血液透析治疗危重急性肾功能衰竭分析

目的探讨血液透析治疗危重急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床疗效。方法对66例危重ARF患者进行血液透析治疗。结果 66例患者中,治愈62例,治愈率为93.94%,死亡4例,病死率为6.06%。结论血液透析疗法是治疗ARF的主要手段,ARF患者早期进行血液透析治疗,有利于减少严重并发症及预防其他脏器功能衰竭、尽早恢复肾功能、提高患者治愈率、降低病死率。     

血液透析一体化治疗急性肾功能衰竭的护理体会

随着血液透析在临床的应用，血液透析治疗各种急性肾衰取得了良好的效果。我院成功地应用以血液透析为主导的综合措施，抢救了各种原因所致急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）。现将近年在我院进行血液透析的40例病人护理体会总结如下。     

小剂量环磷酰胺冲击治疗系统性红斑狼疮值得尝试

利用环磷酰胺（CTX）治疗系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）经历了一个漫长的、逐渐认识的过程。目前，该药在SLE治疗中的作用越来越受到重视，大剂量CTX冲击更成为最主要的治疗方法之一。与此同时，CTX治疗（尤其大剂量冲击）引起的感染、闭经及骨髓抑制等不良反应又使其临床应用受到限制。     

心脏手术后ARF透析时机的选择

急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）是心脏手术后的严重并发症之一。如何把握好透析时机是治疗心脏手术后ARF的关键，直接关系到患者的预后。     

霉酚酸酯与环磷酰胺治疗Ⅳ型伴Ⅴ型狼疮性肾炎的疗效比较

目的：比较霉酚酸酯（MMF）与间断环磷酰胺（CTX）静脉冲击疗法治疗弥漫增生性狼疮性肾炎（Ⅳ）伴膜性病变型（V型）狼疮性肾炎（Ⅳ＋Ⅴ型LN）的临床疗效。方法：2000年1月至2004年1月间在解放军肾脏病研究所对经肾穿刺活检诊断为Ⅳ＋Ⅴ型LN患者43例，比较同期激素联合MMF（MMF组，n=20），与激素联合CTX间断静脉冲击治疗（CTX组，n=23例）的疗效。MMF剂量1．5s／d或2s／d；CTX剂量为0．75～1g／m^2。体表面积，每月静脉滴注一次。除MMF组血清肌酐高于CTX组外，其它基础病情两组相似。比较两组治疗6个月的完全缓解率、部分缓解率。结果：（1）临床缓解率：治疗6个月时MMF组缓解率高于CTX组：完全缓解率分别为20％和4．4％（P〈0、05），部分缓解率分别为60％和34．8％（P〈0．05）。（2）尿蛋白及尿红细胞变化：MMF组尿蛋白完全缓解率（≤0.4S／24h）高于CTX组（20％傩4、4％，P〈0．05），红细胞缓解率也高于CTX组（63％傩50％，P〉0．05）。（3）自身抗体变化：MMF与CTX组患者分别有78．9％及69．6％血清抗-dsDNA转阴，ANA转阴率分别为36.9％和8．7％（P〈0.05）。（4）肾脏病理变化：5例行重复肾活检。MMF组2例达部分缓解，肾小球增生性病变及血管炎性病变消失，上皮侧沉积物未减少，CTX组3例（1例部分缓解，2例无效）仍见增生性病变及袢坏死，2例未缓解者上皮侧沉积物增多。（5）副作用：MMF组并发带状疱疹2例，上呼吸道感染、白细胞减少各1例，CTX组2例并发带状疱疹及细菌性肺炎，4例有明显消化道症状，各有1例并发白细胞减少、肝酶升高和脱发。结论：激素联合MMF治疗Ⅳ＋Ⅴ型狼疮性肾炎6个月的临床缓解率高于CTX，但绝大部分仅获部分缓解，对此类型LN最佳治疗方法仍需进一步临床研究。     

