羊膜覆盖并置管冲洗治疗开放性骨折术后感染

目的：探讨羊膜覆盖、置管冲洗治疗骨折术后急性感染致骨外露的临床效果。方法：对32例不同部位骨折术后的感染灶进行扩创,难以缝合、骨外露者,采用羊膜覆盖皮肤缺损创面,使创面成封闭状态,置管冲洗治疗。结果：冲洗2~3 d后局部组织肿胀及全身高热明显减轻,羊膜变为干性膜状物;5~7 d创面感染控制,羊膜下无排斥反应,创面肉芽新鲜,外露骨无坏死。结论：羊膜覆盖、置管冲洗是治疗骨折术后感染的一种简单有效的方法。     

吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植修复胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面

目的介绍应用吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植修复胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面的新方法。方法26例胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面患者依伤情选择手术时机,5例采用一期吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植覆盖骨外露创面；6例急诊清创术后2周行二期修复；其余15例入院前胫骨远端感染严重,均采用二期肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植覆盖骨外露创面。结果26例中22例术后肌肉瓣及皮片全部成活；2例皮片部分坏死,2例创口延迟愈合,经换药均二期愈合。随访10～24个月(平均18个月),皮片色泽、质地、弹性均良好,无瘢痕挛缩。骨折均已愈合。结论肌肉瓣血运丰富,是修复胫骨远端感染及骨外露创面的理想方法,比较适合覆盖大面积软组织损伤合并骨外露创面和小腿远端慢性窦道及慢性骨髓炎骨外露创面。     

VSD技术在术后创面感染钢板外露中的应用

[目的]探讨四肢骨折术后感染钢板外露的治疗方式.[方法]对因创伤引起的四肢骨折术后感染,造成软组织缺损、钢板外露的患者给予清创、封闭负压引流覆盖创面,待创面清洁并软组织覆盖良好时,行带蒂皮瓣或中厚皮片植皮治疗.[结果]创面肉芽组织生长良好,带蒂皮瓣或中厚皮片全部成活,骨折愈合.术后随访6～12个月修复肢体功能良好,无并发症.[结论] VSD能降低感染风险、减少换药次数、减轻患者疼痛、促进创面修复,是治疗骨折术后创面感染、钢板外露的一种有效方式.     

封闭负压吸引联合组织瓣移植治疗严重感染性骨外露

目的 探讨封闭负压吸引联合组织瓣移植治疗严重感染性骨外露的效果。方法12例感染性骨外露创面先行清创及封闭负压吸引（VSD，商品名维斯第），7～10d后应用组织瓣移位或移植方法覆盖骨外露创面。结果本组12例创面经封闭负压吸引7～10d后，感染得到控制，除骨外露处无肉芽组织生长外，其骨外露周边软组织缺损处均可见新鲜肉芽组织生长，细菌培养阴性，再次手术行游离植皮及组织瓣移植全部一次成活。结论封闭负压吸引可以控制感染、免除换药、刺激肉芽组织生长，为组织瓣移植提供了良好的条件。封闭负压吸引联合组织瓣移植对严重感染性骨外露具有很好的修复效果。     

胶原蛋白海绵治疗小面积骨外露24例

四肢骨折内固定术后软组织坏死感染所致骨外露，临床上常见，大多数采用创面换药、骨皮质钻孔等，待肉芽生长覆盖创面后行植皮或者皮瓣转移等方法治疗，其治疗复杂且不易愈合。自2003年7月～2005年7月，我院采用胶原蛋白海绵治疗该类骨外露患者24例，取得了较满意的疗效，现报告如下。     

跟骨骨折术后皮肤坏死创面的修复

[目的]探讨跟骨骨折术后皮肤坏死创面的修复方法.[方法]19例跟骨骨折术后皮肤坏死,通过远位及局部皮瓣转移方法治疗.[结果]18例I期愈合,1例发生皮缘少部分坏死.经换药后痊愈.远期骨外露消失,皮瓣质地好,无溃疡发生,踝关节功能良好,4例感染病人术后无复发.供区创面均I期愈合.[结论]跟骨骨折钢板内固定术后皮肤坏死并发症出现较多,一部分合并感染,通过远位及局部皮瓣转移方法治疗效果满意.     

