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1.
INTRA‐RATER AND INTER‐RATER RELIABILITY OF THE FIVE IMAGE‐BASED CRITERIA OF THE FOOT POSTURE INDEX‐6
Masafumi Terada Ara M. Wittwer Phillip A. Gribble 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2014,9(2):187-194
Purpose/Background:
The Foot Posture Index‐6 (FPI‐6) is considered a simple quantification tool to assess static foot alignment. Palpation of the foot is required for assessment of one of the six criteria that comprise the FPI‐6; the remaining five criteria may be evaluated using still‐frame photographs. Using only the image‐based criteria may allow multiple clinicians to evaluate large groups of patients quickly. Reliability using only these five image‐based criteria has not been established. The purposes of the current study were to establish the inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability using five image‐based criteria from the Foot Posture Index‐6 (FPI‐6) as well as to examine the agreement between the raters in identifying foot type using the composite five FPI scores.Methods:
Forty participants (23 females, 17 males; 23.67 ± 8.49 years; 64.59 ± 14.43 kg; 166.07 ± 11.79 cm) volunteered for this study. An investigator took three photos with a digital camera of the medial longitudinal arch, posterior ankle, and of the talonavicular joint approximately 45° from the posterior calcaneus for both right and left feet. Two investigators assessed the five image‐based criteria of the FPI‐6 for both feet of 40 participants on three occasions separated by a day. Inter‐and intra‐rater reliability were assessed with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC3,2). The amount of agreement for classification of foot posture type between the two raters was assessed with Cohen''s kappa coefficient. Significance was set a priori at P < 0.05.Results:
The inter‐rater reliability was poor to moderate for all three sessions (ICC3,2 = 0.334‐0.634). For the foot posture classification, the amount of agreement between two raters was poor for left (κ= 0.12) and right (κ= 0.19) feet. The intra‐rater reliability was excellent for left (ICC3,2=0.956) and right feet (ICC3,2=0.959).Conclusions:
Excellent intra‐rater and poor to moderate inter‐rater reliability was found using only the five image‐based criteria of the FPI‐6. However, the classification of foot posture did not improve the amount of agreement between raters. Therefore, caution is needed when interpreting FPI scores from five image‐based criteria.Levels of Evidence:
3b 相似文献2.
Jakob ?karabot Chris Beardsley Igor ?tirn 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2015,10(2):203-212
Background:
Increased flexibility is often desirable immediately prior to sports performance. Static stretching (SS) has historically been the main method for increasing joint range‐of‐motion (ROM) acutely. However, SS is associated with acute reductions in performance. Foam rolling (FR) is a form of self‐myofascial release (SMR) that also increases joint ROM acutely but does not seem to reduce force production. However, FR has never previously been studied in resistance‐trained athletes, in adolescents, or in individuals accustomed to SMR.Objective:
To compare the effects of SS and FR and a combination of both (FR+SS) of the plantarflexors on passive ankle dorsiflexion ROM in resistance‐trained, adolescent athletes with at least six months of FR experience.Methods:
Eleven resistance‐trained, adolescent athletes with at least six months of both resistance‐training and FR experience were tested on three separate occasions in a randomized cross‐over design. The subjects were assessed for passive ankle dorsiflexion ROM after a period of passive rest pre‐intervention, immediately post‐intervention and after 10, 15, and 20 minutes of passive rest. Following the pre‐intervention test, the subjects randomly performed either SS, FR or FR+SS. SS and FR each comprised 3 sets of 30 seconds of the intervention with 10 seconds of inter‐set rest. FR+SS comprised the protocol from the FR condition followed by the protocol from the SS condition in sequence.Results:
A significant effect of time was found for SS, FR and FR+SS. Post hoc testing revealed increases in ROM between baseline and post‐intervention by 6.2% for SS (p < 0.05) and 9.1% for FR+SS (p < 0.05) but not for FR alone. Post hoc testing did not reveal any other significant differences between baseline and any other time point for any condition. A significant effect of condition was observed immediately post‐intervention. Post hoc testing revealed that FR+SS was superior to FR (p < 0.05) for increasing ROM.Conclusions:
FR, SS and FR+SS all lead to acute increases in flexibility and FR+SS appears to have an additive effect in comparison with FR alone. All three interventions (FR, SS and FR+SS) have time courses that lasted less than 10 minutes.Level of evidence:
2c 相似文献3.
