急性鱼藤酮中毒大鼠α-突触核蛋白与酪氨酸羟化酶的表达

目的探讨鱼藤酮中毒大鼠α-突触核蛋白与酪氨酸羟化酶免疫活性的变化。方法采用大鼠背部皮下持续注射小剂量鱼藤酮的方法,观察大鼠运动功能和生物学特征的变化。结果接受鱼藤酮注射的大鼠均出现明显的运动功能障碍,最严重表现是运动不能。大部分大鼠的黑质-纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元数目减少,全部大鼠的黑质细胞内均有α-突触核蛋白的过度表达。结论鱼藤酮中毒大鼠可以产生帕金森病的运动障碍及有关病理生理学特征。     

鱼藤酮致大鼠脑内α-突触核蛋白的表达分布变化

目的 研究鱼藤酮所致的帕金森病大鼠的脑内α-突触核蛋白（α—synuclein,ASN）分布。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分成两组,分别给予鱼藤酮和／或溶剂（对照组）皮下注射,4周后取脑组织,对黑质部位HE染色,光镜下观察Lewy小体形态;对黑质、海马、纹状体等脑区进行酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）、ASN免疫组织化学染色。结果 在对照组大鼠脑内,ASN广泛分布于各脑区,尤其在皮质、纹状体、海马等纤维投射丰富的区域。鱼藤酮处理的大鼠脑中,黑质TH阳性多巴胺能神经元数目减少、纹状体区TH阳性纤维脱失,黑质部位可见Lewy小体样结构;ASN阳性染色在各个脑区均有增强但各个脑区增强程度不一,黑质部位神经元胞浆和胞核内均有ASN明显聚集,纹状体可见ASN聚集围绕在细胞周围。海马部位偶见ASN在胞浆中点状聚集,胞核中无明显改变。结论 在鱼藤酮皮下注射导致的帕金森病大鼠的脑内,ASN在多个脑区中表达增加,而在黑质纹状体部位聚集最为明显,蛋白分布由多巴胺能神经元的突触末端向胞浆和胞核扩展。     

鱼藤酮致大鼠脑内α-突触核蛋白的表达分布变化(英文)

目的研究鱼藤酮所致的帕金森病大鼠的脑内α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein, ASN)分布。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分成两组,分别给予鱼藤酮和/ 或溶剂(对照组)皮下注射,4 周后取脑组织,对黑质部位HE 染色,光镜下观察Lewy小体形态;对黑质、海马、纹状体等脑区进行酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH)、ASN 免疫组织化学染色。结果在对照组大鼠脑内,ASN 广泛分布于各脑区,尤其在皮质、纹状体、海马等纤维投射丰富的区域。鱼藤酮处理的大鼠脑中,黑质TH阳性多巴胺能神经元数目减少、纹状体区TH阳性纤维脱失,黑质部位可见Lewy小体样结构;ASN阳性染色在各个脑区均有增强但各个脑区增强程度不一,黑质部位神经元胞浆和胞核内均有ASN明显聚集,纹状体可见ASN聚集围绕在细胞周围。海马部位偶见ASN在胞浆中点状聚集,胞核中无明显改变。结论在鱼藤酮皮下注射导致的帕金森病大鼠的脑内,ASN在多个脑区中表达增加,而在黑质纹状体部位聚集最为明显,蛋白分布由多巴胺能神经元的突触末端向胞浆和胞核扩展。     

α-硫辛酸对帕金森病大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元的保护作用及其机制探讨

目的观察α-硫辛酸(LA)对鱼藤酮致帕金森(PD)大鼠模型黑质多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。方法健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠背部皮下注射鱼藤酮制备PD大鼠模型,药物治疗组同时给予大鼠腹腔注射LA。采用分光光度法检测大鼠脑内丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),Western blot检测大鼠中脑黑质及纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达变化。结果与对照组相比,鱼藤酮组大鼠纹状体中MDA明显增高(P<0.01)而GSH含量明显降低(P<0.01),TH蛋白在黑质和纹状体与对照组比较明显降低(P<0.05);LA干预后与鱼藤酮组相比MDA明显降低及GSH明显增高(P<0.05),TH蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05)。结论氧化应激在PD发病中起着非常重要的作用,LA能有效减轻PD大鼠脑内氧化应激损伤、保护脑内多巴胺能神经体系,同时改善PD样症状。     

