双支架（覆膜）治疗食管胃胸内吻合口瘘

目的：探讨双（覆膜）支架治疗食管-胃胸内吻合口瘘的疗效及操作方法。方法：回顾分析9例接受覆膜支架治疗食管-胃胸内吻合口瘘患者的临床资料。结果：9例患者,共植入9个双喇叭口自膨式镍钛记忆合金覆膜食管支架和8个覆膜针织支架。8例植入双支架的患者瘘口均达到完全封堵,另1例患者只放置1个覆膜食管支架的,术后1周造影发现经支架上口边缘仍有少许对比剂进入瘘口,给予保守治疗瘘口愈合。术后有5例患者出现胸骨后隐痛,1周后自动缓解。结论：双覆膜支架能完全封堵瘘口,安全有效。     

食管癌术后吻合口瘘的影像表现与临床处理

目的探讨食管胃吻合口瘘的不同影像表现在介入治疗中的价值。方法对68例食管癌术后食管-胃吻合口瘘患者,根据吻合口瘘发生的时间、瘘口部位及周围脓腔大小,采用透视下经鼻腔置入胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管,再择期置入食管内支架封堵瘘口的治疗方法。结果经鼻腔置入胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管位置合适。经复查治愈40例,治愈率58.5%(40/68)。28例支架置人治疗吻合口瘘中6例置入7枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架,22例置入24枚编织型双喇叭覆膜内支架,技术操作全部成功,脓腔愈合后将引流管拔出。随访期间25例支架封堵瘘口完全,治愈率89.3%(25/28)。4例3个月后支架上缘再狭窄,再次置入新支架;1例支架置入2个月后因反流性食管炎而取出支架。2例1个月后发生大出血死亡;1例于术后3个月死于严重肺部感染。结论食管癌术后吻合口瘘的治疗,应根据影像表现的不同,采用脓腔及时、有效的引流,空肠营养管及胃减压管置入,择期食管内支架置入等介入治疗手段,安全、有效、经济。     

个体化全覆膜支架封堵食管-胃吻合口瘘、胸腔胃-气道瘘、化学灼伤后食管瘘

目的探讨个体化可取式覆膜支架,封堵食管-胃连接部吻合口瘘和胸腔胃-主支气管瘘及化学灼伤后食管瘘的治疗方法及临床价值。方法667例上消化道良、恶性病变支架植入病例中,食管-胃吻合口瘘63例,胸腔胃－气道瘘11例,化学灼伤后食管瘘17例。瘘口直径0．5～2cm。瘘口部位：食管－胃颈部吻合口瘘7例,食管－胃胸腔内吻合口瘘33例,食管－胃膈下吻合口瘘23例;胸腔胃－右主支气管瘘9例,胸腔胃－气管隆突瘘2例;化学灼伤后食管上段瘘3例,中段瘘9例,下段瘘5例。均在DSA透视下经口腔植入支架,依据残胃大小及瘘口位置,选定下端为大喇叭口径可取式覆膜支架63枚;气管-支气管分叉型全覆膜支架11枚;全覆硅胶膜长管状“Z”型支架18枚。结果63例食管-胃吻合口瘘及11例胸腔胃-气道瘘和17例化学灼伤后食管瘘,共植入支架92枚。支架植入后分别于2、7、12、17、22、30d,口服碘水DSA下透视检查,所有病例均堵瘘成功。支架取出无一例消化道出血、食管破裂、瘘口复发等并发症出现。结论设计个体化可取式覆膜支架,封堵食管-胃连接部吻合口瘘和胸腔胃-气道瘘及化学灼伤后食管瘘临床疗效肯定,具有临床推广应用价值。     

食管内支架应用技术

目的：探讨金属内支架对于治疗食管病变的应用技术及临床疗效。材料与方法：采用ｓｔｅｎｔ技术对５３例食管病变施行了食管内支架置入术。其中食管良性狭窄４例，术后吻合口狭窄１８例，恶性狭窄２５例，癌性食管－气管瘘６例，结果：记忆合金支架在食管内全部释放成功。良恶性狭窄病人术后即可进食，食管－气管瘘的病人术后瘘口堵塞成功，肺部感染得以控制。结论：食管内支架置入术对于治疗食管良性病变疗效显著、安全可靠、值得推     