Iván Chulvi‐Medrano Esteban Martínez‐Ballester Laura Masiá‐Tortosa 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2012,7(6):586-594
Background and Purpose:
Recently, the trend among physical training and rehabilitation professionals is the use of resistance exercise on unstable equipment in order to increase the effort of the agonist and stabilizing muscles. It is unknown if performing exercises on unstable surfaces provides a greater training stimulus as compared to training on a stable training surface. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect that push‐up training on stable and unstable surfaces had on strength performance in healthy young men.Methods:
Thirty subjects with experience in resistance training participated in push‐up training two days per week for eight weeks on one of three different surfaces: the floor (Tp), the T‐Bow® (TBp) or the BOSU® (Bp).Results:
Strength, as measured by one repetition maximum (1‐RM) and muscle endurance, as measured by number of pushups performed did not improve significantly (p>0.05) for any of the intervention groups.Conclusions:
The addition of unstable surfaces in push‐up training does not provide greater improvement in muscular strength and endurance than push up training performed on a stable surface in young men.Levels of Evidence:
3b 相似文献4.
Christopher A. DiCesare Nathaniel A. Bates Gregory D. Myer Timothy E. Hewett 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2014,9(4):420-427
Purpose/Background:
Injury screening methods that use three‐dimensional (3D) motion analysis accurately predict the risk of injuries, yet are expensive. There is great need for valid, cost‐effective techniques that can be used in large‐scale assessments. Utilizing two‐dimensional (2D) measures of lateral trunk motion may identify athletes at risk for lower extremity injury. The purpose of this research was to determine the strength of the relationships between 2D and 3D calculations of lateral trunk angle for female athletes performing a single‐leg cross drop landing.Methods:
Twenty‐one high‐school female volleyball players performed a single‐leg cross drop landing onto a force plate. The 3D angular trunk motion was calculated, and four different 2D measures of lateral trunk angle were calculated for both left and right landing leg. A one‐way multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare 2D measures to the 3D measurements, and Pearson correlations were used to determine the strength of these relationships.Results:
The angle formed by the medial shoulder joint center, medial ASIS, and vertical line (LTA4) was similar to the 3D measures of lateral trunk angle during landing (r‐values ≥ 0.62; p‐values ≤ 0.003; mean differences, ‐1.0° to 1.2°).Conclusions:
Given the recent focus on the role of the trunk in lower extremity injury, using the 2D LTA4 assessment may expand existing assessments into a composite model that can more accurately assess female athletes at risk for injury than models that do not include trunk analysis.Clinical Relevance:
Existing models that enable clinicians to effectively identify female athletes at risk for lower extremity injury may be enhanced by including accurate assessments of lateral trunk motion. 相似文献5.
6.
Elizabeth Henry Kathy Berglund Lynn Millar Frederick Locke 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2015,10(7):998-1006
Background
Recent evidence suggests performing a warm‐up prior to golf can improve performance and reduce injuries. While some characteristics of effective golf warm‐ups have been determined, no studies have explored the immediate effects of a rotational‐specific warm‐up with elements of motor control on the biomechanical aspects of the full X‐Factor and X‐Factor Stretch during the golf swing.Methods
Thirty‐six amateur golfers (mean ± SD age: 64 ± 8 years old; 75% male) were randomized into a Dynamic Rotation‐Specific Warm‐up group (n=20), or a Sham Warm‐up group (n=16). X‐Factor and X‐Factor Stretch were measured at baseline and immediately following the warm‐up. Mixed model ANCOVAs were used to determine if a Group*Time interaction existed for each variable with group as the between‐subjects variable and time as the within‐subjects variable.Results
The mixed model ANCOVAs did not reveal a statistically significant group*time interaction for X‐Factor or X‐Factor Stretch. There was not a significant main effect for time for X‐Factor but there was for X‐Factor Stretch. These results indicate that neither group had a significant effect on improving X‐Factor, however performing either warm‐up increased X‐Factor Stretch without significant difference between the two.Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that performing the Dynamic Rotation‐Specific Warm‐up did not increase X‐Factor or X‐Factor Stretch when controlled for age compared to the Sham Warm‐up. Further study is needed to determine the long‐term effects of the Dynamic Rotation‐Specific Warm‐up on performance factors of the golf swing while examining across all ages.Level of Evidence
2b 相似文献7.
