机械取栓时机对急性缺血性脑卒中患者住院期间下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 分析机械取栓时机对急性缺血性脑卒中患者住院期间下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的影响。方法 收集2021年5月至2023年2月联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院收治的224例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料。224例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的发病至取栓时间为2～6 h,中位时间为4.3 h,以4.3 h为界分为早期组（n=91,时间≤4.3 h）和对照组（n=133,时间>4.3 h）。主要观察指标为手术相关指标及术后住院期间的治疗情况、下肢DVT的发生率,次要指标为术后住院期间复查的凝血功能和并发症的发生率等。结果 早期组患者的发病至取栓时间明显短于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。两组患者均成功完成机械取栓术。术后住院期间,两组患者的病房入住、使用呼吸机、使用抗生素及使用低分子肝素情况比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;早期组患者下肢DVT及其他并发症的发生率均低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者的凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 尽早进行机械取栓治疗可以明显降低急性缺血性脑卒中...     

延长Fontan类手术患者住院时间的危险因素分析

目的分析影响延长Fontan类手术后患者恢复的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月阜外心血管病医院60例行Fontan类手术患者的基本资料、术前导管及超声资料,术前、术中及术后血流动力学资料和血液指标资料。根据住院时间不同,将60例患者分为两组,正常恢复组[45例,男33例,女12例;年龄（5．7±1．7）岁,住院时间〈32．5d]和延迟恢复组[15例,男10例,女5例;年龄（4．9±1．6）岁,住院时间〉32．5d,延迟恢复组指超出75％分位住院时间者]。60例患者住院时间12～53d,75％分位住院时间为32．5d。比较两组患者的临床资料,分析影响术后恢复的危险因素。结果术前脉搏血氧饱和度80．5％±7．4％,术前射血分数64．1％±6．6％,肺动脉指数（370．6±234．2）mm^2／m^2,McGoon比值2．2±0．7,术前平均肺动脉压（12．4±4．0）mmHg。Fontan类手术前行Glenn手术27例（45．0％）,行Glenn手术患者的年龄0．9～4．0岁,距离Fontan类手术1．0～5．1年。患者住院期间死亡2例（3．3％）。55例并行循环下手术体外循环时间（112．0±52．4）min;5例患者需要停循环修补心内畸形,主动脉阻断时间（44．8±9．2）min。呼吸机辅助呼吸时间（18．8±6．4）h。术后住ICU时间（5．1±2．1）d。单因素分析结果显示：术前平均肺动脉压（PAP）增高（P〈0．05）、术前射血分数低（P〈0．05）、体循环心室为右心室（P〈0．05）、分期手术（P〈0．05）、合并腔静脉异位引流（P〈0．05）、术后乳酸（Lac）增高（P〈0．05）、术后中心静脉压（CVP）高（P〈0．05）、术后当天需要大量晶胶体液维持循环稳定（P〈0．05）、术后胸腔引流时间长（P〈0．05）和术后合并感染（P〈0．05）是Fontan类手术患者术后延迟恢复的危险因素。结论Fontan类手术治疗功能性单心室已经取得了很好的近期结果,明确患者手术风险因素,并妥善处理才能缩短患者的恢复进程,使患者获益。     

急性重症脑卒中患者失禁相关性皮炎的临床特点和预测因素

目的探讨急性重症脑卒中患者发生失禁相关性皮炎的临床特点和预测因素。方法应用失禁相关性皮炎评估工具回顾性分析92例急性重症脑卒中患者失禁性皮炎的情况,同时收集患者年龄、性别、卒中史、糖尿病、便秘、意识状态、体温、大小便失禁、血糖等一般资料进行比较分析。结果脑卒中患者中失禁相关性皮炎发生率29．35％,以晚发性为主（占62．96％）。发生失禁相关性皮炎组与未发生组比较,卒中史、糖尿病（病程长、随机血糖高）、发病时间≥12h、体温≥38．0℃、院前发生大小便失禁、NIH—SS评分高、低白蛋白血症、免疫功能下降差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论急性脑卒中患者失禁性皮炎发生率高,早发性与晚发性皮炎的危险因素不同,有卒中史、糖尿病史、发病时间长、有发热、院前大小便失禁、免疫功能低下等患者应成为干预的重点。     