鱼藤酮对大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元损伤的机制研究

目的研究鱼藤酮对大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元的毒性作用机制。方法健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠背部皮下注射鱼藤酮制备帕金森病动物模型。采用免疫细胞化学、透射电镜技术及分光光度法技术检测大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元的损伤及纹状体中氧化应激参数的改变。结果鱼藤酮组大鼠中脑酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫反应阳性神经元数明显少于对照组(P<0.01),纹状体中TH免疫反应强度明显降低(P<0.05),透射电镜可见鱼藤酮组黑质多巴胺能神经元内线粒体损伤,树突变性,其内微粒、微管聚集,同时纹状体发生了明显的氧化损伤。结论氧化应激和超微结构改变是鱼藤酮对大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元损伤的主要发病机制。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗MPTP帕金森病模型小鼠的疗效观察

目的观察重复经颅磁刺激对MPTP帕金森病模型小鼠的治疗效果。方法于雄性C57BL/6J小鼠皮下注射MPTP制备帕金森病动物模型,24 h后进行重复经颅磁刺激(刺激频率1.00 Hz、刺激强度1.00 T、刺激时间25 s/次,共刺激5个序列,1次/d)。Rotarod实验评价小鼠身体协调能力和连续运动能力,免疫组织化学染色观察重复经颅磁刺激前后黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元数目和纹状体区酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经纤维变化,高效液相色谱-电化学法检测重复经颅磁刺激对帕金森病小鼠纹状体多巴胺表达水平的影响。结果重复经颅磁刺激组小鼠停留于旋转杆上的圈数(85.89±3.74)、黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元数目(36.67±3.82)和纹状体多巴胺表达水平(258.70±1.06)均高于单纯帕金森病模型组(59.71±8.33,31.67±3.35,152.35±1.64;均P=0.000)。结论重复经颅磁刺激可改善帕金森病小鼠运动协调能力,保护受损黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元及纹状体区酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经纤维,提高纹状体多巴胺及其代谢产物水平。     

黄芩苷对鱼藤酮致帕金森大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经的保护作用

目的 观察黄芩苷对鱼藤酮致帕金森(PD)大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经的保护作用.方法 Wistar大鼠每日颈、背部皮下注射2mg/ml鱼藤酮葵花油乳化液(2mg/kg/d)3～5周制备鱼藤酮致PD大鼠模型;黄芩苷治疗组造模成功后灌胃4周,防治组与鱼藤酮同步每日灌胃黄芩苷(78rmg/kg/d)9周;大鼠行为变化分6个等级记分,最终统计各组不同分值动物出现的例数、发生百分率及总记分;脑切片黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化染色分析黑质损伤;HPIC法分析纹状体DA含量;分光光度法测定脑组织MDA、GSH、GR的含量.结果 黄芩苷防治PD实验见:(1)黄芩苷组行为学记分动物的百分率、总记分均低于模型组;(2)模型组黑质TH细胞数量呈现大量明显丢失,而黄芩苷防治组没有明显丢失.黄芩苷治疗:PD实验见:(1)模型组停给鱼藤酮30d见纹状体DA显著降低,黄芩苷治疗能阻止这种降低,使纹状体多巴胺保持在正常水平;(2)黄芩苷不能抑制PD大鼠脑组织增加的脂质过氧化反应.结论 行为学、病理学和DA递质的研究均证明黄芩苷防治和治疗给药对鱼藤酮致PD大鼠黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经有保护作用.但黄芩苷不能抑制PD大鼠脑组织增加的脂质过氧化反应.     