Adam R. Marmon Federico Pozzi Ali H. Alnahdi Joseph A. Zeni 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2013,8(6):820-827
Purpose/Background:
Hand‐held dynamometers are commonly used to assess plantarflexor strength during rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of measuring plantarflexion force using a hand‐held dynamometer (HHD) as compared to an electromechanical dynamometer as the gold standard. The hypothesis was that plantarflexor forces obtained using a hand‐held dynamometer would not show absolute agreement with a criterion standard.Design:
Concurrent validity assessment for a diagnostic strength testing device.Setting:
Institutional clinic and research laboratoryParticipants:
Volunteer sample of healthy university students (N=20, 10 women, 10 men; 25.9±4.1 years).Main Outcome Measure(s):
Maximal plantarflexion strength was measured using both a HHD and an electromechanical dynamometer (EMD) as a criterion measure.Results:
Plantarflexor force measures with the HHD were significantly different (p<0.01) and not correlated with plantarflexor forces measured using the EMD for either limb (R2 ≤ 0.09).Conclusions:
Plantarflexor strength measurements acquired using HHD are different from those acquired using an EMD and are likely influenced by the strength of the examiner.Level of Evidence:
Prospective cohort study, level II 相似文献8.
Daniel T. Tarara Eric J. Hegedus Jeffrey B. Taylor 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2014,9(7):874-887
Background:
A new 16‐item physical performance measure screening battery (16‐PPM) was developed in order to expand on established movement based qualitatively scored functional screening batteries to encompass a broader spectrum of quantitatively scored functional constructs such as strength, endurance, and power.Purpose/Hypothesis:
The purpose of this study was quantify the real‐time tests‐retest and expert versus novice interrater reliability of the 16‐PPM screen on a group of physically active college‐aged individuals. The authors'' hypothesized that the test‐retest and interrater reliability of quantitatively‐scored performance measures would be highly correlated (ICC ≥ 0.75) and that qualitatively‐scored movement screening tests would be moderately correlated (Kw = 0.41‐0.60).Study Design:
Cohort reliability studyMethods:
Nineteen (8 males, 11 females) healthy physically active college‐aged students completed the 16‐PPM on two days, one week apart.Results:
The majority of the quantitatively scored components of the 16‐PPMs demonstrated good expert‐novice interrater reliability (ICC > 0.75), while qualitatively scored tests had moderate (Kw = 0.41‐0.60) to substantial (Kw = 0.61‐0.80) agreement. Test‐retest reliability was consistent between raters, with most quantitatively scored PPMs exhibiting superior reliability to the qualitatively scored PPMs.Conclusions:
The 16‐PPM test items showed good test‐retest and interrater reliability. However, results indicate that expert raters may be more reliable than novice raters for qualitatively scored tests. The validity of this 16‐PPM needs to be determined in future studies.Clinical Relevance:
Physical performance screening batteries may be used to help identify individuals at risk for future athletic injury; however, current PPMs that rely on qualitatively scored movement screens have exhibited inconsistent and questionable injury prediction validity. The addition of reliable quantitatively scored PPMs may complement qualitatively scored PPMs to improve the battery''s predictive ability.Level of Evidence:
Level III 相似文献9.
Jupil Ko Adam B. Rosen Cathleen N. Brown 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2015,10(7):1007-1014
Background
The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) is a valid and reliable patient reported outcome used to assess the presence and severity of chronic ankle instability (CAI). The CAIT has been cross‐culturally adapted into other languages for use in non‐English speaking populations. However, there are no valid questionnaires to assess CAI in individuals who speak Korean.Purpose
The purpose of this study was to translate, cross‐culturally adapt, and validate the CAIT, for use in a Korean‐speaking population with CAI.Study Design
Cross‐cultural reliability study.Methods
The CAIT was cross‐culturally adapted into Korean according to accepted guidelines and renamed the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool‐Korean (CAIT‐K). Twenty‐three participants (12 males, 11 females) who were bilingual in English and Korean were recruited and completed the original and adapted versions to assess agreement between versions. An additional 168 national level Korean athletes (106 male, 62 females; age = 20.3 ± 1.1 yrs), who participated in ≥ 90 minutes of physical activity per week, completed the final version of the CAIT‐K twice within 14 days. Their completed questionnaires were assessed for internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity.Results
For bilingual participants, intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) between the CAIT and the CAIT‐K for test‐retest reliability were 0.95 (SEM=1.83) and 0.96 (SEM=1.50) in right and left limbs, respectively. The Cronbach''s alpha coefficients were 0.92 and 0.90 for the CAIT‐K in right and left limbs, respectively. For native Korean speakers, the CAIT‐K had high internal consistency (Cronbach''s α=0.89) and intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1 = 0.94, SEM=1.72), correlation with the physical component score (rho=0.70, p = 0.001) of the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36), and the Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin score was 0.87.Conclusions
The original CAIT was translated, cross‐culturally adapted, and validated from English to Korean. The CAIT‐K appears to be valid and reliable and could be useful in assessing the Korean speaking population with CAI. 相似文献10.
Mark F. Reinking Tricia M. Austin Ann M. Hayes 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2013,8(3):269-276
Purpose/Background:
Exercise‐related leg pain (ERLP) is a common problem in runners. The purposes of this study were to 1) report ERLP occurrence among adult community runners; 2) determine ERLP impact on daily activities; and 3) determine if there is a relationship between ERLP occurrence and selected potential risk factors including sex, age, years of running, ERLP history, body mass index (BMI), orthotic use, menstrual function, and training variables.Methods:
Community runners registered for a local race were invited to complete a questionnaire including demographics and potential risk factors. Analyses of differences (t‐test) and relationships (Chi‐square) were conducted and relative risk (RR) values were calculated.Results:
225 registered runners (105 male, 120 female) participated; 63.6% reported ERLP history, and 35.1% reported ERLP in the 3 months preceding the race with bilateral medial ERLP as the most common presentation. Of the 79 runners who experienced ERLP during the 3 months preceding the race, ERLP caused 41.8% to reduce their running and interfered with walking or stair climbing in < 10%. Chi square analyses showed no significant association of sex, menstrual function, orthotic use, or BMI with ERLP occurrence. Significant associations were observed between ERLP history and ERLP occurrence in the previous year (RR=3.39; 2.54‐4.52 95% CI), and between ERLP in the 3 months preceding the race and both years running and training mileage. Greater ERLP occurrence was observed in runners with less than 3 years experience (RR = 1.53; 1.08‐2.17 95% CI) and runners who ran fewer than 15 miles/week (RR = 1.47; 1.04‐2.08 95% CI). Those runners with < 3 years running experience and a race pace of 9 min/mile or > were at greater risk for ERLP when compared to other participants (RR=1.53; 1.07‐2.18 95% CI).Conclusion:
Interfering ERLP was common among this group of community runners. Risk factors included ERLP history, training mileage < 15 miles/week, and < 3 years running experience. Further investigation is warranted to identify factors which may increase a community runner''s risk of developing ERLP.Level of Evidence:
2b. 相似文献11.
Gray Cook Lee Burton Barbara J. Hoogenboom Michael Voight 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2014,9(4):549-563
Part 1 of this two‐part series (presented in the June issue of IJSPT) provided an introduction to functional movement screening, as well as the history, background, and a summary of the evidence regarding the reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™). Part 1 presented three of the seven fundamental movement patterns that comprise the FMS™, and the specific ordinal grading system from 0‐3, used in the their scoring. Specifics for scoring each test are presented.Part 2 of this series provides a review of the concepts associated with the analysis of fundamental movement as a screening system for functional movement competency. In addition, the four remaining movements of the FMS™, which complement those described in Part 1, will be presented (to complete the total of seven fundamental movements): Shoulder Mobility, the Active Straight Leg Raise, the Trunk Stability Push‐up, and Rotary Stability. The final four patterns are described in detail, and the specifics for scoring each test are presented, as well as the proposed clinical implications for receiving a grade less than a perfect “3”.The intent of this two part series is to present the concepts associated with screening of fundamental movements, whether it is the FMS™ system or a different system devised by another clinician. Such a fundamental screen of the movement system should be incorporated into pre‐participation screening and return to sport testing in order to determine whether an athlete has the essential movements needed to participate in sports activities at a level of minimum competency.Part 2 concludes with a discussion of the evidence related to functional movement screening, myths related to the FMS™, the future of functional movement screening, and the concept of movement as a system.
