A case report of extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm with thrombosis

Extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm (PVA) is very rare with only 17 previously reported cases.Methods of treatment include resection,thrombectomy,and portal venous decompression.We report herein the first case of large PVA with thrombosis which has been managed without surgical treatment over a long period.A PVA was detected in a 78-year-old woman by abdominal ultrasonography.Computed tomography revealed an aneurysm of 6 cm in a diameter in the porta hepatis.Portal venography showed obstruction of the portal vein and developed collateral vessels around the aneurysm.Since the patient had no symptoms of portal hypertension,we decided to carefully manage her clinical course without surgical treatment.At present,this patient is healthy and has developed no complications over the 5 years since leaving our hospital.This case suggests that surgical treatment is not required for PVA without portal hypertension.     

A rare anomaly of left renal vein drainage into the left common iliac vein: A case report

IntroductionHerein, we describe a case of sigmoid colon cancer with a rare anomaly of the left renal vein located between the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and the left common iliac artery.Case presentationA 57-year-old woman with sigmoid colon cancer underwent three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for a preoperative assessment; the results revealed a rare variant of the left renal vein. There were two left renal veins: one retroaortically drained into the inferior vena cava, and the other was located between the IMA and the left common iliac artery and drained into the left common iliac vein. Laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy was performed safely while carefully avoiding any injury to the left renal vein located posterior to the IMA.DiscussionSeveral variations of the left renal vein have been reported, such as retroaortic or circumaortic left renal veins. The variants of renal vessels, which are frequently overlooked in the preoperative assessment, is rarely affected in colorectal surgery. However, if the surgeon is unaware of such renal vessel anomalies, an injury can occur, resulting in severe bleeding.ConclusionIt is important that surgeons identify retroperitoneal vessel variants before performing colorectal surgery.     

Surgical treatment of extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm: A case report and review of the literature

A portal vein aneurysm, first reported by Barzilai and Kleckner in 1956, 1 is a rare clinical entity caused by portal hypertension or the malformation of veins. The frequent application of radiological imaging for diagnosis and screening of abdominal disorders accounts for the increasing number of case reports over the past 10 years; however, fewer than 60 cases have been reported in the English language literature to date. Herein we report a woman with an extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm, and present a review of literature relating to etiology, clinical significance and management strategies.     

A case report of venous aneurysm of the neck vein

We treated a 37 year old woman with venous aneurysm along left side of the neck. In the beginning, she was asymptomatic and with increase in size of the venous aneurysm she experienced severe pain. Pathohistological examinations revealed a destructive change of the venous wall and thrombosis. Therefore, in cases of venous aneurysm along the neck, such aneurysm should probably be treated surgically to prevent the occurrence of pulmonary embolism.     

Extra-hepatic portal vein aneurysm: A case report, overview of the literature and suggested management algorithm

INTRODUCTIONPortal venous aneurysms are a rare finding. The reported incidence is on the rise with increasing use of modern imaging techniques in clinical practice. However, there is still much to be elicited regarding their aetiology, natural history, and management.PRESENTATION OF CASEAn 80-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and nausea. Investigations showed a hypoechoic area in the region of the head of pancreas on ultrasound, which was found to be a portal venous aneurysm on CT. In view of her multiple comorbidities, a conservative approach was taken.DISCUSSIONPortal venous aneurysms represent approximately 3% of all venous aneurysms with a reported prevalence of 0.43%. They may be congenital, due to failure of complete regression of the right vitelline vein, or acquired secondary to portal hypertension. The primary presentation of portal vein aneurysm is abdominal pain, followed by incidental detection on imaging, with a minority of patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. Complications of PVA include thrombosis, biliary tract obstruction, inferior vena cava obstruction, and duodenal compression. On the whole PVAs are stable and have a low risk of complications with 88% of patients showing no progression of aneurysm size or complications on subsequent follow up scans.CONCLUSIONWe recommend that portal venous aneurysms be assessed using colour Doppler ultrasonography in the first instance with CT scans reserved for indeterminate cases or symptomatic patients. Due to the slow progression of such aneurysms, surgery is recommended only for symptomatic patients or those with complications secondary to portal venous aneurysms.     

Hypertension due to an aneurysm of the left renal artery in a patient with neurofibromatosis

Arterial lesions in patients with neurofibromatosis are rarely described and in most cases are stenotic. The aneurysmal changes reported in the literature are usually characterized by multiple microaneurysms due to the dysplastic lesions of the artery. We report a case of a single aneurysm of the inferior hilar branch of the left renal artery of a young female with neurofibromatosis. The patient showed hypoperfusion of the renal pole fed by this branch and was hypertensive. The aneurysm had a diameter of 4 cm and showed the histological findings typical of dysplastic lesions of neurofibromatosis. The hypertension and the renal pole hypoperfusion recovered after surgical excision of the aneurysm and end-to-end anastomosis of the hilar branch stumps.     