设计不同形状覆膜支架封堵食管-胃吻合瘘及食管化学灼伤后瘘

目的探讨不同形状可取式覆膜支架封堵各类食管瘘的治疗方法及临床价值。方法本组共50例,其中外科手术后食管-胃吻合口瘘43例,食管化学灼伤后瘘7例。瘘口直径0.5～2cm。瘘口部位:食管-胃颈部吻合口瘘7例,食管-胃胸腔内吻合口瘘23例,食管-胃膈下吻合口瘘13例;食管化学灼伤后上段瘘2例,中段瘘3例,下段瘘2例。均在DSA透视下经口腔植入支架,依据残胃大小及瘘口位置,选定下端为大喇叭口径可取式覆膜支架,全覆硅胶膜长管状“Z”型支架或覆膜记忆合金网状长管状支架。结果50例患者共植入支架56枚。支架植入后分别于2、7、12、17、22、30d,口服碘水透视检查,所有病例均堵瘘成功,且无并发症出现。结论设计不同形状可取式覆膜支架封堵各类食管瘘的临床疗效肯定。     

双倒Y型气道覆膜内支架治疗胸腔胃-右主支气管瘘的疗效观察

目的：评估双倒 Y 型气道覆膜内支架置入治疗胸腔胃-右主支气管瘘的疗效。方法回顾性分析15例胸腔胃-右主支气管瘘,所有患者均因食管癌行食管切除并胸腔胃食管吻合,术后有放射治疗史,瘘口均临近右上叶支气管开口。根据患者气管支气管正常管径的直径和长度,个体化设计出大小2枚倒 Y 型气道覆膜内支架,并于 X 线透视下置入支架,观察患者瘘口封堵情况,临床症状改善情况。结果所有胸腔胃-右主支气管瘘患者行双倒 Y 型气道覆膜内支架置入治疗,操作均一次性成功,瘘口封堵完全,能顺利进食,卧位呛咳症状消失,未出现气道出血、气胸等并发症。结论双倒 Y 型气道覆膜内支架置入治疗胸腔胃-右主支气管瘘技术可行,疗效肯定。     

经胃镜置鼻空肠管或支架在治疗食管吻合口瘘中的应用

目的：评价经胃镜置鼻空肠管或支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口瘘的疗效。方法：对15例食管癌术后吻合口瘘的患者，分别采取经胃镜安置鼻空肠管进行胃肠减压＋空肠营养法10例或安置可回收支架5例进行治疗。结果：胃肠减压＋空肠营养法，置管成功率100％，置管1～3个月，平均（38．5±13．6）d，9例吻合口瘘愈合，1例死亡；安可回收支架5例，第30d瘘口均愈合，4例成功取出可回收支架，另1例取支架失败。结论：对适宜的食管癌术后吻合口瘘病例，可采用经胃镜置鼻空肠管或支架治疗，效果较好。     

食管狭窄金属支架的临床应用（附32例报告）

自1996年以来，我们采用国产钛镍形状记忆合金支架，治疗各种食管狭窄32例，取得了较满意的临床效果。材料与方法临床资料：本组32例，男19例，女13例，年龄46～76岁，平均586岁，晚期食管癌14例，食管癌合并食管支气管瘘2例，食管癌效疗术后狭窄5例，食管癌术后食管胃吻合口狭窄9例，肺癌侵犯食管术后放疗引起食管狭窄1例，贲门失驰症1例。本组病例均有吞咽困难史，经钡餐X线检查证实，狭窄的长度10～110mm，狭窄口的直径2～smm不等。器械设备：食管支架由北京有色金属研究总院提供，用钛钱合金编织成网，呈单喇叭或双喇叭的简状，直径20m…     