TauN368和磷酸化α-synuclein在3种帕金森病动物模型脑区的表达

目的探讨3种不同帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)动物模型黑质、纹状体和海马中磷酸化α-synuclein(S129)[以下简称为p-α-syn(S129)]和天冬酰胺内切酶(asparagine endopeptidase,AEP)特异性切割产生的tauN368片段的表达水平。方法建立慢性1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四羟吡啶(MPTP)诱导的PD小鼠模型(n=10)、鱼藤酮诱导的小鼠PD模型(n=10)以及鱼藤酮诱导的大鼠PD模型(n=10)共3种模型,每种模型均设立对照组(n=10)。采用酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)免疫染色评估不同PD动物模型黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤情况,采用Western blot方法检测各组动物中脑黑质、纹状体、海马p-α-syn(S129)和tauN368的表达。结果 3种PD动物模型中脑黑质致密部TH阳性神经元数目均较对照组明显减少,提示造模成功。Western blot检测结果显示,MPTP诱导的小鼠PD模型黑质、纹状体及海马tauN368表达均较对照组升高(P0.05),黑质和海马p-α-syn(S129)表达无统计学差异(P0.05);鱼藤酮诱导的小鼠PD模型黑质及纹状体p-α-syn(S129)和tauN368表达均较对照组增加(P0.05),而海马p-α-syn(S129)和tauN368表达与对照组比较均未见统计学变化(P0.05);鱼藤酮诱导的大鼠PD模型黑质、纹状体及海马p-α-syn (S129)表达较对照组增加(P0.05),而黑质和海马tauN368的表达无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论鱼藤酮诱导的小鼠PD模型黑质和纹状体同时存在tauN368和p-α-syn(S129)的差异性表达,提示该模型可能是研究PD发病中tauN368和α-synuclein相互作用机制的理想动物模型。     

鱼藤酮致帕金森病大鼠行为学与黑质病理损伤的关系

目的 研究鱼藤酮所致大鼠帕金森病模型行为学变化及与黑质多巴胺能神经损伤的关系.方法 Wistar大鼠每日颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮油乳液(2 mg/kg),按所建立的评分标准记分,有记分即终止给药.中脑黑质病理切片行酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化染色.结果 鱼藤酮用药36 d,96%的大鼠出现行为学改变,记分为1～2分者51%,4～6分者15%,8～10分者30%.约3%不敏感.记2分及以上的动物,黑质细胞缺失显著.从黑质TH染色细胞胞体的形态及突起损伤程度见,随着行为学记分的增加损伤加剧.结论 动物行为变化主要是黑质多巴胺能神经受损和缺失所引起.行为学记分能相应反映黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤程度.     

利福平对鱼藤酮诱导大鼠的抗多巴胺神经元凋亡作用

目的探讨利福平抗鱼藤酮诱导帕金森病大鼠模型多巴胺神经元凋亡的作用。方法给SD大鼠背部皮下注射鱼藤酮1.5 mg/(kg.d)3周使其黑质多巴胺神经元发生凋亡,同时经灌胃给予利福平30 mg/(kg.d)干预,并通过对大鼠中脑切片进行TUNEL及Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3的免疫活性检测以明确利福平抗多巴胺神经元凋亡的作用。结果长期低剂量接触鱼藤酮可诱导SD大鼠中脑黑质部位出现凋亡细胞增加以及Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3的免疫活性的改变(P均<0.01),而应用利福平后可明显减轻这些变化(P均<0.01)。结论利福平具有抗鱼藤酮帕金森病大鼠模型的多巴胺神经元凋亡的作用,且此作用是通过上调Bcl-2和Bax的比值、抑制caspase通路而实现的。     

脑源性神经营养因子基因工程细胞脑内移植治疗帕金森病大鼠的实验研究

目的观察脑源性神经营养因子（ＢＤＮＦ）基因工程成肌细胞脑内纹状体移植对帕金森病大鼠的治疗作用。方法建立逆转录病毒介导的ＢＤＮＦ表达质粒并转染成肌细胞,筛选阳性细胞进行脑内移植。结果基因工程成肌细胞脑内移植可明显提高帕金森病大鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）阳性神经元的存活率,使纹状体多巴胺含量明显增加,动物的旋转行为改善约５０％,并持续２个月之久。结论脑源性神经营养因子基因工程成肌细胞脑内纹状体移植可明显改善动物的旋转行为并可促进黑质神经原的存活,为帕金森病的治疗提供了一种新的有效的治疗方法     

