人早孕期绒毛组织和滋养细胞趋化因子受体转录水平

目的：研究早孕期绒毛组织及滋养细胞18种趋化因子受体的转录水平，以揭示趋化因子受体在母一胎界面生理性调节作用。方法：提取人早孕期绒毛组织及滋养细胞总RNA，半定量RT-PCR检测绒毛组织和滋养细胞18种趋化因子受体mRNA的表达水平。结果：CXCR4及CXCR6在绒毛组织中普遍高表达；CCR6、CCR7、XCR1及CX3CR1呈普遍中等表达；CCR1～CCR5、CCR8～CCR10、CXCR1～CXCR3在部分绒毛组织中表达，部分绒毛组织不表达或表达量很低；早孕人绒毛组织不表达CXCR5。早孕期滋养细胞表达CCR1、CCR3～CCR5、CCR8～CCR9、CXCR1～CXCR4、CXCR6、XCR1、CX3CR1；不表达CCR2、CCR6、CCR7、CCR10及CXCR5。结论：早孕期绒毛组织及滋养细胞表达多种趋化因子受体，它们在正常妊娠中具有重要的生理学意义。     

母-胎界面趋化因子及其受体表达与作用

母-胎界面的滋养细胞、蜕膜淋巴细胞和蜕膜基质均表达多种趋化因子及其受体。滋养细胞分泌的MIP-1α募集外周血中CD56brightNK细胞至母-胎界面;蜕膜血管表达SLC,特异性趋化CD56brightNK细胞。除募集蜕膜淋巴细胞外,母-胎界面的趋化因子及其受体尚参与固有免疫应答,并调节滋养细胞侵袭、分化及胎盘形成。滋养细胞固有表达CXCR4和CCR5,HIV-1利用CXCR4或CCR5入侵胎儿细胞,导致HIV-1经子宫垂直传播。滋养细胞及蜕膜细胞分泌的IL-8在炎症相关的早产中具有重要作用。     

早孕期人滋养细胞CXCR4/CXCL12的表达及低氧对其的影响

目的：研究人早孕期滋养细胞CXCR4/CXCL12的表达情况及低氧对其表达的调节作用.方法：免疫组织化学法检测早孕期绒毛组织中及原代培养的滋养细胞CXCR4/CXCL12的表达情况;实时定量PCR检测低氧状态下滋养细胞CXCR4 mRNA水平.结果：胎盘绒毛柱、滋养细胞及血管内均有CXCR4/CXCL12表达;低氧培养12、24、48和72小时后滋养细胞CXCR4 mRNA表达增加,显著高于正常氧条件下的表达情况.结论：早孕期胎盘表达CXCR4/CXCL12对于维系正常妊娠的顺利进行可能发挥重要作用;低氧是CXCR4表达的重要调节因子,可能参与了妊娠的病理生理过程.     

早、中、晚孕期胎盘因子对人外周血淋巴细胞CD4、CCR5和CXCR4表达的影响

目的 通过研究早、中、晚孕期胎盘因子(PF)对人外周血淋巴细胞(PBLs)中CD4、CCR5和CXCR4表达的作用,探讨PF在人免疫缺陷病毒-1(HIV-1)垂直传播中的作用及其机理.方法 制备早、中、晚孕期PF.分离人外周血单个核细胞,并分别与相对浓度为25%的早、中、晚孕期PF作用,培养24 h后收集细胞,荧光抗体标记,流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞(PBLs)中CD4、CCR5和CXCR4表达,以及CD4 T细胞中CCR5 细胞、CXCR4 细胞、CCR5 CXCR4 细胞所占的百分率.结果 各孕期PF均可显著降低PBLs中CCR5的表达,其中早孕期PF的作用明显强于中、晚孕期PF的作用;各孕期PF组CD4 T细胞中CCR5 细胞的百分率均显著低于对照组,早孕期PF组CD4 T细胞中CCR5 细胞的百分率明显低于中、晚孕期PF组;各孕期PF组CD4 T细胞中CCR5 CXCR4 细胞的百分率均显著低于对照组,早孕期PF组CD4 T细胞中CCR5 CXCR4 细胞的百分率显著低于晚孕期PF组.结论 各孕期PF均可显著降低PBLs中CCR5的表达,以及CD4 T细胞中CCR5 细胞和CCR5 CXCR4 细胞的百分率,早孕期PF作用最强,中、晚孕期PF效应相当,PF可能通过抑制R5病毒的人胞而具有抗R5病毒的作用,并可能在阻断HIV-1宫内感染中具有重要作用.     