Level of Evidence:
5 相似文献12.
Nicholas D. Hagen Thomas Olson Peter Millett 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2013,8(1):54-61
Comprehensive Arthroscopic Management (CAM) is a new glenohumeral debridement procedure developed as a joint preserving alternative to total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The procedure consists of several arthroscopic components including: A. scar tissue and chondral debridement, B. synovectomy, C. inferior humeral osteoplasty, D. capsular release, E. axillary nerve decompression, and F. tenodesis of the long head of the biceps. In this case, an active, middle age patient who failed physical therapy treatment and corticosteroid injections was evaluated and diagnosed with glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Anterior‐ posterior (AP) and axillary radiographs showed grade IV changes of the articular cartilage, confirming the diagnosis. The patient was not an ideal candidate for TSA because of her age, activity level, and concern for implant survival; therefore surgical intervention was performed using the CAM procedure. After the surgery, the patient demonstrated increased joint space as shown using radiographic imaging. The patient underwent intensive postoperative rehabilitation with a heavy emphasis on joint range of motion (ROM) and capsular mobility. By eight weeks she achieved 85% active ROM compared to her uninvolved shoulder, and a 55% improvement on the Pennsylvania Shoulder Score. Radiographic imaging provided an understanding of the severity of the arthritic changes present in this patient, identified the limited potential of continued conservative management, and showed structural changes that may be correlated with improved function following the surgical intervention. For patients less than 55 years of age diagnosed with severe glenohumeral osteoarthritis, the CAM procedure and intensive, motion focused therapy presents a promising treatment combination.
Level of Evidence:
IIIb 相似文献13.
Kathleen M. Sullivan Dustin B.J. Silvey Duane C. Button David G. Behm 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2013,8(3):228-236
Background:
Foam rollers are used to mimic myofascial release techniques and have been used by therapists, athletes, and the general public alike to increase range of motion (ROM) and alleviate pressure points. The roller‐massager was designed to serve a similar purpose but is a more portable device that uses the upper body rather than body mass to provide the rolling force.Objectives/Purpose:
A roller massager was used in this study to examine the acute effects on lower extremity ROM and subsequent muscle length performance.Methods:
Seven male and ten female volunteers took part in 4 trials of hamstrings roller‐massager rolling (1 set – 5 seconds, 1 set – 10 seconds, 2 sets – 5 seconds, and 2 sets – 10 seconds) at a constant pressure (13 kgs) and a constant rate (120 bpm). A group of 9 participants (three male, six female) also performed a control testing session with no rolling intervention. A sit and reach test for ROM, along with a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and muscle activation of the hamstrings were measured before and after each session of rolling.Results:
A main effect for testing time (p<0.0001) illustrated that the use of the roller‐massager resulted in a 4.3% increase in ROM. There was a trend (p=0.069) for 10s of rolling duration to increase ROM more than 5s rolling duration. There were no significant changes in MVC force or MVC EMG activity after the rolling intervention.Conclusions:
The use of the roller‐massager had no significant effect on muscle strength, and can provide statistically significant increases in ROM, particularly when used for a longer duration. 相似文献14.
Robert C. Manske Stephanie Lewis Steve Wolff Barbara Smith 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2015,10(6):858-867
Background
Shoulder pain is common in competitive young swimmers. A relationship between shoulder strength and shoulder soreness in competitive young swimmers may indicate need for strengthening.Purpose
To determine if a shoulder exercise program will improve shoulder strength and decrease pain in competitive young swimmers.Study Design
Randomized controlMethods
Participants (10 control, 11 experimental), randomly assigned to a control or experiment group, completed the 12 week program. Strength was measured prior to the study for shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, and extension on the dominant arm using handheld dynamometry. The experimental group was then assigned exercises to be performed three times per week. The control group was instructed not to perform the exercises. All participants were re‐tested at six and twelve weeks following initiation of the study.Results
The changes in strength for each muscle group and pain were compared between groups using a mixed design two‐way ANOVA. The experimental group significantly increased external rotation strength compared to the control group. Shoulder soreness was not significantly different between groups.Conclusion
Adolescents who perform shoulder strengthening significantly increased their external rotation strength compared to adolescents who only participated in a regular swimming regimen. 相似文献15.