急性主动脉夹层确诊时间延长的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性主动脉夹层（AAD）确诊时间延长的危险因素。方法 收集2021年3月至2023年3月在中国人民解放军南部战区总医院接受诊治的188例AAD患者的临床资料,根据发病至确诊的时间将患者分为延迟组（n=57,﹥12 h）和及时组（n=131,≤12 h）。收集并比较两组患者的既往病史资料、发病时的基本信息,包括年龄、性别、文化程度、婚育状态、工作状态、发病地点、就诊途径、症状、体征、急诊化验结果、检查结果等。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析AAD确诊时间延长的危险因素。结果 延迟组患者的年龄、高中以下文化程度的比例、家中发病的比例、自行就诊的比例、无痛的比例及合并呼吸困难的比例均高于及时组患者,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,老年（≥65岁）、高中以下文化程度、家中发病、自行就诊、无痛及合并呼吸困难均是AAD确诊时间延长的独立危险因素（P﹤0.05）。结论 年龄、文化程度、发病地点、就诊途径、症状均与AAD确诊时间是否延长有密切的关系,应在急诊工作中强化对AAD的认识,优化AAD疑似患者的就诊流程,并且在临床实践中应对AAD高危...     

心脏机械瓣膜置换术后低强度抗凝治疗中的缺血性脑卒中

目的探讨心脏机械瓣膜置换术后低强度抗凝治疗中缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素及其防治方法。方法将2004年3月至2008年7月我科收治的机械瓣膜置换术后发生缺血性脑卒中患者23例纳入研究（缺血性脑卒中组）,随机选择同期行心脏机械瓣膜置换术后患者120例作为对照（对照组）,比较两组患者的性别、年龄、华法林用量、抗凝强度[国际标准化比值（INR）]及INR复查间隔时间、左心房内径、心律等指标,采用logistic回归分析缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素。结果（1）缺血性脑卒中组患者入院后经相关治疗均顺利出院,住院期间无1例死亡,出院后随访1个月～3年,全组患者神经系统并发症均有明显恢复,无再发栓塞及抗凝治疗中的严重出血发生;（2）两组患者性别、年龄、华法林用量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;（3）对影响因素进行非条件logistic回归分析结果,心房颤动（P=0．000）、左心房增大（P=0．002）、抗凝强度过低（P=0．012）、INR复查间隔过长（P=0．047）为心脏机械瓣膜置换术后低强度抗凝治疗中缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素。结论（1）心脏机械瓣膜置换术后低强度抗凝治疗中缺血性脑卒中的预后相对于颅内出血较好,其发生与多个危险因素有关;（2）临床上应该尽可能减少各项危险因素对抗凝治疗的影响,以避免缺血性脑卒中的发生;（3）心脏机械瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗中发生缺血性脑卒中的患者早期进行低强度抗凝治疗较安全、有效。     

中青年急性冠脉综合征患者入院早期舒适状况调查

目的了解中青年急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者入院72h内的舒适状况和影响因素。方法以162例中青年患者为调查对象，以视觉模拟评分法（VAS）测定患者的舒适度，同时采用自制调查表调查影响患者舒适的相关因素。结果中青年ACS患者入院24、48、72h VAS平均分分别为5．272、4．704、3．957。24h排在前3住的影响患者舒适的因素依次为疲倦（60．5％）、排尿和／或排便困难（48．8％）、感到自尊丧失（32．1％）；48h是疲倦（41．4％）、感到自尊丧失（29．6％）、周围环境差（20．4％）；72h是活动受限（34．6％）、担心事业受影响（24．1％）、缺乏家属陪伴（17．3％）。结论中青年ACS患者入院72h内处于轻至中度不舒适水平，且不同时间影响舒适的因素有差异；应重视患者因长时间体位限制引起的疲倦和对自尊的需求，根据不同时间的需求变化进行针对性护理，以提高其舒适度。     