Natural history and treatment of renal vein thrombosis in children

The general features and problems of renal vein thrombosis in children are first discussed. The records of 11 children with this condition, 7 ill neonates and 4 older children with burns, are then reviewed, indicating the clinical course of the disease, how they were treated, the results, and pathological findings. From this study, the natural history is assembled and a protocol for treatment is proposed. Supportive therapy is necessary in all cases to correct dehydration and sepsis. Many children will develop a consumptive coagulopathy. Others will develop pulmonary emboli associated with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Anticoagulation should be achieved for these two conditions. Nonvisualization of affected renal units upon initial urographic examination virtually assures an atrophic, functionless kidney later. Nephrectomy will be required because of hypertension, persistent infection, and scarring. Thrombectomy may be attempted when bilateral non-visualization on urography is associated with a positive venacavogram.     

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma extending to the left atrium through the inferior pulmonary vein

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma with involvement through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium is very rare. We report the case of a 70-year-old male with metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the right lower lobe of the lung abutting the inferior pulmonary vein with extension to the left atrium without pre-operative evidence. Surgical resection was achieved through a posterolateral thoracotomy. Lung masses that abut the pulmonary veins should prompt further investigation with a pre-operative transoesophageal echocardiogram to minimize unexpected intraoperative findings.     

左肾静脉压迫综合征合并肾小球疾病26例报告

目的探讨彩超诊断左肾静脉压迫综合征的慢性肾脏疾病患者肾组织病理变化和临床特点。方法回顾性分析26例左肾静脉压迫综合征伴肾小球疾病患者的临床病理资料。结果多数病例通过体检发现,部分以活动（或劳累）后出现肉眼血尿、浮肿、泡沫尿、腰酸（或腰痛）以及排尿不适为表现,尿相差显微镜红细胞分类为肾小球源性或混合性血尿,且平卧位即出现尿检异常。临床表现为血尿合并蛋白尿11例,发作性肉眼血尿7例,肾病综合征4例,单纯血尿3例,单纯蛋白尿1例。肾组织病理表现多样化：IgA肾病9例,系膜增生性坚小球病变8例,局灶节段系膜增生性肾炎4例,乙肝病毒相关性肾炎4例,膜性肾病1例。结论左肾静脉压迫综合征合并肾小球疾病在临床上并不少见;其临床及病理均呈现多样性;当临床上遇到左肾静脉综合征不能解释的血尿及蛋白尿时．应积极进行肾活检,避免漏诊而延误病情和治疗。     

左肾静脉下移术治疗左肾静脉压迫综合征(附3例报告)

目的 探讨改进治疗左肾静脉压迫综合征（即胡桃夹综合征-NCS）的手术方法。方珐对3例明确诊断为左肾静脉压迫综合征的患者采用左肾静脉下移与下腔静脉端侧吻合术。结果术中肾动脉阻断时间分别为20min、21min及16min。肉眼血尿消失时间分别在术后第3天、第5天及第4天，镜下血尿消失时间分别在术后第5天、第7天及第6天。随访4—6月，血尿均未复发。结论左肾静脉下移与下腔静脉行端侧吻合治疗左肾静脉压迫综合征，疗效满意。     

Configuration of the extra-renal venous system in relation to the left renal vein: A cadaveric study and new proposed classification

The advent of laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy for renal transplantation has prompted the need to define the precise anatomical relations of the left renal vein (LRV) and its tributaries. The left kidney is preferred as the greater length of the LRV facilitates implantation in the recipient. While previous studies have described variations in the LRV system, the connections between the left ascending lumbar vein (LALV) and LRV tributaries have been less well-defined. This study aims to further characterise the LALV and proposes a novel classification for its relation to other veins.Dissection of the LRV system, including the left suprarenal vein (LSV), left gonadal vein (LGV) and LALV, was performed in 38 cadavers. Their drainage points into the LRV were recorded, and measurements taken of the distances from these points to the junction of the LRV and inferior vena cava (IVC).The position of the LRV in relation to the aorta was anterior in 35 cases (92%), entirely posterior in 1 case (3%), and circumaortic in 2 cases (5%). Duplication of the LSV and LGV occurred in 6 (16%) and 10 (27%) cases respectively. A direct posterior connection between the LALV and LRV was identified in 32 (86%) cases. The drainage point of the LALV into the LRV lay between the IVC and LGV in 8 (25%) cases. In 20 cases (63%), the drainage points of the LALV and LGV were equidistant from the IVC; and in 5 cases (16%), those of the LALV and posterior branch of the LRV were equidistant from the IVC. In these two groups, the vessels shared a confluent trunk in 10 and 4 cases respectively. In 3 cases, connections were observed between all three vessels (LALV, LGV and posterior branch of LRV). No confluence trunk was shared by the LALV and LSV.These results confirm the high incidence of communicating LALVs, which represent a potentially troublesome source of operative bleeding if unrecognised. Confluent venous trunks may also present difficulties during vessel ligation prior to nephrectomy. It is suggested that a novel classification of the relation of the LALV based on these findings may assist in surgical planning and reduce complications.     