Anchanling reduces pathology in a lactacystin-induced Parkinson’s disease model

A rat model of Parkinson’s disease was induced by injecting lactacystin stereotaxically into the left mesencephalic ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. After rats were intragastrically perfused with Anchanling, a Chinese medicine, mainly composed of magnolol, for 5 weeks, when compared with Parkinson’s disease model rats, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was increased, α-synuclein and ubiquitin expression was decreased, substantia nigra cell apoptosis was reduced, and apomorphine-induced rotational behavior was improved. Results suggested that Anchanling can ameliorate Parkinson’s disease pathology possibly by enhancing degradation activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.     

Effect of stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 axis in neural stem cell transplantation for Parkinson’s disease

Previous studies have shown that neural stem cell transplantation has the potential to treat Parkinson’s disease,but its specific mechanism of action is still unclear.Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor,chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4),are important regulators of cell migration.We speculated that the CXCR4/stromal cell-derived factor 1 axis may be involved in the therapeutic effect of neural stem cell transplantation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.A Parkinson’s disease rat model was injected with 6-hydroxydopamine via the right ascending nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway,and then treated with 5μL of neural stem cell suspension(1.5×104/L)in the right substantia nigra.Rats were intraperitoneally injected once daily for 3 days with 1.25 mL/kg of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 to observe changes after neural stem cell transplantation.Parkinson-like behavior in rats was detected using apomorphine-induced rotation.Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase,CXCR4,and stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the brain.Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,the mRNA expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and CXCR4 in the right substantia nigra were measured.In addition,western blot assays were performed to analyze the protein expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and CXCR4.Our results demonstrated that neural stem cell transplantation noticeably reduced apomorphine-induced rotation,increased the mRNA and protein expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and CXCR4 in the right substantia nigra,and enhanced the immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase,CXCR4,and stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the brain.Injection of AMD3100 inhibited the aforementioned effects.These findings suggest that the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 axis may play a significant role in the therapeutic effect of neural stem cell transplantation in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease.This study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Kunming Medical University,China(approval No.SYXKK2015-0002)on April 1,2014.     

Verbascoside promotes the regeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra

Tyrosine hydroxylase is a key enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Change in tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the nigrostriatal system is closely related to the occurrence and development of Parkinson’s disease. Verbascoside, an extract from Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata has been shown to be clinically effective in treating Parkinson’s disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. It is hypothesized that the effects of verbascoside on Parkinson’s disease are related to tyrosine hydroxylase expression change in the nigrostriatal system. Rat models of Parkinson’s disease were established and verbascoside (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once a day. After 6 weeks of verbascoside treatment, rat rotational behavior was alleviated; tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat right substantia nigra were signiifcantly higher than the Parkinson’s model group. These ifndings suggest that the mechanism by which verbascoside treats Parkinson’s disease is related to the regeneration of tyrosine hy-droxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra.     

Systemic administration of the propargylamine CGP 3466B prevents behavioural and morphological deficits in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions in the substantia nigra

The ability of CGP 3466B to attenuate the behavioural and morphological consequences of experimentally induced cell death was investigated in a recently updated animal model of Parkinson's disease. 6-Hydroxydopamine was infused bilaterally into the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats that were pretreated with desimipramine. Treatment with CGP 3466B (0.0014-1.4 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously) or its solvent was begun 2 h after the 6-OHDA injection, and maintained twice daily for 14 days. After a washout period of 14 days, changes in motor behaviour were evaluated, using the open field test (analysis of normal and abnormal stepping, e.g.) and the paw test (analysis of retraction time of limbs). Changes in learning and memory were evaluated with the help of the Morris water maze task. Following immunocytochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase, the extent of the lesion was quantified using a computerized system. CGP 3466B prevented all deficits produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), though at different doses. It prevented: abnormal stepping (0.0014-0.014 mg/kg); increased forelimb and hindlimb retraction time (0.014-0.14 mg/kg and 0.0014-0.14 mg/kg, respectively); delayed learning (1.4 mg/kg); and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra (0.0014-0.014 mg/kg). CGP 3466B (0.0014-0.14 mg/kg) induced no deficits in sham-treated rats. CGP 3466B (1.4 mg/kg), however, did not show any benefit on motor deficits in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, and induced abnormal movements and decreased the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area of sham-lesioned animals. It is concluded that CGP 3466B prevents all 6-OHDA-induced behavioural and immunocytochemical deficits, though at different doses. CGP 3466B is suggested to be a valuable agent for inhibiting the dopaminergic degeneration in patients with Parkinson's disease.     