快速康复外科在肋骨骨折手术中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科（FTS）措施在肋骨骨折手术中应用的可行性和有效性。方法选取南京医科大学附属明基医院2010年10月至2013年6月肋骨骨折手术患者52例.将患者分为2组：FTS组,26例,男22例、女4例,年龄（45．62±8．20）岁;对照组,26例,男2l例、女5例,年龄（46．42±7．60）岁。FTS组按照FTS方案治疗、对照组按照传统方法治疗。比较两组术后疼痛评分、胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间和住院费用。结果FTS组术后早期6h、24h、48h疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分（4．5±0.3,4.2±0．2,3．2±0．1）均明显低于对照组（6．5±0．1,6．1±0．3,4．8±0．2）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;胃肠功能恢复时间：FTS组（O．8±0．2）d,明显短于对照组（1．5±0．5）d,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;FTS组住院时间[（21．0±2．6）dVS．（26．2±3．4）d],住院总费用（[5．18±0．75）万元VS．（5．78±0．64）万元]与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论FTS措施的应用可有效减轻肋骨骨折患者术后的疼痛,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用,促进肋骨骨折患者术后康复。     

重症急性胰腺炎继发胰腺感染的影响因素分析

目的分析ICU收治的急性重症胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）保守治疗期间胰腺继发感染的相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析56例ICU收治的急性重症胰腺炎病例,将其分为胰腺继发感染组（30例）和未感染组（26例）并对两组间的相关临床参数进行比较。结果未感染组病人住院死亡率和平均ICU住院时间均明显低于感染组（P〈0．05）,单因素分析提示患者人院时的APACHEII评分、Ranson评分、人ICU时功能不全器官个数、发病距入ICU时间、患者入ICU时的天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）值、行空肠营养距发病时间及质子泵抑制剂应用时间等与SAP继发胰腺感染相关。多变量Logisitic回归分析显示人ICU时功能不全器官个数和发病距入ICU时间是急性重症胰腺炎继发胰腺感染的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论SAP保守治疗期间继发胰腺感染将显著增加患者的死亡率及住院时间,入ICU时功能不全器官个数和发病距入ICU时间是SAP继发胰腺感染的影响因素。     

日间腹腔镜胆囊切除术的优势

目的探讨日间腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy,ALC）的可行性、安全性及患者满意度,并进行卫生经济学评价。方法 回顾性分析笔者所在医院2011年4月至2012年12月期间分别行ALC及住院腹腔镜胆囊切除术（in．patient laparoscopic cholecystectomy,IPLC）患者的临床资料,其中IPLC组1 534例,ALC组678例。比较2组的手术时间、中转开腹率、术后并发症率、住院时间、住院费用、再入院率及患者满意度。结果2组的手术时间、术后并发症率和再入院率比较差异均无统计学意义p＞0．05）;ALC组中转开腹率（0．44％）和住院时间[（1．2±0．5）叫显著低于或短于IPLC组[3．19％,（4．8±1．3）dJ,P〈0．05;ALC组直接费用为（6 555．6±738．7）元、间接费用为（230．0±48．0）元、总费用为（6 752．0±424．3）元,显著低于IPLC组的（7 863．7±1 014．6）元、（973．0±136．5）元和（8 856．0±636．0）元（P〈0．05）。结论ALC是安全可行的,能缩短住院时间及降低医疗费用,加快床位周转,提高医疗卫生资源的利用。     