国产被覆自膨式金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄及食管-气管瘘

目的：评价国产被覆自膨式金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄及食管－气管瘘的效果和适用性。方法：利用DSA高清晰度X线电视造影、定位和监视释放。经口在0．038inch Amplatz直头导丝引导下，对食管癌引起的恶性狭窄12例置入单喇叭型；对癌性食管-气管瘘12例置入双喇叭型国产被覆自膨式金属内支架，随访3－10个月。结果：24个内支架一次性植入成功，患者可即刻吞食水，不再呛咳。结论：国产支架操作简单、 成功率高、安全、效果立竿见影，价值低廉能为众多患者接受。     

上消化道狭窄及瘘的内支架治疗

目的 评价内支架对上消化道良恶性狭窄及上消化道的治疗价值，总结上消化道内支困的置入操作要点及术后处理经验。材料与方法 本组２２例，男５例，女７例，年龄４５－６８岁，平均５４岁，食管癌性狭窄１１例，食管或胃术后吻合口狭窄８例，食管癌并食管－气管瘘１例，气管插管后气管－食管瘘１例，胃癌术后腹部淋巴结转移幽门狭窄１例。除食管、气管瘘直接安放褂膜支轲外，单纯狭窄病例均经双腔气囊扩张后经专用输送装置放入裸露     

食管癌放疗后狭窄食管内支架治疗方法的探讨

目的　评价食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄的临床效果及方法探讨。方法　本组 3 6例食管癌放疗后狭窄的患者 ,其中食管 -纵隔瘘 4例 ,食管 -气管瘘 5例 ,食管 -纵隔 -气管瘘 1例。 40枚食管内支架置入均在X线电视监视下进行 ,术后给予抗生素、止血药及镇静止痛药。结果　 3 6例患者均成功置入 ,其中 4例置入 2枚支架 ,1例食管气管瘘合并气管狭窄者先置入气管支架 1枚后置入食管支架 ,所有患者术后吞咽困难完全消除或明显缓解 ,食管 -气管或纵隔瘘完全封闭。 1～ 12月随诊观察 ,应用支架直径 1.8cm以上的患者 ,术后反应较大 ,并发症较多。结论　食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄 ,选用直径 1.8cm以下的支架 ,更为安全、有效     

Gastrobronchial fistula: Treatment with a covered tracheobronchial stent and an integrated Y-shaped metallic stent

A 53-year-old man presented with severe cough and pulmonary infection 1 month after receiving a second mushroom-shaped covered metallic stent for occluding a gastrobronchial fistula (GBF). The fistula was caused by an esophageal stent that was placed 4 months after esophagogastrectomy for the treatment of gastroesophageal stenosis. Six months before the patient was admitted to our hospital, he had undergone esophagogastrectomy for esophageal cancer; a thoracic anastomosis was created, and a wide gastric tube was inserted through a left thoracotomy. Multislice computed tomography, gastroscopy, and esophagography with contrast medium revealed a fistulous communication between the right posterior wall of the upper residual stomach and the dorsal segment of the left lower lobe bronchus after the removal of stents. A short covered stent and a partially covered integrated inverted Y-shaped metallic stent were implanted into the bronchi, and subsequently, the fistula was closed completely. The patient was discharged 2 weeks after stent placement; at the time of discharge, he showed full recovery and complete resolution of the symptoms related to GBF.     

食管自展型金属网状支架的实验研究

目的：研究食管长期植入支架的组织反应，评价自制支架的组织相容性。方法：将自制网状支架植入１４只家兔食管，进行为期２～２４周的实验观察。结果：１４只支架准确植入。与支架钢丝相接触的食管粘膜增生增厚而后逐渐变薄并接近正常，８～１２周粘膜覆盖支架，支架两端处食管粘膜损伤较重。支架钢丝未见腐蚀。发生合并症５例，４例与饮食有关。结论：该支架具有良好的组织相容性和耐腐性，并发症的发生与植入支架后的饮食密切相关     