早孕期人蜕膜趋化因子CCL2及其受体CCR2的表达及意义

目的：分析人早孕蜕膜及蜕膜基质细胞趋化因子受体CCR2及其配体CCL2在人早孕蜕膜组织及蜕膜基质细胞的表达和分泌，以探讨CCR2／CCL2在母-胎界面的生物学作用。方法：收集早孕期蜕膜组织，分离蜕膜基质细胞，分别用半定量RT-PCR、免疫化学方法分析正常人早孕蜕膜组织和培养的人蜕膜基质细胞CCR2／CCL2表达；并且用流式细胞术和ELISA法分别检测蜕膜基质细胞表面CCR2的表达和培养的蜕膜基质细胞上清中CCL2的分泌。结果：人早孕蜕膜组织和蜕膜基质细胞均高水平转录和翻译CCR2／CCL2，培养的基质细胞能分泌大量的CCL2，其分泌量呈时间依赖性。结论：早孕蜕膜高表达和分泌CCR2／CCL2可能参与早孕期母一胎免疫调节。     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在人肺癌高转移细胞株的表达和意义

目的：以人肺癌高、低转移细胞株95D、95C为研究对象，研究趋化因子受体CXCR4的表达及其在肿瘤细胞体外转移潜能中的作用和意义。方法：采用RT-PCR检测95D、95C细胞CXCR4 mRNA的表达情况；以PMA活化肿瘤细胞，研究CXCR4 mRNA表达水平与细胞活性状态的关系；应用钙离子内流实验验证其表达是否具有功能；通过趋化实验观察CXCR4特异性配件SDF-α和裸鼠组织匀浆液对95D细胞的趋化迁移作用；通过MTT法测定95D细胞对SDF-1α作用的增殖反应。结果：95D细胞功能性地高表达趋化因子受体CXCR4，且其表达水平与细胞活性状态有关；CXCR4特异性配件SDF-1α和裸鼠肺、淋巴结组织匀浆均可在体外趋化95D细胞的迁移，SDF-1α还可促进95D细胞的增殖。结论：95D细胞功能性高表达趋化因子受体CXCR4可能与人肺癌细胞株95D的体外高转移潜能有关。     

大肠癌中SDF-1与CXCR4的表达及临床意义

目的观察基质细胞衍生因子1(stromal cell-derived factor 1,SDF-1)及其受体CXCR4蛋白和mRNA在大肠腺癌、大肠管状腺瘤、非肿瘤性大肠黏膜组织中的表达,探讨二者在大肠腺癌的发生、发展、浸润转移中的作用。方法采用免疫组化SP两步法和RT-PCR法检测上述3组中SDF-1和CXCR4蛋白、mRNA的表达。结果 (1)免疫组化SP两步法检测SDF-1、CX-CR4的蛋白在非肿瘤性大肠黏膜、大肠管状腺瘤、大肠腺癌中的阳性表达量呈明显递增,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)RT-PCR检测SDF-1和CXCR4的mRNA在大肠腺癌组中的表达高于非肿瘤性大肠黏膜组(P<0.01);(3)大肠腺癌组SDF-1、CXCR4的蛋白与mRNA的表达均与癌组织的浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05,P<0.01);(4)大肠腺癌组织中SDF-1和CXCR4二者间的蛋白、mRNA表达均呈正相关(r=0.436,P<0.01;r=0.949,P<0.01)。结论 SDF-1和CXCR4在大肠腺癌组织中高表达,可能与大肠腺癌的发生、浸润、转移密切相关。     

子宫内膜及异位灶趋化因子受体转录在子宫内膜异位症发病中的作用

目的：探讨子宫内膜异位症患者在位内膜及异位灶18种趋化因子受体的转录特征，以揭示趋化因子受体及其配体在子宫内膜异位症发生发展中的作用。方法：以正常子宫内膜为对照，半定量RT-PCR检测子宫内膜异位症患者在位内膜及异位灶18种趋化因子受体mRNA的表达水平，并比较其差异。结果：与正常子宫内膜相比，子宫内膜异位症患者在位子宫内膜CCR6、CCR8、CCR9、CX3CR1表达明显升高（P＜0．05）。与在位内膜相比，异位灶CCR4、CCR8、CCR9、CXCR1表达显著升高（P＜0．05）。结论：在位子宫内膜CCR6、CCR8、CCR9、CX3CR1高表达，可能参与子宫内膜异位症的发生；异位灶CCR4、CCR8、CCR9、CXCR1高表达，可能参与子宫内膜异位症的进一步发展。     