70例急性肾功能衰竭临床分析

目的总结探讨急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的治疗经验。方法对70例ARF患者进行内科综合治疗联合血液净化治疗的方法及效果进行分析。结果所有病例严重并发症得到不同程度纠正，自觉症状缓解，治愈55例（78．5％）；死亡14例（20％），其中12例死于多脏器功能衰竭（MSOF），2例死于感染性休克；1例（1．4％）转为慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF），需长期维持血透治疗。结论积极的内科综合治疗和早期血液充分净化治疗对抢救ARF有意义。     

霉酚酸酯治疗重症系统性红斑狼疮的临床研究

目的 评价霉酚酸酯（MMF）治疗重症系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的有效性和安全性,探讨MMF治疗重症SLE的价值。方法 采用随机对照方法,并选用环磷酰胺（CTX）作为对照。两组共治疗重症SLE 106例,其中MMF组53例,采用激素联合MMF（1．0－1．5g/d)治疗,CTX组53例,采用激素联合CTX冲击治疗。观察指标包括SLE疾病活动性指数、血红蛋白、血小板、24h尿蛋白总量、血清白蛋白、补体C3、血肌酐、抗心磷脂抗体（aCL)、ANA、抗－dsDNA等。结果 治疗3个月时MMF组临床观察指标均明显改善,CTX组只有部分指标明显改善,MMF组提高血红蛋白和血小板、降低尿蛋白和抗－dsDNA的作用强于CTX组。治疗6个月时两组临床观察指标均明显改善（P＜0．01）,MMF组改善程度略高于CTX组（P＞0．05）。不良反应：MMF组胃肠道症状、脱发、感染、白细胞减少、肝功能损害及停经的发生率明显低于CTX组（P＜0．01）。结论 MMF与CTX治疗重症SLE疗效相同,并略优于CTX,MMF起效快于CTX,MMF不良反应显著低于CTX,MMF的风险／效果比率较CTX低,是治疗重症SLE的一个值得应用的免疫干预药物。     

江西省吉安市2001—2008年结核病防治工作进展分析

目的 探讨肺结核患者应用利福平所致急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的原因、特点并提高重视。方法 对天津市海河医院近5年来收治的利福平所致的急性肾功能衰竭8例，在年龄、用药特点、治疗及预后等进行分析。结果病例以老年人为主（6/8例），其中6例既往有应用利福平史，8例患者均在住院后规则应用包括利福平在内的抗结核方案治疗，用药1个月以内出现急性肾功能衰竭。结论 在应用利福平抗结核治疗时应提高警惕，密切观察，注意急性肾衰的发生，特别是老年患者和既往曾经应用过利福平的病人。     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭29例临床与病理分析

目的探讨原发性肾病综合征（PNS）并发急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）患者的临床及其肾穿活检的病理特点及发病机制。方法回顾分析29例PNS并发ARF患者的临床及肾穿活检病理特点、治疗及其预后情况。结果29例患者出现大量蛋白尿及低蛋白血症。血尿素氮、肌酐进行性升高,肾穿活检病理检查提示以微小病变型肾病多见（18例占62．1％）。经治疗后25例肾功能恢复正常。占86．2％。19例临床症状完全缓解,6例部分缓解,4例无效。结论PNS并发ARF常见于微小病变型肾病,部分病例有轻度系膜增生与肾小管损害及间质病变,早期进行综合治疗,预后较好。     

连续肾脏替代疗法在急性肾功能衰竭及多脏器功能衰竭中的临床应用

目的　观察不同年龄组急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)及多脏器功能衰竭 (MOF)时 ,连续肾脏替代疗法 (CR RT)治疗效果及影响预后的因素。方法　 2 6例ARF患者按年龄分为中青年组 8例 ,老年组 9例 ,高龄组 9例 ;应用连续动静脉血液滤过或连续动静脉血液透析滤过 (CAVH或CAVHDF) 11例 ,连续静静脉血液滤过或连续静静脉血液透析滤过 (CVVH或CVVHDF) 15例。结果　CRRT能满意清除尿毒症毒素 ,较快纠正水、电解质、酸碱平衡失调。 3个年龄组病死率无显著差异 ,死亡与器官衰竭数目呈显著负相关 ,3个或 3个以上器官衰竭 ,病死率接近 10 0 %。结论　CRRT在救治少尿型ARF及MOF时 ,不受年龄限制 ,其血流动力学稳定 ,是有效的治疗方法。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.