穿刺置管冲洗治疗急性化脓性膝关节炎

目的：总结运用套管针穿刺置管闭合冲洗治疗急性化脓性膝关节炎的经验。方法：运用套管针行膝关节闭合穿刺置管，术中彻底清除脓苔及坏死组织，术后抗生素盐水持续冲洗7～9d。结果：运用本法治疗急性化脓性膝关节炎43例，均治愈。经3～6月随访，术后无复发，关节功能全部恢复正常。结论：运用套管针穿刺置管闭合冲洗治疗急性化脓性膝关节炎，方便简单，疗效好，达到与开放手术相同的效果。     

骨盆开放性骨折并右下肢毁损伤术后感染1例

目的：报告1例严重开放性骨盆骨折的成功处理体会。方法开放性骨箍骨折合并股动脉破裂，直肠损伤、前尿道碾挫伤，后期出现严重感染，需敞开创口，加强健侧置管冲洗，加强骶前部引流，加强换药。结果骨盆开放性骨折，右髋离断创面，经敞开引流，半月植皮存活良好，创面愈合良好。结论骨盆开放性骨折，截肢创面，需充分敞开创口，健侧置管冲洗，加强骶前部引流，加强换药，腹前有活力组织右移，并左侧相对健康组织VSD引流、植皮手术后，换取创口愈合。     

严重污染及感染病灶游离植骨术中置管持续冲洗15例

游离植骨在污染或感染伤口常被视为禁忌证。置管持续冲洗是治疗骨关节感染的有效手段 ,从 1987年至 1998年 11年间我们采用置管持续冲洗方法对感染或严重污染伤口进行治疗或预防感染获得良好效果 ,现报告如下 :1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组 15例 ,男 9例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 2 1～ 5 4岁 ,平均 31 5岁。 5例股骨干中下段骨折 ,6例胫骨骨折 ,均为开放性、粉碎性伴广泛软组织损伤及伤口严重污染 ;2例胫骨近端骨巨细胞瘤术后植骨感染 ;1例股骨近端骨纤维异样增殖症植骨术后感染 ;1例股骨干中段骨囊肿切除植骨术后感染。1 2　手术方法　 5例开放性…     

应用带蒂皮瓣、肌皮瓣修复小腿骨外露、骨髓炎创面

目的 解决小腿外伤后皮肤缺损并骨折、骨外露、骨髓炎创面的修复问题。方法 术前行创面分泌物培养 药敏试验，清创，去除坏死的组织及内固定，术后采用敏感抗生素滴注引流。感染控制后，应用带蒂皮瓣、肌皮瓣修复，并继续滴注引流，至感染消失。结果 临床应用11例，10例获得满意效果。结论 应用带蒂皮瓣、肌皮瓣是修复小腿皮肤缺损并骨折、骨外露、骨髓炎创面较好的方法。     

重症急性胰腺炎外科手术的评估

目的：总结近８年来重症胰腺炎的治疗经验。方法：分非手术和手术二组、二组病人均在ＩＣＵ监护和治疗，分析二组病人治疗后的疗效。结果：手术组３３例，死亡１１例（３２．４％），术后出现各种并发症和器官功能衰竭１５例（４４％），平均住院天数８７天。非手术组２０例，死亡２例（１０％），并发症９例（４５％），平均住院３４天。结论：对ＳＡＰ采用早期外科手术的观点应当改变。外科手术在ＳＡＰ中的指片应是梗阻性胆源性胰     

介入超声在治疗暴发性急性胰腺炎中的应用

目的:探讨介入超声用于非手术治疗暴发性急性胰腺炎的可行性.方法: 对1例暴发性急性胰腺炎患者采用介入超声方法在急性反应期经皮腹腔穿刺置管引流和腹腔灌洗,在感染期和残余感染期对胰腺周围积液及积脓经皮穿刺置管引流和冲洗. 结果患者腹胀明显减轻,生命体征迅速改善;坏死感染灶被及时清除,感染得到有效控制;患者经152 d住院治疗后痊愈出院. 结论介入超声治疗的成功应用为非手术治疗暴发性急性胰腺炎提供了经验 .     