老年髋部骨折行手术治疗患者住院日影响因素分析

目的探讨影响老年髋部骨折行手术治疗患者住院日的影响因素。方法自2010-02－2012-02,纳入采用人工全髋关节置换术或人工股骨头置换术治疗年龄≥70岁的髋部骨折共91例。分析的因素包括患者的性别、年龄、伤侧、骨折类型、受伤至人院时间、受伤至手术时间、入院至手术时间、手术方式、术前合并症、入院血清白蛋白含量、入院淋巴细胞计数、入院血红蛋白含量、入院白细胞计数。结果单因素分析显示入院至手术时间、入院血红蛋白及骨折类型对患者住院时间有明显影响,多因素分析显示入院至手术时间延长和入院血红蛋白减少均显著增加了患者住院日（P=0．002和P=0．01）。结论入院至手术时间延长以及贫血会增加髋部骨折行手术治疗患者的住院日。     

Prähospitalversorgung von Patienten mit Verdacht auf akuten Schlaganfall

In acute stroke, early diagnosis, rapid thrombolysis and stroke unit treatment increase the chance of a favorable outcome. Emergency medical services are the first medical contact for most acute stroke patients, thereby playing a crucial role in the identification and treatment of acute stroke patients. In this article strategies that have been developed to reduce the time delay between stroke symptom onset and treatment in view of the narrow time window are discussed. The most important therapeutic aspects of prehospital treatment in patients with acute stroke are summarized.     

Zero-time prehospital i.v

Advances in prehospital stabilization and resuscitation of traumatized victims continue to have an impact on morbidity and mortality. Certain aspects of Advanced Trauma Life Support still remain controversial. Recent reports have questioned the usefulness of IV's started in the prehospital phase both because of delay in transport and because of the actual or theoretical lack of adequate volume infusion during transport. If IV lines can be started while an accident victim is en route to the hospital with no delay in transport, then much of the argument against prehospital IV's becomes irrelevant. From October 1985 through November 1986 we prospectively studied IV access attempts in 350 consecutive patients. Overall IV's started at the scene were 77% successful (n = 70) and en route 81% (n = 213) of attempts were successful. Of those with BP less than 100 mm Hg, there were 66% successful on-scene attempts and 72% successful en-route attempts. Protocols for IV administration in non-trapped patients should initiate IV access only en route to the hospital while the ambulance is moving. Even if delay at the scene is minimal, it is not possible to justify any delay, since IV's can be successfully instituted en route.     

Pre- and inter-hospital transport of severely head-injured patients in rural Northern Norway

The purpose of this study was to survey the time consumed during the pre- and inter-hospital transport of severely head injured patients in Northern Norway. All patients (n = 85) operated for an intracranial mass lesions within 48 h after injury during the 10-year period 1986-1995 were included in this retrospective analysis. Ambulance records, transfer notes, and hospital records were reviewed. The transport of patients was classified as either direct from the trauma scene to the University Hospital (direct admission group) or as an inter-hospital transfer (transfer group). Forty-seven (55%) patients were in the direct admission group, and 38 (45%) were transferred through another hospital. The majority of patients (81%) were transported by air ambulance. Median time from injury to arrival in the emergency room was 5 (1-44) h. Time necessary for transport was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter in the direct admission group (median 3 h) compared to the transfer group (median 8 h). The inter-hospital transfer time was < or = 3 h in 17%. Clearly, the advanced air ambulance service in Northern Norway makes rapid inter-hospital transfer possible despite extremely long geographical distances. Our findings indicate that this possibility is not always utilized.     

Prähospitale Traumaversorgung

Methods

Prehospital and clinical documentation was analysed for 276 multiple trauma patients brought to the University hospital by physician staffed ambulance (EMS, n=172) or helicopter (HEMS, n=104). Demographics, time of rescue and of prehospital activities, medical condition of the patient on the scene and upon admission (using emergency evaluation score, MEES), type and severity of injuries (employing ISS), and prehospital and early clinical treatment were also analysed.

Results

Patients delivered by HEMS and EMS were similar in age, sex and severity of injuries. Time from accident to admission was significantly shorter in HEMS patients. HEMS vs EMS patients were considered to be in a more critical condition on the scene, but were judged significantly better at admission. Early endotracheal intubation and chest tubing was performed more often in the HEMS group. HEMS patients received more fluid replacement and more extensive pain management. Time spent in the emergency room (ER) following admission by HEMS was 2/3 that of EMS admission. Intubation rate of HEMS patients in the ER was 50% that of EMS patients.