Conservative treatment for rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysm

We present a case of an 88-year-old female with a history of tuberculosis, who was transferred to our hospital due to the sudden onset of epigastralgia and back pain. A chest X-ray demonstrated a bilateral shadow of the upper lung, which suggested the history of tuberculosis. A computed tomography scan demonstrated a large amount of hematoma from the neck to mediastinum and leakage of contrast medium around the distal aortic arch. We diagnosed rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysm, and selected conservative treatment. The patient was intubated under sedation and blood pressure was controlled with vasodepressors. The patient was completely off the ventilator after 65 days of disease, and the patient was discharged after 4 months. This is the first successful case of conservative therapy for ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm.     

腹腔镜下左肾静脉外支架固定术治疗左肾静脉压迫综合征的疗效分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜下左肾静脉外支架固定术治疗左肾静脉压迫综合征的临床疗效.方法 左肾静脉压迫综合征患者8例,男5例,女3例.年龄13 ～31岁,平均27岁.血尿病史3 ～46个月,均合并蛋白尿.8例彩色多普勒超声检查:左肾静脉狭窄段内径1.0～3.0 mm,平均2.4mm;扩张段内径5.3 ～ 14.9 mm,平均9.1 mm.扩张段与狭窄段比值均＞3.8例CT三维血管重建检查:左肾静脉受压明显,血流速度0.52 ～1.15 m/s,平均0.75 m/s;腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉夹角9.3.～23.8.,平均18.6°.膀胱镜检查6例,均可见左侧输尿管口喷血.8例均行腹腔镜下左肾静脉外支架固定术治疗,术中将长5～8 cm直径1 cm的带外支撑环的e-PTFE人造血管固定于下腔静脉与肾门之间的左肾静脉外,以抵抗肠系膜上动脉的压迫,减轻肾静脉受压. 结果 8例患者手术顺利.手术时间55 ～140 min,平均63 min.术中出血量10 ～ 30 ml,平均14 ml.术中术后未发生外科并发症.术后恢复顺利,住院5～7 d,平均6d出院.术后随访3～20个月,血尿消失后未复发7例,7例尿常规检查正常.1例仍间断出现镜下血尿.8例彩色多普勒超声复查显示左肾静脉狭窄段内径6.5～8.7 mm,平均7.4 mm;扩张段与狭窄段比值1.1 ～1.4,平均1.3;流速0.23 ～0.42 m/s,平均0.31 m/s;腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉夹角为51°～65°,平均57°. 结论 腹腔镜下人造血管外支架固定术是治疗左肾静脉压迫综合征的一种新术式,术中需暂时阻断肾动脉,无需离断左肾静脉或肠系膜上动脉等血管,设计巧妙,创伤小,恢复快,疗效满意.     

Abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysm presented as lower limb deep vein thrombosis: case report

Abstract

Introduction: We report a rare case of a symptomatic abdominal aneurysm presented as a lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Case presentation: A 63-year old male presented to our hospital with a recent progressive onset of the right lower limb swelling and pain. The patient had a history of a previous cardiovascular disease. A Duplex ultrasound was performed, which confirmed a right lower limb DVT extending to the right iliac vein. The patient had a pulsatile abdominal mass. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed an abdominal aortic and a right iliac artery aneurysm compressing the thrombosed inferior caval and the right iliac vein. The patient was treated with low molecular weight heparin. After resolution of the DVT on day 3 of hospitalization, a surgery on the abdominal and iliac artery aneurysm was performed. The aneurysm was resected and an aortobifemoral bypass was placed using a Dacron prosthesis. The patient remained to be asymptomatic for 6 months after the surgery. Follow up computed tomography demonstrated a fully patent inferior caval and iliac vein and the absence of the aneurysmal disease.

Conclusion: Although rare, our case confirms that the DVT should be considered as a possible symptom of an abdominal aneurysm in selected patients.     