Jason S. Scibek Christopher R. Carcia 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2014,9(5):644-656
Background:
Electromagnetic tracking systems have enabled some investigators and clinicians to measure tri‐planar scapular motion; yet, they are not practical and affordable options for all clinicians. Currently, the ability to affordably quantify scapular motion is limited to monitoring only the motion of scapular upward rotation, with use of a digital inclinometer.Hypothesis/Purpose:
The objective of this study was to determine the criterion‐related validity of a modified digital inclinometer when used to measure the motion of scapular anterior‐posterior (AP) tilt.Materials & Methods:
Thirteen volunteers, free from any history of shoulder injury, reported for a single testing session. Each subject underwent a brief shoulder and posture examination in order to confirm the absence of pathology. Subjects actively performed clinically relevant amounts of humeral elevation in the scapular plane while in a seated position. An electromagnetic tracking system (Ascension Technology, Burlington, VT) and a modified inclinometer (Pro 360, Baseline®, Fabrication Enterprises, White Plains, NY) were used to acquire scapular AP tilt over the same shoulder motions. Criterion‐related validity was determined using Pearson Product Moment correlations.Results:
Correlation analyses revealed significant moderate to good associations (r = 0.63 to 0.86, p < 0.01) between scapular AP tilt measures obtained with a digital inclinometer and an electromagnetic tracking system.Conclusions
A modified digital inclinometer is a moderately valid device to use for the quantification of scapular AP tilt. Further study is warranted to establish reliability and to validate use of the device in patients with shoulder injury or pathology. The modified inclinometer expands the clinician''s ability to quantify scapular kinematic motion during the clinical evaluation and rehabilitation process.Level of Evidence:
Level 3 相似文献16.
Camma Damsted Rasmus Oestergaard Nielsen Lars Henrik Larsen 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2015,10(2):147-154
Introduction:
In clinical practice, joint kinematics during running are primarily quantified by two‐dimensional (2D) video recordings and motion‐analysis software. The applicability of this approach depends on the clinicians’ ability to quantify kinematics in a reliable manner. The reliability of quantifying knee‐ and hip angles at foot strike is uninvestigated.Objective:
To investigate the intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability within and between days of clinicians’ ability to quantify the knee‐ and hip angles at foot strike during running.Methods:
Eighteen recreational runners were recorded twice using a clinical 2D video setup during treadmill running. Two blinded raters quantified joint angles on each video twice with freeware motion analysis software (Kinovea 0.8.15)Results:
The range from the lower prediction limit to the upper prediction limit of the 95% prediction interval varied three to eight degrees (within day) and nine to 14 degrees (between day) for the knee angles. Similarly, the hip angles varied three to seven degrees (within day) and nine to 11 degrees (between day).Conclusion:
The intra‐ and inter rater reliability of within and between day quantifications of the knee‐ and hip angle based on a clinical 2D video setup is sufficient to encourage clinicians to keep using 2D motion analysis techniques in clinical practice to quantify the knee‐ and hip angles in healthy runners. However, the interpretation should include critical evaluation of the physical set‐up of the 2D motion analysis system prior to the recordings and conclusions should take measurement variations (3‐8 degrees and 9‐14 degrees for within and between day, respectively) into account.Level of evidence:
3 相似文献17.
The acute anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) poses a challenge to sports medicine providers at all levels and in all settings. This macrotraumatic injury occurs in athletes who participate in a wide variety of sports, most typically as a result of contact or collision mechanisms. Quick and effective relocation of the GHJ is an important skill for on the sideline or on the field management of this type of dislocation when appropriate and allowable by facility protocol. This clinical suggestion describes one possible technique for athlete self‐reduction that may be appropriate in some circumstances. This is in contrast to forcible reduction by the health professional, which is outside of the scope of this clinical commentary.
Level of Evidence:
5 相似文献18.
Michael P. Reiman Amber D. Krier Julie A. Nelson Michael A. Rogers Zachariah O. Stuke Barbara S. Smith 《International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy》2012,7(5):533-539