Conclusions

Although on-scene advanced trauma life support by HEMS vs EMS was more comprehensive, overall pre-hospital time was significantly shorter. The reasons for these findings are a more experienced HEMS crew and a therefore more invasive treatment in the field.     

Trauma Management in Australia and the Tyranny of Distance

Major trauma presents a time-critical medical emergency. Successful and expeditious management with early definitive treatment is required to prevent secondary injury. The resources in the prehospital setting, at the hospital of first treatment, and at the tertiary referral (major trauma) center all have an impact on the ability of an integrated trauma system to deliver optimal care to a patient. The time between leaving the injury site and instituting definitive care does not always equate with distance. Retrieval resources must be allocated carefully. Potentially preventable morbidity and mortality has been identified and is specifically related to the time between injury and definitive care and the efficiency of the retrieval and hospital transfer processes. These problems are being addressed with a further sophistication of integrated trauma systems. Regional trauma committees, unified and sophisticated ambulance services, good communication lines, adequate resources at major trauma services, and well developed surgical services are all essential for the appropriate and expeditious management of major trauma patients injured at a distance from tertiary referral (major trauma) centers.     

Emergency department deaths

This study reviews 186 deaths resulting from trauma in a 2-year period in the Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans Accident Room in order to evaluate problems in prehospital and hospital resuscitative care. All subjects underwent autopsy, and only six were found to have injuries compatible with survival. Three of these were late arrivals (by transfer or self-imposed delay) and died of protracted hemorrhage. Only three deaths occurring in the Emergency Department itself were found to have been potentially preventable. The important factors in maximizing survival of trauma patients remain rapid transport; immediate, appropriate, rapid evaluation; and quick diagnosis, resuscitation, and definitive therapy. These require a well-trained emergency medical ambulance service delivering patients quickly to a hospital designed to handle trauma patients. One person, preferably a general surgeon with trauma experience, should supervise and monitor the patient continually until the resuscitation phase and all diagnostic tests are completed and definitive therapy is initiated.     

The natural history of appendicitis in adults. A prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors relate prehospital delay and in-hospital delay to the incidence of perforation of appendicitis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Quality assurance studies use perforation rate as an index of quality of care. This is based on the assumption commonly presented in retrospective reports that in-hospital delay to surgery influences the incidence of perforation. Only one limited study prospectively found that prehospital delay increased the perforation rate. METHODS: During a 6-month period, 95 consecutive adults undergoing appendectomies at Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, were questioned as to onset and type of first symptom (i.e., epigastric discomfort, anorexia nervosa, vomiting, and abdominal pain). Time of emergency room (ER) arrival, surgery consultation, and operating room start were taken from the chart. Surgical and pathology reports were used to identify status of appendix (normal, inflamed, suppurative, gangrenous, perforated) and presence of abscess cavity. The status of appendix was related to prehospital and in-hospital delay to establish significance. RESULTS: There were 13 (14%) normal, 67 (70%) inflamed, and 15 (16%) perforated appendices. Patients with perforated appendices waited 2.5 times longer before reporting to the ER, compared with patients with inflamed appendices (57 hours vs. 22 hours, p < 0.007). Once in the hospital, patients with perforated appendices were identified and treated faster than those with inflamed appendices (7 vs. 9 hours, p < 0.039). Analysis by ER physician was 3 hours whether the appendix was normal, inflamed, or perforated. Analysis by the surgeon was significantly shorter in patients with perforated appendices than patients with inflamed appendices (4 vs. 6 hours, p < 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study identifies that delay in presentation accounts for the majority of perforated appendices. Clinical evaluation is effective for identifying patients with more advanced disease. Indiscriminate appendectomy as an attempt to decrease perforation is not supported by these data. Hospital perforation rates likely reflect patient factors, illness attitude, and access to medical care.     