Posterior nutcracker syndrome with left renal vein duplication: An uncommon cause of hematuria

INTRODUCTIONPosterior Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a rare anomaly in which the left renal vein passes behind the aorta which compresses it against the vertebral column, restricting the venous drainage of the left kidney.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 46 year-old lady presented with intermittent painless hematuria for 6 years. Urinalysis showed microscopic hematuria. An abdominal CT scan showed left renal vein duplication with the retroaortic branch trapped between the vertebral column and the aorta at the level of the aortic bifurcation, suggestive of posterior NCS. There were multiple small cortical cysts, sand-like stones in the left kidney and duplication of both right and left renal arteries.DISCUSSIONPosterior NCS in a patient with a duplicated left renal vein may not show all the clinical features of a typical NCS as the elevated pressure due to compression is dissipated through the pre-aortic branch of the duplicated renal vein. CT Angiography can be helpful in such a patient with multiple abnormalities. Management can range from simple surveillance to nephrectomy depending on the symptoms and renocaval pressure gradient.CONCLUSIONAlthough posterior NCS is a rare anomaly of the left renal vein, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of haematuria.     

后腹腔镜下肾切除时肾动静脉的处理

目的介绍后腹腔镜下肾切除过程中处理肾脏血管的经验. 方法 52例后腹腔镜下肾切除,全麻,健侧卧位.腰部3个trocar穿刺入路(2个10 mm,1个5 mm).自制水囊扩张器扩张后腹腔,首先分离肾动脉,尽量远离肾门,分离1～2 cm即可用直线切割器切断,肾静脉同法处理.注意肾动脉、静脉分离时沿纵轴即主干方向游离,否则易撕裂血管. 结果 52例肾动静脉分离切断过程顺利.6例肾动脉为双支动脉,1例为三支动脉.5例肾静脉为双支静脉.1例精索静脉损伤出血改为开放手术.术后无血管并发症. 结论后腹腔镜下直线切割器切断肾动静脉安全、可靠.     

Use of the left renal vein as a practical conduit in superior mesenteric vein reconstruction

PURPOSE: Invasion of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) or superior mesenteric-portal vein (SMPV) confluence, in pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the head and uncinate process, is the most common unexpected finding at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Resection of the SMV or SMPV with reconstruction using autologous and synthetic conduits is well established. We describe the use of the left renal vein as a practical, easy, and durable alternative as an interposition graft after pancreaticoduodenectomy with en bloc segmental resection of the SMV. METHODS AND RESULTS: Involvement of the SMV by a pancreatic mass is resected en bloc with a standard pancreaticoduodenectomy. The left renal vein is then harvested from the junction with the IVC and proximal to the adrenal vein. This is then used as a vein graft for the resected portion of the SMV. DISCUSSION: Complete pancreatic cancer resection with grossly tumor-free margins provides the only chance for long-term cure. Isolated tumor involvement of the SMV or SMPV confluence is not associated with histopathological variables predictive of a poor prognosis and appears to be a function of tumor location rather than an indicator of biological aggressiveness. Recurrence and long-term survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy with and without vein resection are equivalent, provided grossly negative margins are achieved. We describe the use of the left renal vein as a technically feasible, easy, and durable conduit for SMV reconstruction in pancreaticoduodenectomy. After resection of the left renal vein, significant increase in postoperative serum creatinine has not been reported; collateral flow has been confirmed by radiological methods and severe renal dysfunction perioperatively, postoperatively, and during long-term follow-up has not been observed.     

Extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm: Report of a case treated by thrombectomy and aneurysmorrhaphy

Extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm is a rare condition with only 15 cases before ours being reported in the English literature. The etiology is thought to be congenital, secondary to portal hypertension or associated with abnormal weakness of the vein wall. It often presents in conjunction with major gastrointestinal bleeding, but may occur with minimal or no symptoms. Diagnosis is made with color duplex ultrasound, computed tomographic scan, venous phase mesenteric angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or splenoportography. Thrombosis, rupture, and pressure effects are the major complications of portal vein aneurysm. Shunting procedures are recommended in cases with portal hypertension secondary to liver disease. We report the first case treated by thrombectomy and aneurysmorrhaphy with a successful 10 year follow-up. This procedure should be considered to preserve portal vein flow when portal hypertension is absent or is secondary to the aneurysm itself.Presented at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southern California Vascular Surgical Society, September 27–29, 1991, Marina Del Rey, California.     

A conservative approach to a thoracic duct injury caused by left subclavian vein catheterization

Thoracic duct injury is a rare complication of left subclavian vein catheterization. A significant injury could lead to chylothorax, a condition with high mortality rate if not treated. It is diagnosed with lymphography or by laboratory tests of pleural fluid aspirate. A 51 year old Caucasian male with a history of unregulated hypertension presented to our Emergency department (ED) with anginous symptoms and increased serum creatinine level. After the placement of a temporary central venous catheter for hemodialysis in left subclavian vein, he developed lymph leakage on puncture site beside the catheter, at drainage rate of 75 ml/h. In the absence of more serious clinical symptoms, conservative treatment with close patient monitoring and diet changes was chosen, rather than more invasive treatment options.