镍钛记忆合金食管内支架治疗食管疾病的临床研究

作者应用镍钛记忆合金食管内支架治疗各类食管疾病共９例，置入支加前吞咽困难Ｃｗｉｋｉｅｌ分级均达２－３组，置入后立即缓解，Ｃｗｉｋｉｅｌ０－１级者为１００％。全组病例除有异物感及轻微胸背疼痛外，无严重并发症发生。     

食管内支架留置术治疗恶性食管-支气管瘘

目的：评价用带膜食管支架治疗恶性食管－支气管瘘的临床应用价值。材料与方法：共３例食管－支气管瘘病人，其中食管癌所致２例，另外１例为肺癌所致。所用２个支架均为金属自膨式Ｚ型支架，直径１８ｍｍ，长度１０－１２ｃｍ，支架置入术在Ｘ监视下进行。结果：２个支架植入均获成功。术后立即食管吞钡造影显示瘘口被有效封闭，进食再无呛咳出现，随访时间最长１例已达６个月。随访期间，患均进食正常，部分体重增加，未出现瘘口     

食管内支架置入术后脱落原因分析

目的:针对食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄和瘘的置入术后效果及由治疗可能引起的并发症,从中总结出一些经验及体会。方法:本组56例,均为失去手术时机或有手术禁忌症的恶性肿瘤患者,共置入覆膜镍钛合金支架及覆膜不锈钢Z型支架59枚(其中有防返流支架5枚)。结果:56例患者共置入59枚支架均一次成功,支架置入后食管狭窄改善,瘘道封闭,饮食得到恢复。有效率达100%。但在术后一段时间内有5例患者支架发生移位和/或脱落。结论:食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄应根据患者不同情况制定不同治疗方案以最大程度减少并发症的发生。     

Esophageal strictures: treatment with a new design of modified Gianturco stent. Work in progress.

To overcome the drawbacks of the modified Gianturco stent tube with barbs, a new barbless stent tube was constructed. Twenty-two barbless stent tubes 4.5-14.0 cm long were placed with a new introducing tube in 21 patients: 10 stent tubes in 10 patients with recurrent dysphagia after radiation therapy or chemotherapy, 10 in 10 patients with esophageal cancer in whom surgical management was contraindicated, and two in one patient with postoperative benign stricture. No technical failure or procedural complications occurred. After the procedure, all but two patients could ingest most or all foods. In two patients with an esophagorespiratory fistula and one patient with esophageal rupture, the barbless stent tube successfully occluded the fistula and rupture site. The stent tube migrated in one patient. Fifteen patients are surviving, with the stent tubes patent for 3-35 weeks (mean patency, 13 weeks); the six other patients died 7-24 weeks (mean, 16 weeks) after stent placement. It is concluded that barbless stent tubes show promise in the management of dysphagia caused by esophageal strictures.     

Nitinol Esophageal Stents: New Designs and Clinical Indications

Purpose To evaluate the clinical use of covered and noncovered, knitted nitinol stents in patients presenting new stent indications. Methods Self-expandable, knitted nitinol stents were implanted in four patients for treatment of dysphagia. In two patients who had malignant strictures and had esophago-respiratory fistulae and in one patient with an esophagocutaneous fistula, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stents were implanted. One patient received a noncovered stent, but a retrograde approach through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) fistula had to be chosen for recanalization of an esophageal occulusion. Two patients received stents for treatment of benign strictures. Results Recanalization of the stricture and stent implantation were performed under fluoroscopic control without any procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Dysphagia improved in all patients and the esophageal fistulae could be sealed off by covered stents. During a maximum follow-up of 18 months, there was no stent migration or esophageal perforation. Complications observed were stent stenosis due to food impaction (1/4) and benign stent stenosis (2/2). Most complications could be treated by the interventional radiologist. Conclusion Self-expandable, covered Nitinol stents provide an option for the treatment of dysphagia combined with esophageal fistulae. In combination with interventional radiology techniques, even complex strictures are accessible. For benign strictures, the value of stent treatment has not yet been proven.