河南省戒毒人群AIDS/STD流行病学监测

目的了解河南省戒毒人群艾滋病／性病（AIDS／STD）感染流行状况。方法对戒毒人员进行个人访谈及填写行为监测问卷，分别进行艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒抗体检测。结果1997～2004年间共监测强制戒毒人员2362例，HIV抗体阳性者8例，感染率0．34％；梅毒抗体阳性43例（均为女性），感染率1．82％。8例HIV阳性者中，6例为本省的吸毒者（其中4例有既往供血史），其中1例合并梅毒抗体阳性。2004年对16个省辖市的86190名劳改劳教人员的专题调查中，确认HIV感染者275例，感染率0．32％。其中发现由静脉吸毒感染7例，占检出HIV感染人数的2．55％。结论提示河南省HIV感染人群不再限于有偿供血和受血人群，已出现吸毒和经性行为感染的人群。吸毒人员主要以口吸毒品为主，在艾滋病高流行区，防止HIV传人吸毒人群，切实加强对吸毒人群的教育及行为干预是一项不容忽视的工作。     

有偿献血员中艾滋病病毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒感染状况的研究

目的：探讨有偿献血员艾滋病病毒（HIV）、丙型肝炎（丙肝）病毒（HCV）、乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染的特点，方法：71份HIV阳性献血员及89份HIV阴性献血员的血清，经酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测HCV抗体（抗－HCV）及HBV血清学标志物，比较两组人群的HCV、HBV及HCV／HBV感染情况，结果：HIV阳性献血员的抗－HCIV阳性率为70．49％，乙肝血清学标志物，比较两组人群的HCV、HBV及HCV／HBV感染情况。结果：HIV阳性献血员的抗－HCV阳性率为70．49％，地病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）与抗体（抗－HBs）、乙肝病毒e抗原（HBeAg）与抗体（抗－HBe)、乙肝病毒核心抗体（抗－HBc）和HBV的阳性率分别为8．20％、29．51％、3．28％、44．26％，11．48％、47．54％、1．12％、47．19％、6．74％、47．19％。经统计学分析，两组人群的HCV、HCV／HBV感染率的差异有显著的统计学意义，而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异。结论：与HIV阴性献血员相比，HIV阳性献血员的HCV感染率很高，而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异，对献血员进行HBV检测而未检测HIV、HCV造成的选择偏倚，可能是中国中部一些省份HIV感染者HCV感染率高而HBV感染并不相应增高这一现象的原因之一。     

自贡市美沙酮维持治疗人员HCV、HIV与梅毒感染情况分析

目的分析自贡市美沙酮门诊新入组吸毒人员丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒(TP)感染状况和危险因素,为制定有效的防控措施提供科学依据。方法采取问卷调查方式收集自贡市美沙酮门诊1 108名新入组吸毒人员人口学特征资料,并采集血样进行HCV抗体、HIV抗体和梅毒抗体检测。结果 1 108名吸毒人员HCV抗体阳性952例(85.9%),HIV抗体阳性有156人(14.1%),TP抗体阳性有89人(8.0%),HIV+HCV合并感染151人(13.6%),HCV+TP合并感染85人(7.7%),HCV+HIV+TP合并感染80人(7.2%)。结论自贡市美沙酮门诊吸毒人员HCV、HIV和梅毒感染率较高,HCV感染率明显高于HIV和梅毒感染率,女性梅毒感染明显高于男性,二重及三重感染率也较高。应该加强吸毒人群对HCV、HIV和梅毒等感染性疾病的宣传教育和社会干预以及大力推广使用安全套等措施来降低此类疾病在这类人群中的传播风险。     

乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群 HIV HBV HCV梅毒感染状况调查

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群中不同民族艾滋病病毒(HIV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒感染状况及吸毒方式。方法 对吸毒人员发放统一的调查问卷进行匿名调查，并采集静脉血进行HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒血清学检测。结果 347名吸毒人员中，抗-HIV阳性51例，阳性率为14．70％。抗-HIV阳性者中，96．08％为静脉吸毒者；其中维吾尔族45例(88．24％)，汉族4例，回族2例，均为新疆维吾尔自治区人。汉族与维吾尔族吸毒方式有差别，维吾尔族145人，注射吸毒占41．38％，口吸占10．34％；汉族140人，口吸占45．00％，注射吸毒占15．71％。结论 针对民族特点有的放矢进行疾病预防干预活动。     

