Increase of early syphilis in a red light district in Rotterdam (1995-1997) and preventive treatment

The number of cases of syphilis in Rotterdam has increased dramatically since 1995. The prevalence of early syphilis in 1997 was highest among street prostitutes (16%). Some prostitutes could not be reached for further evaluation and treatment, probably due to their addiction to hard drugs. Prophylactic treatment for syphilis was given to most street prostitutes in a cruising zone during a screening programme for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in January 1997. Since then, STD checkups were performed regularly in the cruising zone. The prevalence of early syphilis in the cruising zone dropped to 1.3% in 1998. The total number of reported cases of syphilis in Rotterdam also decreased sharply in 1998.     

Increased consultations and numbers of sexually transmitted diseases at the STD clinic of Utrecht, 1994-2002

OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in numbers of visitors and their demographic characteristics, reasons for visit, number of STDs and high-risk groups. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of registration data. METHOD: Data of every client that visited the STD clinic in Utrecht, the Netherlands, were aggregated from 1994 to 2002 in order to analyse trends. RESULTS: The number of visitors as well as the number of STDs rose strongly over the period investigated. The age of the visitors decreased. In 1994 17% of the visitors was born outside the Netherlands, in 2002 6%. The majority of the clients (56%) visited the STD clinic to get themselves tested preventively and 27% came because of symptoms. Visitors with symptoms or who were warned by others had a three-fold increased risk of having an STD. Other risk groups were: homosexual men, visitors born outside the Netherlands and visitors who have had an STD before. Groups with an increased risk of having a Chlamydia trachomatis infection were: visitors aged under 34 years old and visitors born in Morocco, Surinam and the Antilles. The number of Chlamydia infections rose sharply among homosexual male visitors. CONCLUSION: The increase in the number of visitors and of STD requires an increase in STD prevention, aimed at high-risk groups. More research is needed into the limited help-seeking behaviour of immigrants and more attention needs to be paid to Chlamydia trachomatis infections among homosexual men.     

南通市三类人群梅毒感染状况调查及影响因素分析

目的了解南通市人群梅毒感染现状及影响因素。方法对南通市性病门诊男性就诊者和暗娼、外来务工人员及健康体检人员等三类人群进行梅毒检测,并对其中性病门诊男性就诊者和暗娼等性病高危人群进行问卷调查。结果性病门诊男性就诊者和暗娼梅毒感染率分别为8.29%和6.02%,外来务工人员为1.58%,健康体检人员为0.49%,差异有统计学意义。婚烟状况、最近1年与暗娼是否发生过性行为、最近3个月与临时性伴是否发生过性行为、最近3个月发生性行为的临时性伴数等,均与性病门诊男性就诊者梅毒感染率存在统计学关联,文化程度、在本地工作时间、安全套使用情况均与暗娼人群梅毒感染率存在统计学关联。结论应采取相应措施,加强性病高危人群的行为干预,开展人群梅毒主动检测工作。     

Surveillance of AIDS and HIV infections in Amsterdam, 1997

Data were collected in Amsterdam in 1997 from the aids surveillance, from the HIV surveillance among pregnant women and visitors of a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and from two 'alternative' HIV test sites, using various survey systems. The findings were compared with those of previous years. Aids was diagnosed in 1997 in 123 patients, in 194 in 1996. Of the 354 patients in whom aids was diagnosed in 1993-1997 in a hospital recording additional information, 113 patients (32%) only learned that they had an HIV infection when aids was diagnosed in them. In 1997, out of 225 pregnant women with an increased risk of HIV infection, 10 were HIV seropositive (4.4%); in 1996, this proportion was 3/285 (1.1%). Among those attending STD clinics, HIV infection was observed approximately as frequently as in earlier years: about 1% of heterosexual men and women.     

广元市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解广元市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病、梅毒感染状况及其相关影响因素,为进一步加强艾滋病、梅毒等性病有效防治措施提供依据。方法在选中的性病门诊男性就诊者（STD）艾滋病/梅毒监测哨点医院,2010-2012年3年的4~6月期间,对性病门诊男性就诊者进行问卷调查,并采集血样对艾滋病/梅毒感染情况进行检测。结果广元市性病门诊男性就诊者发生商业性行为比例、找寻临时性伴比例、近1年性病诊断率分别为35.8%、32.5%和34.1%。艾滋病3年总体感染率为0.42%（5/1 200）,梅毒感染率逐年上升（3.75%、8%和12%）。结论广元市性病门诊男性就诊者高危行为普遍,梅毒感染率较高,应加强艾滋病性病健康教育宣传和综合干预措施。     