股骨远端骨折3种内固定方法疗效评价

目的探讨3种内固定方法治疗股骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法对95例股骨远端骨折患者分别采用加压钢板（16例）、L形髁钢板（20例）、股骨髁上交锁髓内钉（59例）内固定。比较3组内固定的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、骨折愈合时间。结果 95例均获随访,时间5个月~9年。手术时间：股骨交锁髓内钉组短于另两组（P〈0.05、P〈0.01）;术中出血量和术后引流量：股骨交锁髓内钉组均少于另两组（P〈0.01）;骨折愈合时间：股骨交锁髓内钉组（5.2±0.5）个月,L形髁钢板组（9±0.6）个月,加压钢板组（11.3±0.6）个月,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。按Kolm ert功能评定标准,3组优良率分别为：股骨髁上交锁髓内钉组94.9%,L形髁钢板组80%,加压钢板组62.5%。结论采用股骨髁上交锁髓内钉固定方法疗效优于其他两种内固定方法,具有操作简单、出血少、创伤小、锁钉定位准确、固定牢靠、并发症少等优点,是治疗股骨远端骨折较好的内固定方法。     

负压封闭引流技术在骨筋膜室综合征中的应用

目的探讨负压封闭引流技术(Vacuum Sealing Drainage,VSD)在骨筋膜综合征中的应用及其临床效果。方法对11例骨筋膜室综合征患者的18处减张切口采用VSD材料一期覆盖,通过持续负压吸引以及更换VSD材料,使创面能直接拉拢缝合。减张切口位于前臂掌侧以及小腿内外侧,减张后创面面积为26cm×10cm～12cm×6cm。结果 18处创面均直接缝合,11处创面通过1次负压吸引后闭合,5处创面通过2次负压吸引后闭合,2处创面通过3次负压吸引后闭合,负压吸引时间为7～21d,平均13d。1例创面发生感染,经清创及更换VSD材料治疗后愈合。随访3～6个月,切口瘢痕柔软,无肌肉挛缩等并发症。结论负压封闭引流技术可以有效地闭合深筋膜减张切口,操作简便,创面愈合良好。     

Postpneumonectomy empyema. The role of intrathoracic muscle transposition

Forty-five patients (36 male and nine female) were treated for postpneumonectomy empyema. All were initially managed with the first stage of the Clagett procedure (open pleural drainage). In 28 patients with associated bronchopleural fistula the fistula was closed and reinforced with muscle transposition at the time of open drainage. Seven patients had multiple flaps. The serratus anterior muscle was transposed in 28 patients, latissimus dorsi in 11, pectoralis major in four, pectoralis minor in one, and rectus abdominis in one patient. After the fistula was closed and the pleural cavity was clean, the second stage of the Clagett procedure (obliteration of the pleural cavity with antibiotic solution and closure of the open pleural window) was done. The number of operative procedures ranged from 1 to 19 (median 5.0). Length of hospitalization ranged from 4 to 137 days (median 34.0 days). There were six operative deaths (mortality rate 13.3%), none in the patients who had both stages of the Clagett procedure. Follow-up of the 39 operative survivors ranged from 2.1 to 90.2 months (median 21.8 months). Eighty-four percent of patients in whom the Clagett procedure was completed (26/31) had a healed chest wall with no evidence of recurrent infection. The bronchopleural fistula remained closed in 85.7% of patients (24/28). There were 19 late deaths, none related to postpneumonectomy empyema. We conclude that the Clagett procedure remains safe and effective in the management of postpneumonectomy empyema in the absence of bronchopleural fistula and that intrathoracic muscle transposition to reinforce the bronchial stump is an effective procedure in the control of postpneumonectomy-associated bronchopleural fistula.     

Intractable duodenocutaneous fistula after nephrectomy for stone pyonephrosis: report of a case

A 56-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for treatment of right stone pyonephrosis with a perirenal abscess. After right nephrectomy for the pyonephrosis, the patient suffered from post-operative bleeding, which was stopped by closing off the drain tube with a clamp. However, a right retroperitoneal abscess with gas formation developed nine days after the operation, necessitating an operative procedure for drainage. Pus culture revealed Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. Discharge from the drain tube became dark green days after the drainage procedure. Upper gastrointestinal series revealed a duodenal fistula, which could not be closed using a retroperitoneal approach, so the operative wound was left open. Because of the volume of discharge (800-1,400 ml/day), somatostatin analogue, 100 micrograms, was injected subcutaneously twice a day. Discharge decreased by one-half within 2 weeks of the administration of somatostatin analogue. However, the duodenocutaneous fistula had not resolved over a period of 8 months. Since the patient developed acute cholecystitis, both cholecystectomy and closure of the duodenocutaneous fistula were performed transperitoneally. The duodenocutaneous fistula, which was closed with Endo GIA (35 mm), had protruded from a descending portion of the duodenum like the diverticulum. The postoperative course was uneventful. We speculated that the fistula occurred as a result of the inflammation with the abscess formation.     

