河南省乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的为了解河南省乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行现状,评价实施乙肝疫苗免疫10年后,人群乙肝病毒(HBV)感染的血清流行病学变动趋势,确定全省乙肝的综合预防控制策略。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,对全省14个县1～85岁人群共5 081人进行了乙肝血清流行病学调查,并用放射免疫(RIA)法检测了乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果河南省调查人群HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别是5.17%、52.66%、21.40%,1～14岁人群HBsAg阳性率3.4%。与1992年病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查结果相比,全人群HBsAg携带率下降53.42%,1～14岁人群HBsAg携带率下降62.7%。结论接种乙肝疫苗是控制人群HBV感染的有效措施,能明显提高抗-HBs阳性率,降低HBsAg携带率,提高人群对HBV的免疫保护能力。     

蓬莱市农村人群乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝病毒感染相关性

目的分析评价乙肝疫苗免疫接种对蓬莱市农村居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染变化的影响。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,对蓬莱市农村1～59岁常住人口共629人进行乙肝血清流行病学调查和乙肝疫苗接种率调查,采用ELISA法检测HB-sAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc等乙肝标志物。结果 629名调查对象HBV感染率为22.26%,HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为2.70%、62.32%、18.44%。乙肝疫苗接种率由1992年以前出生人群的18.89%提高到2002-2006年出生人群的100.00%,HBV感染率由42.11%降为1.31%;有乙肝免疫史的人群HBV感染率和HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率均低于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,抗-HBs阳性率明显高于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,乙肝疫苗保护率为85.63%。结论从1992年使用乙肝疫苗以来,不仅有效的减少了乙肝病毒携带状态,且乙肝疫苗保护率达到较好的效果,进一步说明接种乙肝疫苗可有效防止乙肝病毒的感染。     

新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫接种对儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染流行率的影响

为了观察湘潭市新生儿乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗免疫接种后血清乙肝病毒 (HBV)标志物的变化趋势 ,2 0 0 0年 6月采取整群随机抽样方法对该市市区 1985年 4月～ 1999年 12月出生的新生儿进行横断面调查 ,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)和抗体 (抗 -HBs)及乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 -HBc)。共调查≤ 15岁人群 30 0 5名 ,乙肝疫苗接种率为 95 9% ;各年龄组HBsAg阳性率为 0 5 9%～ 1 83% (平均阳性率为 1 2 0 % ) ,HBV流行率为 2 4 %～ 7 0 %(平均为 4 5 % ) ,均比实施免疫接种前明显下降。全程免疫后 <1岁儿童抗 -HBs阳性率最高 ,此后随着年龄的增长而逐渐降低 ,但 14～ 15岁人群中仍有 33 8%的人其抗 -HBs值 >10 0mIU/ml,且HBV流行率无明显的变化。表明实施大规模新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫接种 ,并保持较高的接种率 ,是控制HBV感染最有效的措施     

长期免疫乙型肝炎疫苗对人群感染乙型肝炎病毒的效果评价

目的探讨乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗长期免疫接种后整体人群乙肝病毒(HBV)感染状况及其变化趋势。方法采用整群抽样结合横断面调查方法,共收集资料完整的调查对象4686名,采集静脉血并分离血清,用固相放射免疫法检测HBV感染标志。结果整体人群平均HBsAg阳性率为7.5%,抗-HBs为44.5%,抗-HBc为47.8%;0～19岁人群HBsAg和抗-HBc阳性率较≥20岁人群显著下降。乙肝疫苗免疫组的HBsAg阳性率为2.8%,抗-HBc阳性率为12.0%,HBV感染率为12.5%,未免疫组分别为10.2%、69.8%和71.2%。男性平均HBsAg阳性率比女性高,抗-HBc和抗-HBs阳性率男女性别间无差异。0～19岁人群的HBsAg阳性率为2.4%,而20～30岁人群阳性率达到13.6%～17.7%,到60岁开始下降;0～19岁人群的抗-HBs阳性率随年龄增长而明显下降,≥20岁人群的抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率均随着年龄增长而呈升高趋势。结论长期开展新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫使人群HBV流行状况发生变化,感染高峰年龄段后移。     

河南省农村18岁以下人群乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及乙型肝炎病毒感染率调查

为了解河南省农村18岁以下人群乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗接种前的基础资料,以便提出相应的预防策略.采用随机抽样的方法,选择了接种前的5个县12个村18岁以下人群3#285人进行了乙肝疫苗接种率及乙肝病毒(HBV)感染率调查,对血清样本检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc).结果乙肝疫苗接种率为24.78%(814/3 285),婴儿乙肝疫苗接种率为22.80%(749/3*!285).接种乙肝疫苗者的HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率明显低于未接种乙肝疫苗者;1992～1998年出生的人群HBV感染率为21.6%,明显低于1984～1991年出生的人群(43.37%);而1980～1983年出生的人群HBV感染率为50.14%.结果表明,提高农村婴儿的乙肝疫苗接种率,是降低HBV感染率的关键.     