2004年-2008年海盐县部分嫖客暗娼性病感染情况的监测

目的:通过对嫖客暗娼性病感染情况的监测分析,为预防和控制性病的传播提供依据。方法:对405名暗娼和477名嫖客进行实验室检测,包括艾滋病抗体、梅毒抗体、沙眼衣原体抗原和淋球菌的检测。结果:5年中共有882名嫖客和暗娼接受了四项实验室检测,感染者为113人,感染率为12.8%。,淋病的感染率最高为5.6%,其次为衣原体感染率为5.1%,梅毒为1.8%,艾滋病0.3%。结论:在嫖客和暗娼中性病的感染率较高,对这类人群进行相关的知识健康教育和监管防控措施,对预防控制性病的传播具有要意义。     

2011年济宁市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病相关知识、性行为及HIV／梅毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解济宁市任城区性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病相关知识知晓情况、相关行为和HIV、梅毒感染状况,为制定防治措施提供依据。[方法]对2011年4～8月在济宁市任城区皮肤病医院性病门诊就诊的男性就诊者进行艾滋病相关知识、行为调查,并检测HIV和梅毒抗体。[结果]合计调查411人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为67．15％;最近1年发生过商业性行为的298人中,性行为时每次都使用安全套的占30．87％;最近3个月发生过商业性行为的208人中,性行为时每次都使用安全套的占36．06％。411人中,最近1次发生商业性行为时使用安全套的占69．59％;曾被诊断患过性病的有137例（淋病74例、梅毒1例、生殖道衣原体感染62例）。检测411人,检出艾滋病病毒抗体阳性1例,检出率为0．24％;梅毒抗体阳性1例,梅毒检出率为0．24％。[结论]济宁市任城区性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病知识知晓率、安全套使用率较低。     

Incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in Abia State,Nigeria

Medical records of two government-owned hospitals‐Federal Medical Centre (FMC). Umuahia and Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Aba‐were examined for confirmed sexually transmitted diseases (STD) including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). At the FMC, data from samples collected five years before (1987‐1991) and five years after (1992‐1996) the creation of Abia State, were analysed. Data from samples obtained from ABSUTH were those collected during the five years 1992‐1996. The STD observed were candidiasis, AIDS, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis. Candidiasis was common in both hospitals and accounted for 87.6% of all the STD cases during 1987‐1991 at the FMC. Incidence of AIDS was 32.9% at the FMC and 20.1% at ABSUTH during the period 1992‐1996. Comparison of the percentage prevalence of the STD showed that more cases of candidiasis were recorded before than after the State's creation. Also candidiasis and AIDS were more prevalent at the FMC than at ABSUTH during 1992‐1996, while gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis were more prevalent at ABUSTH. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference at the 95% confidence limit between the two health institutions and between the two periods of study at the FMC.     

Screening of sexually transmitted diseases in clinical and non-clinical settings in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

The objectives were to study: (1) acceptance of STD screening in non-clinical settings for asymptomatic individuals; (2) risk factors and STD prevalence among individuals in non-clinical and clinical settings; and (3) non-clinical screening of asymptomatic populations as a feasible method for STD control. We recruited 139 males and 486 females between 18 and 30 years of age from a family planning clinic, schools, and community centers in low-income neighborhoods. We asked about STD symptoms and STD/HIV risk behaviors and tested the individuals for gonorrhea, Chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV. Except for HIV, women recruited directly from the community had higher STD rates than those who came in for care at the clinic. Screening in non-clinical settings in Brazil is feasible and has a high yield among young adults in low-income communities. Infected participants would likely never have otherwise sought care or been tested or treated. STD control efforts could be implemented in any site that can reach populations at risk and become a routine procedure in health care settings where people report for problems unrelated to STDs.     

2009年泰安市泰山区综合医院性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病知识、行为和感染状况调查

[目的]了解泰安市泰山区性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病相关知识知晓、行为和HIV感染状况,为制定防治策略提供依据。[方法]对2009年4~7月在泰安市泰山区综合医院性病门诊就诊的男性进行艾滋病相关知识、行为调查,并检测HIV和梅毒抗体。[结果]合计调查380人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为89.74%;最近3个月与暗娼人群发生性行为的占32.11%,最近1年患过性病的55例(尖锐湿疣25例、淋病17例、生殖器疱疹6例、生殖道沙眼衣原体感染5例、梅毒2例);有高危行为史者性病罹患率为26.26%,无高危行为史者性病罹患率为1.65%(P<0.01);最近1年接受过HIV检测的占10.53%。梅毒抗体阳性率为4.85%。[结论]泰山区性病门诊就诊者艾滋病知识知晓率较低,且大多有高危性行为。     

Prevalence and association between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2-specific antibodies in attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic.