趋化因子受体CXCR4及其配体SDF-1与强直性脊柱炎发病的相关性研究

目的：探讨趋化因子及其受体在强直性脊柱炎（AS）时的变化及其在关节炎发病机制中的作用。方法： 用含588个基因的cDNA微阵列方法比较13例AS患者和7例健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）基因的表达水平；用流式细胞术对PBMC表面C-X-C趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)蛋白表达水平进行检测, 并以免疫组化方法和ELISA方法检测其配体SDF-1（基质来源因子）在滑膜成纤维细胞和滑膜组织的表达情况。结果： AS的588 个基因谱和健康志愿者有明显区别，其中趋化因子受体(CXCR4)在AS外周血的单核细胞和CD8+的T淋巴细胞表达显著高于健康志愿者组(P＜0.05）。 SDF-1在AS病人的PBMC、滑液单个核细胞（SFMC）、关节液成纤维细胞和关节滑膜衬里层细胞的表达也增高。 结论： 趋化因子受体CXCR4及其产物在AS患者的PBMC表达明显增多, SDF-1在AS关节炎患者滑膜成纤维细胞和滑膜组织表达增多，提示CXCR4及其配体SDF-1这一信息通道在AS炎症病变的发展与持续中可能起重要作用。     

人早孕母胎界面SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3表达

目的：研究正常早孕绒毛及蜕膜组织细胞因子信号转导负调控因子（Suppressors of cytoldne signaling，SOCS）基因和蛋白水平表达，以揭示SOCS在母胎界面生理性调节作用。方法：半定量RT-PCR检测早孕绒毛组织、蜕膜组织及原代培养早孕滋养细胞、蜕膜基质细胞SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3 mRNA水平；Western blot检测早孕绒毛组织及蜕膜组织SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3蛋白表达；免疫组化定位SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3在早孕绒毛组织、蜕膜组织表达；ELISA检测滋养细胞、蜕膜基质细胞分泌IL-10、IFN-γ。结果：正常母胎界面见SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3基因表达，其中SOCS3绒毛／蜕膜阳性率73．7％／71．1％；SOCS2绒毛／蜕膜阳性率50．0％／39．5％，SOCS1最少，绒毛／蜕膜阳性率34．2％／31．6％；SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3蛋白表达与转录水平基本一致；正常母胎界面SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3表达主要定位于绒毛滋养细胞和蜕膜间质；体外无血清培养滋养细胞和蜕膜基质细胞SOCS2、SOCS3低表达，SOCS1未见表达，其分泌的IL-10随时间而增高（P〈0．05）。结论：正常早孕母胎界面表达SOCS1、SOCS2、SOCS3，无刺激条件下滋养细胞和蜕膜基质细胞低表达SOCS2、SOCS3，SOCS在正常妊娠Th平衡中具有重要意义。     

SDF-1/CXCR4在滋养层细胞中的表达及其在母-胎免疫耐受中的作用

目的:研究趋化因子SDF1及其配体CXCR4在滋养层细胞中的表达及其在母胎免疫耐受中的作用。方法:取早孕期的绒毛,分离纯化培养绒毛外滋层养细胞(extravilloustrophoblast,EVT),用免疫细胞化学染色法检测SDF1与CXCR4在绒毛中的表达。用流式细胞术筛选源于滋养层细胞高表达CXCR4的绒癌细胞株用于体外微孔隔离室迁移实验,以分析SDF1的趋化活性。用免疫组织化学染色法检测早孕期绒毛及足月妊娠胎盘中SDF1及CXCR4的表达。结果:在EVT中可检出SDF1和CXCR4的表达,在一定范围内,SDF1的趋化活性与其浓度呈正相关(r=0.68,P<0.01)。10μg/L的SDF1趋化作用最强,最大趋化指数CI为1.62±0.12。在早孕期的绒毛及足月胎盘中,滋养层细胞的胞膜和细胞质中均检出SDF1和CXCR4的表达,但在足月胎盘中的表达强度明显低于早孕期的绒毛组织(P<0.01)。结论:SDF1/CXCR4在妊娠中发挥着重要作用,对维系母胎免疫耐受具有重要意义。     