有偿献血员中艾滋病病毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒感染状况的研究

目的 探讨有偿献血员艾滋病病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎(丙肝)病毒(HCV)、乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)感染的特点。方法61份HIV阳性献血员及89份HIV阴性献血员的血清,经酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HCV抗体(抗-HCV)及HBV血清学标志物,比较两组人群的HCV、HBV及HCV/HBV感染情况。结果HIV阳性献血员的抗-HCV阳性率为70.49％。乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)与抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)与抗体(抗-HBe)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)和HBV的阳性率分别为8.20％、29.51％、3.28％、44.26％、11.4896、47.54％;而HIV阴性献血员的抗-HCV阳性率为19.10％,HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc、HBV的阳性率分别为2.25％、38.20％、1.12％、47.19％、6.74％、47.19％。经统计学分析,两组人群的HCV、HCV/HBV感染率的差异有显著的统计学意义,而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异。结论 与HIV阴性献血员相比。HIV阳性献血员的HCV感染率很高,而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异。对献血员进行HBV检测而未检测HIV、HCV造成的选择偏倚,可能是中国中部一些省份HIV感染者HCV感染率高而HBV感染并不相应增高这一现象的原因之一。     

陕西省外出务工返乡人员HIV和梅毒感染状况及相关行为调查

目的 了解和掌握陕西省外出务工返乡人群中艾滋病病毒（HIV）和梅毒感染现状及相关行为，为制定外出务工人员艾滋病预防控制措施提供决策依据。方法 采用统一调查表，对外出务工返乡人员进行艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为调查，并采集静脉血标本进行HIV和梅毒感染检测。结果 2753名外出务工返乡人员对艾滋病三种传播途径都回答正确的占22．8％，对艾滋病非传播途径完全回答正确的占57．5％，但能将艾滋病的传播途径和非传播途径同时正确回答的仅占14．2％。外出务工时间超过6个月的占96．6％；省际间流动务工者为87．3％，经常在外打工人员为65．6％。此次调查HIV抗体阳性检出率为0．7‰，梅毒检出率为0．4％。结论 陕西省外出务工人员对艾滋病相关知识的知晓率较低，在艾滋病低发地区，加强外出务工流动人群艾滋病防制及健康教育工作值得重视。     

哈尔滨市特殊人群梅毒艾滋病血清学监测分析

目的 了解哈尔滨市服刑人群、劳教人员、羁押人员梅毒、艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况。方法 对调查对象进行询问调查后，采静脉血检测梅毒、抗-HIV。结果 检测1942名特殊人群梅毒、抗-HIV，检出感染梅毒34人，检出率为1．75％；检出HIV感染1人。检出率为0．05％。结论 特殊人群不仅是犯罪人员，也是梅毒、HIV感染高发人群。今后对公安部门羁押人员投放前应进行全面的性病、艾滋病检查，定期监测并及时治疗。这样做对控制性病、艾滋病传播具有重要意义。     

深圳市罗湖区劳教人员HIV梅毒HBV检测结果分析

目的了解深圳市罗湖区劳教人员艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒及乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）的感染情况。方法采集2010-2012年间劳教人员的血样,检测HIV、梅毒和乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）。分析不同年份间各病原体感染率的变化差异,并比较其与以往文献报道的特殊人群间感染率的差异。结果2010年和2011年,罗湖区劳教人员的HIV感染率分别为0．11％和0．09％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;2010—2012年,罗湖区劳教人员各年的梅毒和HBV感染率分别为1．15％、1．74％、2．66％和16．49％、13．37％、14．19％,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与文献报道的特殊人群比较,罗湖区劳教人群的HIV和梅毒感染率均显著低于吸毒人群和男男性行为人群（P〈0．05）。结论深圳市罗湖区第一劳教所特殊人群HIV、梅毒和HBV感染率基本维持在稳定水平,且显著低于吸毒人群和男男性行为人群,提示深圳市罗湖区劳教人员HIV、梅毒和HBV感染均控制在较低水平。     

监管场所新入羁押人员HIV感染调查

目的分析监管场所新入羁押人员HIV感染情况及高危行为,为高危人群干预工作提供科学依据。方法对2013—2015年新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州(巴州)各监管场所新入羁押人员进行HIV抗体检测及行为学问卷调查,HIV抗体初筛、复检均采用ELISA法,确诊试验采用免疫印迹法(WB),数据用Spss 19.0软件分析。结果 2013—2015年共监测6 920名新入羁押人员,其中男性6 506人、占94.00%,女性414人、占6.00%,20岁~组最多2 654人、占38.40%,未婚最多2 918人、占42.20%;检测出HIV抗体阳性43例;男性羁押人员HIV抗体阳性检出率0.58%,女性阳性检出率1.21%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.45,P0.05);30岁~组监测1 862人、阳性检出率较高(1.02%),20岁以下组监测310人、阳性检出率最低(0.00),不同年龄组差异无统计学意义(χ~2=8.355,P0.05);高危行为监测仅静脉注射吸毒236人、阳性检出率最高(10.59%),监测无静脉注射吸毒且无性乱6 040人、阳性检出率最低(0.08%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=431.163 5,P0.05);男性羁押人员发生高危行为440人、发生率6.36%,女性羁押人员发生高危行为16人、发生率0.23%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.311 6,P0.05)。结论巴州监管场所羁押人员HIV抗体阳性检出率高于新疆普通人群,静脉注射吸毒是监管场所羁押人员HIV传播的主要危险因素,应加强对监管场所羁押人员的艾滋病综合干预工作力度。     

住院患者129527例HIV抗体检测结果分析

目的分析住院患者人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体检测结果,了解HIV在本地区住院人群中流行情况,为完善医院HIV检测咨询工作提供依据。方法对2013-01~2015-12该院住院患者的HIV抗体检测结果进行分析,所有检测标本均经过该院HIV初筛实验室筛检,阳性和不确定标本送商丘市疾病预防控制中心复检确证。结果共129 527例住院患者进行了HIV抗体检测,其中男61 433例,阳性31例(0.05%),女68 094例,阳性20例(0.03%),男女间阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2013年、2014年、2015年阳性率分别为0.06%、0.03%、0.04%,3年的阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。三年中男性阳性率差异和女性阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。各年龄组住院患者中以41~50岁组阳性率最高。51例HIV阳性住院患者分布在17个临床科室,内科30例,外科10例,重症监护病房3例,急诊科3例,产科1例,新生儿科2例,儿科2例;住院治疗原因很多,以呼吸系统疾病最多;17例合并感染丙型肝炎病毒(HCV),8例合并感染梅毒,1例合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和梅毒,女性出现合并感染的比例高于男性。结论该院住院患者中男性和女性之间的HIV抗体阳性率无差异,不同年份HIV阳性率无明显变化,41~50岁组阳性率高于其他年龄组;HIV抗体阳性住院患者涉及科室较多,住院原因复杂,合并感染HCV、梅毒、HBV的比例高,应完善住院患者HIV筛检工作。     

HIV and syphilis in young Chinese adults: implications for spread

Our objective was to explore the epidemiology of HIV and syphilis at population level in young Chinese adults. The study was carried out in six areas of three Chinese provinces: Zhejiang, Yunnan and Shaanxi. All couples attending the compulsory premarital examination were recruited. Routinely taken blood was collected onto filter paper. Tests for HIV and syphilis used modified particle agglutination techniques. In all, 17,226 individuals were tested. There were no HIV infections in Zhejiang or Shaanxi. In Yunnan, there were 28 positives: 0.75% (95% confidence interval: 0.5, 1.1), with 22 (78%) in men and 16 (57%) in known high-risk individuals. Syphilis prevalence ranged from 0.33% to 0.71% across study sites, with 58% in men. Although syphilis levels suggest that unsafe sexual activity is occurring in all areas, HIV is not yet affecting the general population of Zhejiang or Shaanxi. The epidemic in Yunnan is being driven by injecting drug users, but there may now be transmission in the general population.     

2001-2009年中国男男性行为人群行为学特征

目的了解中国大陆及港澳台地区MSM的行为学特征。方法收集和分析2002至2010年公开发表的相关文献。结果近六个月无保护性肛交(UAI)中位数达63.8%,HIV感染率与梅毒感染率呈正相关。结论中国MSM人群中无保护行为普遍存在。     

Potential Bridges for HIV Infection to Men Who Have Sex With Men in Guangzhou,China

To assess the potential for HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou, China, we conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, face-to-face survey of MSM in the metropolitan area of Guangzhou, China. As a pilot recruitment for a cohort study, participants were recruited by convenience sampling through newspaper and television advertising, website information, and respondent referral. Blood samples were tested for HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and syphilis. Client-centered HIV and STD counseling was provided.A total of 201 MSM were interviewed and 200 blood samples were tested. The prevalence of HIV antibody was 0% (97.5% CI 0–1.8%); 17.5% of MSM were HBV surface antigen positive; 1.0% had HCV antibodies; 10.5% had antibodies to syphilis. Syphilis seropositivity was associated with sex with a foreign MSM in the last six months and 10.4% reported sex with a foreign MSM overall. The majority (54.7%) reported unprotected anal sex with other men. Nearly one-third (31.8%) had regular female partners; 25.9% were currently married to a woman; 6% had casual female partners; 4.5% had sex with a female sex worker; 4.5% had sex with a male sex worker; and 12.9% had unprotected vaginal sex and unprotected anal sex with a man in the past six months. Only one MSM reported injection drug use (0.5%). The currently low prevalence of HIV but high level of unprotected anal sex, high prevalence of syphilis infection, and sexual networks that include foreign MSM point to a transient window for HIV prevention among MSM in Guangzhou. We recognize challenges to recruiting a representative sample of MSM and retaining them in longitudinal cohort studies.     

北京市上地医院流动人口孕产妇中4种传染病的流行病学调查

目的 调查北京市上地医院流动人口孕产妇中HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒感染情况,为有效阻断母婴传播提供依据.方法 对2007-2010年到上地医院就诊的26 819例流动人口孕产妇的血清进行HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果 26 819例中,HBsAg阳性率为1.70％,抗HCV阳性率为0.03％,HIV抗体阳性率为0.01％,梅毒感染率为0.15％.结论 揭示了北京市流动人口孕产妇中HBV、HCV、HIV、梅毒感染血清流行病学特征.建议孕产妇进行HBV、HCV、HIV、梅毒血清学检查,早发现、早治疗,阻断母婴传播,以利于优生优育.     

HIV/STI co-infections, syphilis incidence, and hepatitis B vaccination: the Buenos Aires cohort of men who have sex with men

In a previous cohort study among 327 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Buenos Aires, an HIV incidence rate of 3.9 per 100 persons-year was reported. Using data from this study, we determined: (a) HIV/STI co-infections; (b) clinical manifestations of incident HIV infections; (c) syphilis incidence and its associated risk factors; and (d) adherence and immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine. During the cohort study, 12 incident HIV infections were found. Within this group, HIV infection alone was most frequent (42%), followed by co-infection of HIV/HBV (33%), and triple co-infection of HIV/HBV/syphilis (25%). The most frequent clinical manifestations among incident HIV cases were: pharyngitis, fever, lymphadenopathy, asthenia, and myalgia. Seven new syphilis infections were detected yielding an incidence rate of 2.4 (95% CI=1.07 - 4.73) per 100 persons-year. Sex work was the only significant risk factor associated with syphilis seroconversion (hazard rate=10.93, p-value=0.033). Only 7% of cohort participants reported having received HBV vaccine. Ninety-percent of the 204 cohort members who agreed to be vaccinated completed the HBV vaccination schedule with an immune response rate of 85%. Our findings suggest the need to increase the access to serologic testing for STI and HBV immunization, as well as the developing of effective HIV/STI behavioral and educational prevention programs among MSM in Buenos Aires.     

Hepatitis D virus superinfection remains a rare occurrence in non-drug abusers in Hong Kong.

Recent studies from Taiwan reported an increased prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) superinfection as well as a spread of HDV infection to non-drug abusers. We examined the current prevalence of HDV superinfection in Hong Kong by testing sera from a large cohort of patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, collected between January 1988 and December 1990, for IgG antibody to HDV (anti-HDV). Anti-HDV was detected in 13 (93%) of 14 parenteral drug abusers who had HBV-related chronic liver disease. However, anti-HDV was detected in only one (0.15%) of 664 non-drug abusers who had chronic HBV infection and none of 31% patients with acute hepatitis B. We concluded that HDV superinfection remains a rare occurrence in non-drug abusers in Hong Kong.     