BACKGROUND: Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 was determined in 1993 and 1998 in a randomly selected study group of 1024 and 654 attendees, respectively, at the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic of the University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, The Netherlands. Correlations of HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositivity were investigated. The relationship between HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies was also studied. METHODS: Data were collected in a cross-sectional study from February 1993 until February 1994 and from January 1998 until December 1998. Glycoprotein G (gG) HSV type specific serum IgG was determined. RESULTS: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 was 68% versus 59% (1993 versus 1998, chi(2)-test P < 0.001), of HSV-2 it was 30% versus 22% (1993 versus 1998, chi(2)-test P < 0.001). Using logistic regression analyses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositivity were significantly associated with age and ethnicity in both groups. In 1993, HSV-1 seropositivity also correlated with lower level of education and female gender, whereas in 1998 it correlated with 'number of sexual partners in the past 6 months' and 'present diagnosis of STD'. In both groups, HSV-2 seropositivity was also more prevalent in females and related to sexual lifestyle variables. In an exposure-disease model, HSV-1 seropositivity was not correlated with HSV-2 seropositivity (odds ratio 1993 = 1.1, 95% CI : 0.8--1.7; odds ratio in 1998 = 1.0, 95% CI : 0.5--1.8). CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 is falling among STD clinic attendees in Rotterdam. A changing pattern of risk factors for HSV-1 seropositivity indicates increasing sexual transmission of HSV-1. Seropositivity for HSV-2 correlated with known risk factors. A previous HSV-1 infection does not reduce susceptibility to subsequent genital HSV-2 infections.     

Maternal and congenital syphilis in Zambia

In Zambia during 1985-1987, 6 health centers in Lusaka took part in a syphilis intervention study where all pregnant women at the 3 study centers were screened for syphilis at least twice. Treatment reduced the prevalence of syphilis antibodies from 12.8% to 8%. Women continuously received clear messages encouraging them to go early to a clinic for prenatal care, resulting in an increase in attendance of women during the 1st trimester from 10% to 42.5%. Health education and routine syphilis screening prevented adverse pregnancy outcomes. The treatment of both women and their husbands was cost-effective. Many problems arose as a result of the loss of funding: sporadic shortages of screening reagent, absence of needles and syringes, lack of antibiotics, and serious shortage of trained laboratory staff. By 1993, the prevalence of syphilis antibodies in pregnant women in Lusaka clinics had climbed to 13%. In early 1995, only 2 of the 10 health centers with laboratories were screening more than 80% of pregnant women for syphilis. On the most part, they did not perform repeat tests to confirm syphilis in late pregnancy. In January 1994, UNICEF provided funds to the Zambian National AIDS/STD (sexually transmitted disease) Control Programme to strengthen syphilis control in pregnancy, initially focusing on health centers in Lusaka. Nurse-midwives perform the screening test on day of the prenatal visit while the pregnant woman awaits the results. They also conduct health education to encourage pregnant women to attend prenatal care early. They give positive mothers condoms for their partners to use until the men also receive treatment. Between January 1994-January 1995, screening of prenatal patients increased from 36% to 86% and 78% of positive women received treatment. Political commitment for syphilis intervention is needed to achieve program sustainability.     

南京市性病门诊患者梅毒抗体检测结果分析

目的：了解南京市性病门诊患者感染梅毒情况。方法：收集南京市性病门诊患者血液样本2255份,同时进行梅毒RPR和TPPA试验。结果：性病门诊患者3年来共有2255份,梅毒抗体阳性266份,阳性率为11.80%。男性平均阳性率为10.05%（134/1333）,女性平均阳性率为14.32%（132/922）,差异无统计学意义。梅毒患者中RPR阴性、TPPA为阳性占22.93%。结论：RPR阴性TPPA阳性的早期梅毒比例较大,要引起高度重视。     

Resurgent bacterial sexually transmitted disease among men who have sex with men--King County, Washington, 1997-1999

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, King County, Washington (1998 population: 1.6 million), experienced a substantial epidemic of infectious syphilis (i.e., primary, secondary, and early latent). Subsequently, reported cases of infectious syphilis declined to six cases in 1995 and one in 1996; five of the 1995 cases and the case in 1996 were believed to have been acquired outside King County. However, in 1997, sustained spread of syphilis was reestablished in King County. To determine whether this reemergence was associated with changes in the epidemiology of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Public Health-Seattle and King County (PHSKC) analyzed notifiable STD data for 1997-1999. This report summarizes the results of this analysis, which indicate that infectious syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in King County increased to 46 cases during January-June 1999, and chlamydia and gonorrhea also increased among MSM attending public health clinics.     