X-box-binding protein 1-modified neural stem cells for treatment of Parkinson’s disease

X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells were transplanted into the right lateral ventricles of rats with rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease. The survival capacities and differentiation rates of cells expressing the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase were higher in X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells compared to non-transfected cells. Moreover, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the substantia nigra were significantly increased, α-synuclein expression was decreased, and neurological behaviors were significantly ameliorated in rats following transplantation of X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells. These results indicate that transplantation of X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells can promote stem cell survival and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons, increase dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels, reduce α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, and improve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in rats.     

Parallel relationship between microglial activation and substantia nigra damage in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rat model

BACKGROUND:Inflammatory injury induced by microglial activation plays an important role in the occurrence and development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, few studies have examined the relationship between microglia and substantia nigra damage or dopaminergic neuron loss in animals with rotenone-induced PD. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between activated microglia and loss of the substantia nigra, and the changes in concentration and dose of rotenone in the brain of rats with rotenone-induced ...     

蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导大鼠黑质变性伴包涵体形成

目的 观察蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin诱导大鼠黑质变性伴包涵体形成及运动行为学的改变,探讨蛋白酶体功能下降在帕金森病(PDl发病机制中的作用. 方法 24只SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为kactacystin实验组和生理盐水组.每组12只,Lactacystin实验组将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin立体定向注射人大鼠左侧黑质致密部(SNc).生理盐水组注射等体积生理盐水;观察大鼠自主行为和阿朴吗啡(APO)诱导的旋转行为的改变;Nissl染色法观察SNc病理改变;免疫组化法观察SNc及纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和SNc中α-共核蛋白的表达;透射电镜观察SNc超微结构的改变. 结果 Lactacystin实验组大鼠给药7 d后出现自发性活动减少、动作缓慢、震颤、且症状逐步加重.APO可诱导出向健侧的旋转运动;Nissl染色发现Lactacystin实验组左侧SNc神经元数量减少,尼氏体结构松散;免疫组化结果表明21 d后Lactacystin实验组左侧SNc出现变性,TH免疫阳性神经元数量减少,α-共核蛋白表达增强,纹状体内TH免疫阳性纤维数量减少;电镜观察到蛋白质聚集形成的包涵体. 结论 Lactacystin单侧SNc注射可以诱导大鼠黑质变性伴包涵体形成及大鼠行为改变.蛋白酶体功能下降可能在PD发病机制中起重要作用.     

Gastrodin inhibits neuroinflammation in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model rats

The present study showed that the latency of rats moving on a vertical grid was significantly prolonged,and the number of rats sliding down from the declined plane was increased remarkably,in rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease model rats compared with control rats.The moving latency recovered to normal levels,but the number of slides was significantly increased at 28 days after model establishment.The slope test is a meaningful approach to evaluate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease model rats treated with rotenone.In addition,loss of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurons in model rats was observed at 1 day after the model was established,and continued gradually at 14 and 28 days.The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells was significantly increased in gastrodin-treated rats at 14 days.Significant numbers of activated microglia cells were observed in model rats at 14 and 28 days;treatment of rats with Madopar at 28 days suppressed microglial activation.Treatment of rats with gastrodin or Madopar at 28 days significantly reduced interleukin-1β expression.The loss of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurons paralleled the microglial activation in Parkinson’s disease model rats treated with rotenone.The inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β are involved in the substantia nigral damage.Gastrodin could protect dopaminergic neurons via inhibition of interleukin-1β expression and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra.