酸底物法测定高胆红素血症新生儿治疗前后肠道内的β-GD活性。结果 对治疗前高胆红素血症组和对照组肠道菌群分布属水平进行比较,发现两组间有52种细菌的丰度差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。对治疗后第3天高胆红素血症组和对照组入组3 d后肠道菌群分布属水平进行比较,发现两组间有42种细菌的丰度差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。高胆红素血症组新生儿治疗后,埃希氏菌属和葡萄球菌属在肠道内的含量明显低于治疗前（P < 0.05）,粪便中β-GD活性较治疗前明显降低（P < 0.05）。高胆红素血症新生儿治疗前后粪便β-GD活性与葡萄球菌属和埃希氏菌属丰度均呈正相关（r_s=0.5948~0.7245,均P < 0.01）。结论 高胆红素血症新生儿和非高胆红素血症新生儿肠道菌群存在差异。高胆红素血症新生儿粪便中β-GD活性与差异菌葡萄球菌属和埃希氏菌属丰度呈正相关。肠道菌群可能通过调节β-GD活性影响新生儿高胆红素血症的发生,通过对新生儿肠道菌群和β-GD活性进行测定和分析,可能对早期评估新生儿高胆红素血症的发生有一定的临床意义。     

布拉氏酵母菌联合光疗治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效：前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 探讨布拉氏酵母菌联合光疗治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效。方法 将2018年1~12月入院治疗的高胆红素血症新生儿随机分为观察组（n=61）和对照组（n=63）。观察组给予光疗+布拉氏酵母菌散,对照组给予光疗+安慰剂,比较两组的治疗效果。治疗72 h后收集患儿粪便样本,通过16s rRNA高通量测序方法分析比较两组新生儿肠道菌群特征。结果 观察组和对照组治疗前总胆红素水平差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。观察组治疗24、48、72 h后的总胆红素水平均显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）。观察组需要再次给予光疗的新生儿比例（12例,20%）显著低于对照组（47例,75%）（P < 0.05）。治疗72 h后观察组肠道内拟杆菌属丰度较对照组高（P < 0.05）,大肠埃希菌属和葡萄球菌属丰度较对照组低（P < 0.05）。结论 光疗联合布拉氏酵母菌治疗对于降低高胆红素血症新生儿胆红素水平及预防黄疸退而复现有较好的疗效。布拉氏酵母菌可能通过调节患儿肠道菌群改善治疗疗效。     

布拉氏酵母菌联合光疗治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效：前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 探讨布拉氏酵母菌联合光疗治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效。方法 将2018年1~12月入院治疗的高胆红素血症新生儿随机分为观察组（n=61）和对照组（n=63）。观察组给予光疗+布拉氏酵母菌散，对照组给予光疗+安慰剂，比较两组的治疗效果。治疗72 h后收集患儿粪便样本，通过16s rRNA高通量测序方法分析比较两组新生儿肠道菌群特征。结果 观察组和对照组治疗前总胆红素水平差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。观察组治疗24、48、72 h后的总胆红素水平均显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）。观察组需要再次给予光疗的新生儿比例（12例，20%）显著低于对照组（47例，75%）（P < 0.05）。治疗72 h后观察组肠道内拟杆菌属丰度较对照组高（P < 0.05），大肠埃希菌属和葡萄球菌属丰度较对照组低（P < 0.05）。结论 光疗联合布拉氏酵母菌治疗对于降低高胆红素血症新生儿胆红素水平及预防黄疸退而复现有较好的疗效。布拉氏酵母菌可能通过调节患儿肠道菌群改善治疗疗效。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的肠道菌群特征

目的探索注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿肠道菌群分布特征,以及肠道菌群在其发病过程中的可能作用及其机制。方法采用病例对照研究方法,2019年1月至2019年6月选取6～12岁ADHD患儿17例,并征集同年龄健康儿童17例为对照,进行粪便菌群的宏基因组测序及分析,比较组间菌群α多样性及物种分类(属、种)的相对丰度等差异。结果 ADHD患儿与对照组肠道菌群的α多样性差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在菌属水平上,ADHD患儿的粪肠杆菌属Facelibacterium及韦荣球菌属Veillonellaceae丰度降低,气味杆菌属 Odoribacter丰度增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肠球菌属Enterococcus增高,差异有统计学意义(LDA2)。在菌种水平上,ADHD患儿普氏栖粪杆菌Faecalibacterium prausnitzii、毛螺科菌Lachnospiraceae bacterium以及活泼瘤胃球菌Ruminococcus gnavus丰度降低,而粪拟杆菌Bacteroides caccae、内脏拟杆菌Odoribacter splanchnicus、木假单胞菌Paraprevotella xylaniphila以及小韦荣球菌Veillonella parvula丰度增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ADHD患儿的肠道菌群构成存在异常。     

Intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota in early neonates: an analysis based on high-throughput sequencing北大核心CSCD

目的 初步探讨早期新生儿肠道和咽部微生物群的分布特点及相关性。 方法 选取上海市浦东新区妇幼保健院2021年9月—2022年1月出生的混合喂养的足月健康新生儿为研究对象。采用16S rRNA基因测序技术分析新生儿出生当天及出生后5~7 d的粪便和咽拭子样本,分析比较早期新生儿肠道和咽部微生物群的组成及功能差异。 结果 多样性分析表明,早期新生儿咽部微生物群的多样性高于肠道,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。门水平上,出生当天肠道变形菌门相对丰度高于咽部（P<0.05）;出生后5~7 d肠道放线菌门和变形菌门相对丰度高于咽部、厚壁菌门相对丰度低于咽部（P<0.05）。属水平上,出生当天肠道和咽部的优势菌属组成差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;出生后5~7 d肠道和咽部的链球菌属、葡萄球菌属、罗氏菌属、双歧杆菌属及埃希菌-志贺菌属等共生菌差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。直系同源序列聚类数据库分析显示,咽部菌群更多地集中在染色质结构和动力学及细胞骨架上,而肠道菌群在RNA加工修饰、能量生成和转换、氨基酸转运代谢、碳水化合物转运代谢、辅酶转运和代谢等方面表现丰富（P<0.05）。京都基因和基因组百科全书分析显示,与咽部菌群相比,肠道菌群对细胞运动、细胞进程和信号转导、内分泌系统、排泄系统、免疫系统、代谢性疾病、神经系统和转录功能参数的预测程度更高（P<0.05）。 结论 新生儿出生时肠道和咽部的微生物群组成及多样性无显著差异,随着出生时间的推移,两个生态位的微生物群组成开始出现分化,并逐渐显现出各自不同的功能。     

晚期早产儿喂养不耐受肠道菌群研究

目的探讨晚期早产儿发生喂养不耐受时肠道菌群的变化。方法选取2018年1月至12月,新生儿重症监护室收治的出生24小时内,母亲无产前感染及胎膜早破,胎龄34～36~(+6)周的早产儿,收集喂养不耐受(不耐受组)30例、无喂养不耐受(对照组)30例,及喂养不耐受患儿缓解后(缓解组)的粪便标本,检测并比较粪便标本菌群的差异。结果不耐受组与缓解组的拟杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度均低于对照组,不耐受组变形菌门的相对丰度高于对照组及缓解组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。不耐受组肠球菌属和拟杆菌属的相对丰度低于对照组与缓解组;不耐受组链球菌属和葡萄球菌属的相对丰度高于对照组与缓解组;不耐受组与对照组的梭菌属的相对丰度低于缓解组;不耐受组与缓解组的双歧杆菌属相对丰度低于对照组;差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。不耐受组的Observed_otus 数值、Chao1指数和Shannon指数均低于对照组及缓解组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论喂养不耐受早产儿的肠道菌群的相对丰度及多样性降低,随着喂养不耐受症状缓解,肠道菌群的相对丰度及多样性亦在逐渐恢复。     

新生儿高胆红素血症中胱抑素C的变化及临床意义

目的 了解胱抑素C(CysC)在新生儿高胆红素血症中的变化.方法 104例高胆红素血症新生儿为高胆组,根据其血总胆红素水平分为轻、中、重3组,各28、58、18例;同时选择40例非高胆红素血症新生儿为非高胆组.测定血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)和CysC,并比较高胆组与非高胆组,以及轻、中、重高胆组新生儿之间的差异;分析各指标与血总胆红素的相关性.结果 高胆组和非高胆组新生儿的BUN、Cr均在正常范围,差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05);高胆组新生儿的CysC高于非高胆组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);轻、中、重度高胆组新生儿的CysC逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义(F ＝ 5.39,P ＜ 0.05).新生儿的血总胆红素水平与CysC水平呈直线正相关(r ＝ 0.3,P ＜ 0.05).结论 高胆红素血症时,新生儿的CysC增高并随着血总胆红素水平升高而加剧,可能成为判断高胆红素血症时早期肾功能损害的敏感生物学指标.     

脐静脉置管对极低出生体质量儿早期肠道菌群影响

目的研究脐静脉置管对极低出生体质量儿早期肠道菌群的影响。方法选择2019年6月至2020年6月新生儿监护室收治的41例极低出生体质量儿作为研究对象。根据是否进行脐静脉置管,分为脐静脉置管组24例和非脐静脉置管组17例。收集新生儿生后第1、3、7天的粪便样本,应用高通量测序技术对粪便样本中的细菌16S基因全长进行测序,比较两组间各个时间段肠道菌群多样性及相对丰度。结果入选41例新生儿中,男26例、女15例,胎龄30.0(29.3～30.6)周,出生体质量(1.25±0.10)kg。第1天肠道菌群检出率低。第3天,脐静脉置管组和非脐静脉置管组之间shannon指数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),组间各个菌群相对丰度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。第7天,与非脐静脉置管组相比,脐静脉置管组shannon指数较低,变形菌门相对丰度较大,厚壁菌门及放线菌门相对丰度较小,克雷伯菌属相对丰度较大,双歧杆菌属及肠球菌属相对丰度较小,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论脐静脉置管可改变极低出生体质量儿早期肠道菌群的构成,降低肠道菌群多样性。     

不同胎龄高胆红素血症新生儿血清胱抑素C及β_2-微球蛋白水平变化的意义

目的观察不同胎龄高胆红素血症新生儿血清胱抑素C(Cys C)及β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平变化,探讨高胆红素血症对不同胎龄新生儿肾功能的影响。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法对98例不同胎龄高胆红素血症新生儿(足月儿45例,早产儿53例)及对照组(足月儿及早产儿各20例)新生儿的血清β2-MG、Cys C水平进行测定,采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学处理。结果轻度高胆红素血症组足月儿血清β2-MG、Cys C与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(Pa>0.05),但明显低于重度高胆红素血症组足月儿(Pa<0.01);轻度高胆红素血症组早产儿血清β2-MG和Cys C明显高于重度高胆红素血症组早产儿及对照组早产儿(Pa<0.01);重度高胆红素血症组新生儿血β2-MG和Cys C水平明显高于对照组(Pa<0.01)。血清β2-MG和Cys C水平与血胆红素水平呈正相关、与胎龄呈负相关(r=0.563 8,-0.724 6,Pa<0.01;r=0.581 7,-0.831 8,Pa<0.01)。重度高胆红素血症组新生儿胆红素消退期β2-MG、Cys C水平较黄疸高峰期明显下降(Pa<0.01)。结论高胆红素血症特别是重度高胆...     

高胆红素血症新生儿血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C变化的意义

目的观察血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cys C)在新生儿高胆红素血症中的变化,评价其对肾滤过功能的影响。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对68例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿(高胆红素血症组,包括轻度20例,中度26例,重度22例)及28例无黄疸足月新生儿(对照组)血清Cys C、胆红素及Cr、BUN水平进行测定。结果高胆红素血症组血清Cr、BUN水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。高胆红素血症组Cys C水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且血清胆红素水平与Cys C水平呈正相关(r=0.6751 P<0.05);经治疗黄疸消退后高胆红素血症组血清Cys C水平较治疗前显著下降(P<0.01),与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论血清Cys C水平是评价新生儿高胆红素血症患儿肾功能的敏感检测指标之一。     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder metastatic to the breast

This report is the first described case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder metastatic to the female breast. The patient is a 42-year-old woman who underwent radical cystectomy three months prior to presentation with two asymptomatic right breast masses as the first evidence of widely metastatic bladder carcinoma. The mode of presentation is similar to that seen with other tumors metastatic to the breast and requires the clinician and pathologist to be able to distinguish this diagnosis from primary breast carcinoma.     

Breast pumps as an incentive for breastfeeding: a mixed methods study of acceptability

Increasing breastfeeding rates would improve maternal and child health, but multiple barriers to breastfeeding persist. Breast pump provision has been used as an incentive for breastfeeding, although effectiveness is unclear. Women's use of breast pumps is increasing and a high proportion of mothers express breastmilk. No research has yet reported women's and health professionals' perspectives on breast pumps as an incentive for breastfeeding. In the Benefits of Incentives for Breastfeeding and Smoking cessation in pregnancy (BIBS) study, mixed methods research explored women's and professionals' views of breast pumps as an incentive for breastfeeding. A survey of health professionals across Scotland and North West England measured agreement with ‘a breast pump costing around £40 provided for free on the NHS’ as an incentive strategy. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted in two UK regions with a total of 68 participants (pregnant women, new mothers, and their significant others and health professionals) and thematic analysis undertaken. The survey of 497 health professionals found net agreement of 67.8% (337/497) with the breast pump incentive strategy, with no predictors of agreement shown by a multiple ordered logistic regression model. Qualitative research found interrelated themes of the ‘appeal and value of breast pumps’, ‘sharing the load’, ‘perceived benefits’, ‘perceived risks’ and issues related to ‘timing’. Qualitative participants expressed mixed views on the acceptability of breast pumps as an incentive for breastfeeding. Understanding the mechanisms of action for pump type, timing and additional support required for effectiveness is required to underpin trials of breast pump provision as an incentive for improving breastfeeding outcomes. © 2016 The Authors. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Natural history of IgE-mediated food allergy in fully breast-fed babies

We have studied 21 babies with IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) sensitized via breast milk. The diagnosis of IgE-mediated FA was based on the response to elimination diet and challenge tests, and was confirmed by positive RAST and skin tests. The children exhibited immediate symptoms, such as urticaria, angioedema, and asthma. Only 5/21 children developed tolerance to the offending food at the median age of 14 years. The children who failed to develop tolerance still have high levels of IgE antibodies towards the offending food. In conclusion, the results of our long-term follow-up study show that the natural history of FA in children sensitized via breast milk may be less optimistic than generally reported.     

Breast milk banking: Current opinion and practice in Australian neonatal intensive care units

Aim: To find out the knowledge and attitudes of health-care professionals (HCPs) in Australian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) towards breast milk banking (BMBg) and pasteurised donated breast milk (PDBM). Methods: Cross-sectional structured survey of HCPs in all 25 NICUs in Australia. Results: Response rate was 43.4% (n= 358 of 825). Participants included nurses and midwives (291, 81.3%) and the remainder were neonatologists and neonatal trainees (67, 18.7%). A variable number of HCPs agreed that PDBM would decrease the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (81%) and allergies (48.9%), 8.4% thought PDBM will carry risk of infections and 78.8% agreed that PDBM is preferable over formula, but only 67.5% thought that establishing breast milk banks (BMBs) are justifiable. Significant differences were found between doctors and nurses/midwives, with 19.4% of doctors compared with 5.8% of nurses/midwives agreed that PDBM carried an increased risk of infection. Although, over 90% of nurses/midwives and 70% of doctors agreed that the donation of breast milk is important, only 71% of nurses/midwives and 52.2% of doctors thought that setting up a BMB was justifiable. Conclusion: The opinions about BMBg differ widely between HCPs; however, the majority support the practice. HCPs had different knowledge gaps in regard to BMBg. Nurses/midwives positively view the practice of BMBg more strongly compared with neonatologists.     

Trends in breastfeeding: it is not only at the breast anymore

The past characterisations of breastfeeding as being only at the breast of the mother may no longer be applicable in the United States as mothers now frequently express their milk. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with women who visited the Cincinnati Children's Breastfeeding Medicine Clinic to understand breast milk feeding behaviours of healthy mothers and infants, which included questions specifically about breast milk expression. All 40 mothers in the cohort expressed their milk and all 40 infants were fed expressed milk. One infant was fed another mother's milk for 30 days. Two‐thirds (13/40) of infants received their mother's expressed milk at least a week after it was first expressed and 25% (10/40) of infants continued to be fed expressed breast milk after mothers had stopped expressing milk. There were 14 sequences of breast milk production by the mothers and 16 sequences of consumption by the infants. Early in the post‐partum period, mothers started expressing milk even though their infants were consuming all of the breast milk that they needed at the breast. As a result of breast milk expression by all mothers in this cohort, we observed highly variable patterns of maternal breast milk production and infant breast milk consumption, which were not necessarily synchronous within a dyad. It is now time to develop appropriate ways to characterise the production and consumption of breast milk more accurately and investigate whether these behaviours have consequences for the health of mothers and infants.     

Radiation and breast carcinogenesis*

With the possible exception of radiation‐induced leukemia, more is known about radiation‐induced breast cancer than any other malignancy [ 1 , 2 ]. Fourteen cohort studies have provided quantitative information on the level of risk following a wide range of doses in different populations around the world. Comprehensive studies have been conducted in Canada, Germany, Japan, Sweden and other Nordic countries, the United Kingdom, and the USA (Table I). Key features are the linearity in the dose response (i.e., a straight line adequately fits the observed data), and the effect modification of age at exposure (i.e., risk is inversely related to exposure age and exposures past the menopausal ages appear to carry a very low risk); and the minimal effect of fractionating dose on subsequent risk [ 3 ]. A recent combined analysis of almost 78,000 women and 1,500 breast cancer cases from eight cohorts confirmed the downturn in risk at the highest dose levels (related in part to the killing of cells rather than transformation) and that fractionation of dose has little influence on risk, at least on an absolute scale [ 4 ]. It is not known whether persons predisposed to cancer are at enhanced risk of radiation‐induced breast cancer from low‐dose exposures, although this seems unlikely [ 5 ]. New data on the effects of high doses following childhood exposures will be forthcoming from long‐term studies of the survivors of childhood cancer ( 6 - 8 ). Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:508–513, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

母乳中生长抑素的测定及其意义的探讨

为探讨母乳中生长抑素的存在、变化规律及作用,应用放射免疫法系列观测３０名正常哺乳产妇乳汁及相对应的血浆中生长抑素水平,结果：母乳生长抑素水平３倍￣４倍于母血。母乳中该激素水平自产后７天起持续显著下降,至产后３月其变化趋于平缓,结果表明,母乳中高浓度的生长抑制极可能有助于维持新生儿消化机能平衡;降低哺乳妇女乳腺癌发病率。     

The impact of Baby Friendly Initiative accreditation: An overview of systematic reviews

Despite its reported benefits, breastfeeding rates are low globally, and support systems such as the Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) have been established to support healthy infant feeding practices and infant bonding. Increasingly reviews are being undertaken to assess the overall impact of BFI accreditation. A systematic synthesis of current reviews has therefore been carried out to examine the state of literature on the effects of BFI accreditation. A systematic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, Maternal and Infant Health, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and PROSPERO was undertaken. Study selection, data extraction and critical appraisal of included reviews using the AMSTAR‐2 tool were undertaken by two authors, with disagreements resolved through discussion with the third author. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis of findings was applied. Fourteen reviews met the inclusion criteria. Overall confidence in the results of the review was rated as high for three reviews, low for two reviews and critically low for nine reviews. Most evidence suggests some increase in breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding, and one main trial suggests decreased gastrointestinal infection and allergic dermatitis in infants. However, overall certainty in the evidence was rated as very low across all outcomes due to concerns over risk of bias within and heterogeneity between the original studies. More contemporary, good‐quality randomised controlled trials or well‐controlled prospective comparative cohorts are required to better evaluate the impact of full BFI accreditation, with particular attention paid to the context of the research and to long‐term maternal and infant health outcomes.     

A simplified system of human milk banking

A simplified system of human milk banking, from milk supplied from home or hospital, has been evaluated for use in a neonatal intensive care unit. Twenty milk samples were obtained at a single expression using a standard hand pump and divided into three parts. Analyses were performed on the raw milk and on samples stored at ?20°C for 1 week and 1 month.No pathogens were isolated from any samples and the counts of Staphylococcus albus in the raw milk remained unchanged after storage. 19% of the cells in the original milk survived freezing and remained viable. There was a loss of bacteriostatic activity after storage for one month but significantly less than that caused by pasteurization. No change in levels of IgA, IgM, IgF, lactoferrin, lysozyme, C3 and C4 was apparent and concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids also remained unchanged after storage.We conclude that milk can be safely and conveniently stored by this method without loss or damage to the components of raw breast milk important for preterm and sick infants.