Expression of functional chemokine receptors of human placental cells

PROBLEM: Chemokine receptors of placental trophoblasts possibly act as co-receptors or alternative receptors of maternal fetal infection by HIV. To clarify their possible expression and the physiological roles of chemokines on human placentae, we studied chemokine chemokine receptor expression and the effects of exogenous chemokines on choriocarcinoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Placental samples were obtained from 13 placentae of various gestational ages. Villous tissue was mechanically dissected from samples. Trophoblasts were enriched by anti-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-coated magnetic beads. Human choriocarcinoma cell lines (JAR, BeWo, JEG-3) were maintained in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% FCS. Expression of chemokine receptors was studied by RT-PCR. The effects of MIP-1alpha, RANTES, MCP-1 on hCG production were estimated by EIA. Effects of chemokines on proliferation of choriocarcinoma cell lines were examined by MTT assay. RESULTS: We observed mRNA expression of CCR-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and CXCR-1, 2, 4 in 1st trimester placental villi, CCR-I, 2, 4 and CXCR-1, 2. 4 in 2nd trimester placental villi, CCR-1, 2, 4 and CXCR-4 in 3rd trimester placental villi. Using MACS enriched trophoblasts, we observed identical results. A choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo expressed CCR-1, 3, 4 and CXCR-1, 2, 4 while JEG-3 and JAR expressed CCR-1, 3, 4, 5 and CXCR-1, 2, 4. Expression of the CCR-5 and CXCR-4 protein in choriocarcinoma cell lines and MACS-enriched trophoblats were confirmed by flow cytometry. Chemokine MCP-3, MIP-1alpha, RANTES mRNA were expressed by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester placental samples and the three choriocarcinoma cell lines examined. MCP-1 was expressed by 1st and 2nd trimester placental villi. Administration of chemokines up-regulated proliferation (10(-1) - 10 ng/mL) and hCG production (10(-1) - 10(-2)ng/ mL) of the three choriocarcinoma cell lines examined. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest possible roles of chemokines/chemokine receptors on placental physiology and their involvement in HIV transmission as alternative receptors.     

Mu-opioid modulation of HIV-1 coreceptor expression and HIV-1 replication

A substantial proportion of HIV-1-infected individuals are intravenous drug users (i.v.DUs) who abuse opiates. Opioids induce a number of immunomodulatory effects that may directly influence HIV-1 disease progression. In the present report, we have investigated the effect of opioids on the expression of the major HIV-1 coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. For these studies we have focused on opiates which are ligands for the mu-opioid receptor. Our results show that DAMGO, a selective mu-opioid agonist, increases CXCR4 and CCR5 expression in both CD3(+) lymphoblasts and CD14(+) monocytes three- to fivefold. Furthermore, DAMGO-induced elevation of HIV-1 coreceptor expression translates into enhanced replication of both X4 and R5 viral strains of HIV-1. We have confirmed the role of the mu-opioid receptor based on the ability of a mu-opioid receptor-selective antagonist to block the effects of DAMGO. We have also found that morphine enhances CXCR4 and CCR5 expression and subsequently increases both X4 and R5 HIV-1 infection. We suggest that the capacity of mu-opioids to increase HIV-1 coreceptor expression and replication may promote viral binding, trafficking of HIV-1-infected cells, and enhanced disease progression.     

Transforming growth factor-beta1 increases CXCR4 expression, stromal-derived factor-1alpha-stimulated signalling and human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry in human monocyte-derived macrophages

Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 play crucial roles in leukocyte migration and activation, as well as embryogenesis, angiogenesis, cancer and viral pathogenesis. CXCR4 is one of the major human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) coreceptors on macrophages. In many tissues macrophages are one of the predominant cell types infected by HIV-1 and act as a reservoir for persistent infection and viral dissemination. In patients infected by HIV-1, blood and tissue levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) are increased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of TGF-beta1 on CXCR4 expression and function in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and rat microglia. TGF-beta1 up-regulated CXCR4 and enhanced SDF-1alpha-stimulated ERK1,2 phosphorylation in these cells. The increased CXCR4 expression in human MDMs resulted in increased susceptibility of the cells to entry by dual-tropic CXCR4-using HIV-1 (D-X4). In contrast, TGF-beta1 failed to increase CCR5 expression or infection by a CCR5-using virus in MDMs. Our data demonstrate that TGF-beta1 enhances macrophage responsiveness to SDF-1alpha stimulation and susceptibility to HIV-1 by selectively increasing expression of CXCR4. The results suggest that increased expression of CXCR4 on macrophages may contribute to the emergence of dual-tropic X4 viral variants at later stages of HIV-1 infection.     

Predominant intracellular expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 in purified primary trophoblast cells from first trimester and term human placentae

PROBLEM: The aim of the present study was to define the expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on non-cultured non-stimulated primary human trophoblast cells (TCs) immediately after their immunopurification. METHOD OF STUDY: We have evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescence, highly purified primary TCs prepared from first trimester (8.2 +/- 0.3 weeks, n = 15) and term (Caesarean section, n = 10) placentae for the cell surface and intracellular expression of CXCR4 and CCR5. RESULTS: There was a high level of individual variability for CXCR4 and CCR5 expression between trophoblast batches. In first trimester and term placentae TCs, we found a greater number of TCs preparations expressing intracellular CXCR4 than CCR5 (P < 0.05). Both receptors were predominantly localized in the intracellular compartment of TCs, whatever if isolated from first trimester or term placentae. CONCLUSIONS: The functional consequences of the predominance of CXCR4 expression and of cellular addressing are briefly discussed.