Epidemiologic profile of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) through a specialized consultation of STD

INTRODUCTION: A confidential, free and specialised consultation of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) was initiated since 1993 in the department of Dermatology of hospital Charles Nicolle. We present the epidemiological and clinical features of this consultation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It is a retrospective study including patients consulting during a period of 7 years (1993-1999). 546 patients were included. The mean age of our patients was 29 years and the sex-ratio 9. The diagnosis of urethritis was done for 242 patients. This diagnosis was clinic in the most cases. Urethral swabs was done for 71 patients. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated in 56 cases and Chlamydia trachomatis in 15 cases. 41 patients were directed to our consultation for a positive syphilis serology. Condyloma were diagnosed in 23 cases and scabies in 12 cases. HIV serology was positive in 10 cases. In 3 cases, the diagnosis of HIV infection was done in this consultation. DISCUSSION: The epidemiologic profile showed a frequency of young men, bachelors and having multiple sexual partners. Clinically, urethritis was the principal STD observed.     

北京市怀柔区2005-2007年性病就诊者监测分析

目的掌握怀柔区性病就诊者梅毒、艾滋病流行动态及感染的危险因素，为制定预防控制策略和措施提供科学依据。方法在性病门诊就诊量较大的区第一医院、妇幼保健院、中医医院3家医院的性病门诊及妇科门诊设立监测哨点，主动开展性病就诊者监测工作。结果2005-2007年3年共监测性病就诊者810人，血清学检测结果显示：监测出艾滋病（AIDS）患者1人，检出率0．12％；梅毒确诊试验抗体阳性检出126例，检出率15．6％；梅毒血清试验RPR阳性检出85例，梅毒现正感染检出率10．5％。结论性病就诊者是一组特殊的性活跃人群，是梅毒感染的高发人群，也是感染艾滋病的危险人群。提示有关部门今后应加强此类人群梅毒、艾滋病的监测和预防控制工作。     

中国1995～1998年艾滋病哨点监测报告

目的 更科学地监测我国艾滋病病毒（ＨＩＶ）感染流行趋势、为制定艾滋病防治规划和进行干预活动提供准确的信息。方法 从１９９５年起以重复横断面调查的方法对性传播疾病（ＳＴＤ）门诊就诊者、暗娼、吸毒者、长途卡车司机,以及孕产妇和供血员进行监测。结果 １９９５年首次监测的８个吸毒者监测哨点未发现ＨＩＶ感染者,２１９个吸毒者监测哨点已有１７个哨点发现了ＨＩＶ感染者。在１９９５－１９９８年乌鲁木齐点ＨＩＶ感染     

2009-2011年性病门诊男性就诊者梅毒感染及艾滋病相关知识调查

目的了解性病门诊男性就诊者梅毒感染及艾滋病相关知识知晓率现状,为改变性病门诊男性就诊者高危行为,遏止性病艾滋病疫情提供科学依据。方法选取2009-2011年,每年4～6月份首次到凭祥市妇幼保健院和凭祥市人民医院性病门诊就诊、年龄在15岁及以上的男性进行面对面问卷调查,并采集血样5ML进行梅毒检测。结果 2009-2011年共调查性病门诊男性就诊者1200名,检出梅毒45例,感染率为3.75%,各年梅毒感染率差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.40,P>0.05)。调查对象对艾滋病相关知识知晓率仅为76.33%,但有逐年上升的趋势(χ2=51.54,P<0.01)。2009-2011年间最近3个月发生非婚异性性行为和注射毒品的比例的差异均有统计学意义(χ2=75.75,P<0.01;χ2=29.17,P<0.01)。结论应采取有针对性的综合干预措施,改变性病门诊男性就诊者的高危性行为或采取安全性行为,控制性传播疾病由高危人群向一般人群传播。     

Linking Clients from HIV Antibody Counseling and Testing to Prevention Services

The effectiveness of HIV antibody counseling and testing as a prevention intervention is limited: persons testing seronegative do not usually change their risk behaviors, some actually increase their risk behaviors, and decreases in risk behaviors are usually short-lived. Referrals to additional prevention and other needed services are therefore recommended, although the extent and determinants of referral provision for persons testing seronegative are unknown. We assessed the prevalence of referrals and the association between risk behaviors and prevention referrals among seronegatives. We reviewed HIV testing and referral data on all persons receiving confidential seronegative test results in San Francisco (SF) in the first 10 months of 1995 (n = 5,595), and gathered more detailed referral information at the municipal STD clinic from November 1995 through May 1996 (n = 747). The overall prevalence of referrals was low: a referral was given to 19.1% of the SF sample and 10.6% of the STD clinic sample; 15.4% of the SF sample and 5.9% of the STD clinic sample received a prevention referral. Injection drug users (IDUs) were the most likely to receive a prevention referral (48.5% of SF IDUs, 36.4% of STD clinic IDUs); men having sex with men and women with high-risk partners were also more likely to get a prevention referral than others. For SF IDUs, unsafe sex and needle sharing were not associated with an increased likelihood of receiving a prevention referral. Opportunities to link high-risk clients from counseling and testing to HIV prevention services are being missed. The referral component of HIV counseling and testing should be improved.