急性主动脉夹层患者首发症状与院前延迟的关系研究

目的 探讨急性主动脉夹层患者首发症状与院前延迟的关系,为临床实施院前针对性健康教育提供参考.方法 选取急性主动脉夹层患者488例,收集患者首发症状、一般资料、疾病相关因素、院前相关因素及院前时间,分析首发症状与院前延迟的关系.结果 患者院前时间为135.5(48.3,1735.5) min,其中院前时间≤150 min...     

Pediatric prehospital trauma care. A retrospective comparison of air and ground transportation

OBJECTIVE: In contrast to prehospital care of adult trauma victims, prehospital care providers have only limited clinical experience of pediatric trauma cases as these are relatively infrequent. Literature reports on prehospital pediatric trauma care given by paramedics are frequently found in the literature, but there are few publications analyzing the quality of prehospital trauma care provided by emergency physicians in the care of injured children. It was the goal of this study to analyze the prehospital care of the pediatric trauma victims transported to a trauma center by physician-staffed ambulances and helicopters. METHODS: The study took the form of a retrospective 5-year review of pediatric trauma patients admitted to a trauma center. The inclusion criteria were age younger than 13 years and a NACA score higher than 3. In all, 104 patients were included, and these were divided into two groups, those transported to hospital by helicopter (RTH, n=87) and those taken to hospital by road ambulance (NEF, n=17). RESULTS: With a mean NACA score of 4.6 and a mean ISS of 15, no significant differences were found between the two groups in either severity of injury or length of hospital stay. The mortality of the total patient population was 15.4%, with no evidence of preventable deaths in patients who were admitted to the trauma center with vital signs. Analysis of prehospital therapy showed no differences in the volume of intravenous fluids administered (RTH 636 ml vs NEF 476 ml) or in the proportion of children with a GCS<9 in whom endotracheal intubation was implemented (RTH 39/44 vs NEF 7/7). Placement of more than one i.v. line and endotracheal intubation were associated with longer times at the scene of the accident before patients were taken to hospital (>one i.v. corresponded to 9 min longer, and endotracheal intubation, to 10 min longer). CONCLUSIONS: Prehospital pediatric trauma care delivered by physician-staffed ambulances or rescue helicopters is associated with a high rate of i.v. line placement (92%) and high intubation rates (90%) in patients with an altered level of consciousness (GCS<9). The prehospital care provided by helicopter or ground ambulance personnel was not different and was not associated with longer stays in the intensive care unit or longer overall stays in hospital. Scene times became longer with increasing number of i.v. line placements and with endotracheal intubation, but was not prolonged by a greater severity of injury as determined by the ISS. Preventable deaths were not observed in the patient population. In summary, owing to the the local infrastructure, pediatric trauma patients are more frequently transported to the trauma center by air (87 by air vs. 17 by road per 5-year time period). However, despite being less frequently involved in the case of pediatric trauma, the quality of care provided by road ambulance staff is similar to that in air ambulances.     

Fast-track care for patients with suspected hip fracture

Patients over 65 years of age with suspected hip fracture following low-energy trauma often wait a long time for examinations, X-rays, tests and surgery. There may be a connection between long waiting times and complications, including severe pain, mental confusion, infection, pressure sores, and longer hospital stays. This study examines whether implementing prehospital preoperative procedures might lead to reduced waiting times, less postoperative pain, fewer complications and shorter length of care for this patient group. To “fast-track” care for hip fracture patients, the ambulance nurse starts the preoperative procedure (usually performed in the accident and emergency department [A&E]) and transfers patients directly to radiology, bypassing A&E. Results from the fast-track care group were compared to results from a control group, who had been admitted to A&E in the usual way. The study group experienced fewer complications and shorter hospital stays compared to the control group. This finding suggests that fast-track care for hip fracture patients can minimise complications, heighten priorities, and decrease overall length of care. Greater awareness of risk factors for hip fracture patients amongst hospital staff leads to improved patient care. Fast-track care may also decrease the workload in A&E and thus release more time for other patients.