广东省乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查研究

目的了解广东省人群乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染现状,评价乙肝疫苗免疫策略的效果。方法采取多阶段随机抽样方法,对全省6县区3 927名1-59岁人群进行乙肝血清流行病学研究,用ELISA方法检测乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙肝表面抗体（抗-HBs）和乙肝核心抗体（抗-HBc）,并调查1-14岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种情况。结果广东省1-59岁人群HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率经标化后分别为15.46%、61.51%、49.46%和66.20%。1-14岁人群HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率明显低于15-59岁人群。1-4岁人群HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率低于5-14岁人群,而抗-HBs阳性率高于5-14岁人群。HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率：男性高于女性,农村高于城市,城市人群抗-HBs阳性率高于农村。1-4岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率为91.90%,全程接种率89.01%,首针及时接种率为58.38%,明显高于5-14岁人群。结论广东省仍是乙肝高流行区;乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫策略效果显著,1-14岁人群HBsAg携带率和HBV感染有不同程度下降,1-4岁下降尤为明显。     

2018年防城港市1～59岁人群乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解防城港市监测点人群乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行状况,为评估"十三五"乙肝防控目标完成情况提供参考。方法采用整群随机抽样,抽取东兴市和上思县各1个行政村1～59岁人群250人,采集血标本,进行乙肝病毒(HBV)血清学标志物检测,并进行血清流行病学分析。结果 500名调查对象中,HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为2.40%、57.80%、20.20%,不同年龄组差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),其中1～14岁人群未检出HBsAg阳性,15～59岁人群HBsAg阳性率5.56%、抗-HBc阳性率42.59%,1～4岁组抗-HBs阳性率最高(69.18%);乙肝疫苗不同免疫规划阶段出生人群的HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论防城港市现阶段的乙肝免疫策略效果良好,<15岁人群HBsAg阳性率已控制在较低水平,≥15岁人群感染率仍较高,有必要在成人中推广乙肝疫苗接种,并对适龄儿童加强免疫,健全乙肝免疫屏障,从而降低防城港市全人群乙肝病毒感染率。     

吉首市2013年人群乙型肝炎血清学标志物检测结果分析

目的了解吉首市人群乙型肝炎( 乙肝) 病毒( HBV) 感染现状,评价乙肝疫苗免疫策略的效果。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,对吉首市1078名1~ 59岁人群血清,用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）检测乙肝表面抗原( HBsAg) 、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc),比较不同年龄、性别人群指标变化。结果吉首市2013年1~ 59岁人群HBsAg阳性率、抗-Hbs阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV 感染率经标化后分别为6.14%、54.6%、11.68% 和12%。1~ 14岁人群HBsAg 阳性率和HBV感染率明显低于15~ 59岁人群。HBsAg 阳性率和HBV感染率：男性高于女性。结论吉首市为乙肝中流行区;乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫策略效果显著;要进一步加强对20~59岁组青壮年人群的乙肝干预措施。     

北京市通州区乙型肝炎病毒感染现况及危险因素研究

了解北京市通州区1~59岁人群乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒感染现况,以分析乙肝病毒感染的危险因素。本研究采用多阶段抽样方法,随机抽取1~59岁常住人口628人,进行血清流行病学调查。用雅培微粒子酶免疫分析法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),HBsAg阳性血清检测乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)和乙肝病毒e抗体(-HBe)。采用SPSS 16.0软件对乙肝病毒感染危险因素进行非条件logistic回归分析。结果显示:通州区1~59岁人群HBsAg阳性率为2.07%(95%CI:0.96%~3.18%),抗-HBs阳性率为42.20%(95%CI:38.33%~46.06%),抗-HBc阳性率为15.44%(95%CI:12.62%~18.27%)。标化阳性率分别为3.85%、40.82%、26.59%。15岁以下人群HBsAg阳性率为0.66%(95%CI:0.25%~1.57%),抗-HBs阳性率为46.71%(95%CI:41.10%~52.31%),抗-HBc阳性率为1.64%(95%CI:0.24%~3.04%)。标化阳性率分别为0.57%、47.97%、1.56%。乙肝疫苗接种率为54.78%,标化接种率为23.99%。15岁以下人群接种率为97.37%。拟合多因素回归分析显示乙肝病毒感染危险因素主要是年龄、家庭有乙肝病毒携带者。北京市通州区乙肝感染已由1992年的中度流行区向低度流行区过渡。由于乙肝疫苗广泛接种,15岁以下青少年乙肝病毒感染呈现低感染高保护的特点。应针对乙肝病毒感染的危险因素开展综合防治措施,做好乙肝防控工作。     

2006年盐城市盐都区部分2～10岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解2～10岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染状况、感染原因及将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理后的效果.[方法]2006年4～6月,对盐城市盐都区4个乡镇1 646名2～10岁儿童进行HBV感染情况血清学调查,并对乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性儿童检测与其父母的DNA同源性.[结果]调查1 646名儿童,HBsAg阳性率为0.67%,乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳性率为72.66%.乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)阳性率为2.19%.抗一HBs阳性率·2～10岁为69.68%～75.41%(P>O.05).11名HBsAg阳性儿童中.8名接种过乙肝疫苗,DNA序列同源性分析,7名感染来自母亲,1名感染来自父亲.[结论]盐都区2～1O岁儿童HBV感染率较低,保护性抗体各年龄段均无下降趋势;HBsAg阳性儿童的感染多来源于垂直感染.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.