Mumbai disease in far western Nepal: HIV infection and syphilis among male migrant-returnees and non-migrants

OBJECTIVE: To measure the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and syphilis, and to assess the behavioural risk factors for these infections among migrant-returnees and non-migrants in far western Nepal. METHODS: In April 2001, we recruited 97 male migrant-returnees and 40 non-migrants from five rural villages in Doti district where migration to Mumbai is common. For data collection, we conducted a serological examination for HIV and syphilis, and a perception and behaviour survey on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. RESULTS: We found that 11 of 137 men (8%) were positive for HIV infection and 30 men (22%) for syphilis. The respondents, especially the migrant-returnees from Mumbai, were engaging in risky behaviours such as pre- or extramarital sex, and sex with multiple partners, including sex workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed high HIV and syphilis prevalence among the male migrant-returnees and non-migrants in far western Nepal where migration to Mumbai is common. The prevalent behaviours, particularly among the migrant-returnees, imply urgent needs of the behavioural modification programme in this area to prevent the spread of HIV infection to general population.     

Unprotected anal intercourse behavior and intention among male sex workers in Shenzhen serving cross-boundary male clients coming from Hong Kong, China - prevalence and associated factors

The HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China is becoming very serious. Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among MSM during cross-boundary commercial sex spread HIV across geographic areas. This study interviewed 186 Chinese male sex workers (MSW) in Shenzhen, China, serving cross-boundary Hong Kong male clients; 49.5% had had UAI with their Hong Kong male clients (last six months) and 24.2% intended to do so (future six months). Multivariate analyses showed that perceived efficacy of condom use for HIV prevention, perceived prevalence of HIV among Hong Kong MSM (>4%), and perceived ability to convince Hong Kong male clients to use condoms during anal sex were associated with lower likelihoods of UAI with such clients (OR = 0.04-0.09); the reverse was true for those who left the decision of condom use to their Hong Kong male clients (OR = 6.44). Perceived condom efficacy, self-efficacy in protection against HIV infection, and perceived control over condom use were associated with an intention for UAI (OR = 0.06-80.44). Adjusting for background variables, the scales representing contextual (Clients Characteristics, Substance Use, or Environmental Influences) and affective factors (Fear of Diseases) were associated with UAI (adjusted OR = 0.44-32.61). Except the Fear of Diseases scale, other scales were associated with an intention for UAI (adjusted OR = 4.59-43.32). MSW are at high risk of HIV transmission. Various factors are associated with UAI with male cross-boundary clients; these factors and the context of sex work need to be considered when designing HIV prevention programs.     

Infection by Clonorchis sinensis in Asian immigrants in Brazil. Treatment with praziquantel

Fifteen adult patients with assymptomatic infection due to Clonorchis sinensis, diagnosed by coprological examination, were studied. They all came from Asia (twelve from Taiwan, two from South Korea and one from Hong Kong) and were examined at the Adolfo Lutz Institute and the Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of S?o Paulo, in S?o Paulo, Brazil. Six patients were women and nine men. All studied patients were admitted to hospital and treated with praziquantel (60 mg/kg). Previous to treatment and on the 15th, 30th and 60th days after praziquantel administration, patients were submitted to quantitative stool examinations, according to Kato-Katz's technique and to hematological and biochemical serum analysis. After a 60 day follow-up nine patients (60%) were negative for C. sinensis eggs in stools. Those not cured after praziquantel administration (six patients, 40%) revealed a sharp decline in faecal elimination of C. sinensis eggs.     

Temporal trend and factors associated with late HIV diagnosis in Hong Kong, a low HIV prevalence locality

We studied the temporal trend of late HIV diagnosis and its determinants in Hong Kong. Three surrogate markers were used to proxy late diagnosis: AIDS within 3 months of HIV diagnosis, CD4 < 200/microL at HIV, and diagnosis at hospital. From 1984 to 2000, 1530 nonperinatal HIV infections and 495 patients with AIDS were reported. Overall, 23.9% to 52.1% of the patients were late presenters according to the three surrogates. There was no improvement in late diagnosis in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era (1997-2000) compared to the pre-HAART era (1984-1996). Gender, ethnicity, age, and HIV exposure category were significant factors of late diagnosis on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, a lower risk of late diagnosis per all 3 surrogates was observed in men having sex with men (ranges of adjusted odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.67 [0.21-0.91]) whereas the reverse was found for patients 35 years of age or older (ranges of adjusted ORs [95% CI], 1.62-2.80 [1.30-3.60]). In addition, male gender and Chinese ethnicity were associated with higher chance of having CD4 < 200/microL at HIV. The persistent trend of late HIV diagnosis in Hong Kong deserves attention. Strategies targeting infected people to enhance early HIV testing are needed, especially for those with risk factors of late diagnosis.