急性外伤性脑脊液鼻漏、耳漏合并颅内血肿的手术治疗

目的总结颅底骨折所致急性脑脊液鼻漏、耳漏合并颅内血肿的手术治疗效果. 方法对37例患者进行手术治疗,在清除颅内血肿的同时行硬脑膜修补,骨蜡、肌肉组织填塞颅底骨折缝隙、额窦、乳突气房,硬脑膜漏口及颅底骨折均用EC耳脑胶粘合以加固修补. 结果术后33例脑脊液漏一次性治愈;1例鼻漏患者术后15 d漏液,经再次修补治愈;1例颅内感染(脑膜炎),经腰穿鞘内注射噻吗灵治愈;2例直接死于颅脑损伤. 结论急性外伤性脑脊液鼻漏、耳漏合并颅内血肿有手术指征者,血肿清除后应在硬脑膜水平进行漏口修补,同时将颅底骨折缝隙、破裂的额窦、乳突、筛板严密封闭,可有效预防术后颅内感染.     

An audit of results of a no-drainage practice policy after hepatectomy

BACKGROUND: It was hypothesized that routine operative drainage is unnecessary for elective hepatic resection. METHODS: A review was made of the clinical records of patients undergoing liver resection at a tertiary referral hepatobiliary surgery center since the conclusion in April of 1994 of our previous randomized drainage trial. The main outcome measures were operative drainage versus no operative drainage assessed for possible association with diagnoses, extent of hepatectomy, hospital course, and postoperative radiologic percutaneous drainage procedures. RESULTS: Of 1,165 patients, 184 were operatively drained with closed drains according to specific practice criteria and 981 were not subject to operative drainage. Patients who were not operatively drained had length of stay (10.1 days), mortality (2%), and complication rate (34%) comparable with the nondrained patients in the previous randomized trial. Ten percent of these patients required postoperative percutaneous drainage. Patients who were operatively drained were a group who were at higher risk for biliary leakage or infections and consequently had a significantly longer hospital stay, greater mortality, higher complication rate, and required a greater number of percutaneous abdominal drainages. CONCLUSIONS: The 84% of patients not operatively drained had no greater adverse outcome. After hepatic resection, routine drainage of the abdomen is unnecessary.     

24例骨折术后深部感染的原因及对策

目的 探讨骨折术后深部感染的原因、预防和治疗方法。方法 对骨折术后深部感染病灶行扩创后置管闭合灌洗。结果 24例经清创闭合灌洗平均27．5d后，感染均得以控制，效果满意。结论 骨折手术后深部感染原因是多方面的，宜积极预防，早期发现，及时扩创闭合灌洗，遗留肢体功能障碍者留待后期治疗。     

Closed suction or penrose drainage after partial nephrectomy: does it matter?

PURPOSE: Prospective studies in the general surgery literature have shown fewer wound related complications with closed suction drainage than with open passive drainage. Nevertheless, some urologists avoid closed suction drains after partial nephrectomy mainly because of a theoretical increased risk of a prolonged urinary leak or delayed hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 184 patients who underwent 197 consecutive partial nephrectomies at our institution. Closed suction or open passive (Penrose) drainage was used based on surgeon preference. Drain type was compared with duration of use and the incidence of relevant complications. RESULTS: A Penrose drain was used in 37.6% (74 of 197) of partial nephrectomies and a closed suction drain was used in 62.4% (123). Clinical characteristics were equivalent between both groups, including age, body mass index, tumor size (mean 3.1 cm), number of renal tumors excised, estimated blood loss and operative time. There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of drainage between the Penrose group (mean 7.1 days) and the closed suction group (7.8 days). While we found variation in the incidence of relevant complications by drain type, none of these differences was statistically significant. Complications included prolonged urinary drainage in 7.6% of cases (8.9% closed suction, 5.4% Penrose), wound infection or perinephric abscess in 3.6% (2.4% closed suction, 5.4% Penrose) and delayed hemorrhage in 1.5% (2.4% closed suction, 0 Penrose). CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant differences in postoperative morbidity were observed between the use of closed suction or Penrose retroperitoneal drains after partial nephrectomy.