阿司匹林缓释片对2430例高危人群心脑血管事件发生率的影响

为评价阿司匹林缓释片对高血压病或冠心病患者的心脑血管事件发生率的影响以及年龄、血压、性别、吸烟等高危因素的影响.由湖南省医院管理协会牵头,联合省心脑血管病防治网络内的娄底市中心医院、衡阳市中心医院和长沙市第一人民医院等13家二甲和三甲医院进行了开放式多中心随机对照研究,完成临床研究病例2 430例,其中治疗组1 264例,在给予降压或冠心病常规治疗的基础上,加用塞宁(肠溶阿司匹林缓释片)50 mg/d～100 mg/d;对照组1 166例,只给予常规治疗.结果发现,治疗组和对照组相比,事件总发生率及脑梗死、脑出血、心肌梗死等终点事件的发生率均具有明显的统计学差异(P<0.05或者P<0.001).治疗组发生心脑血管事件较对照组的相对危险度为0.341(0.254～0.460),其中发生脑梗死的相对危险度为0.379(0.258～0.559),发生脑出血的相对危险度为0.203(0.106～0.388),发生心肌梗死的相对危险度为0.335(0.107～1.051),而因心脑血管事件死亡的相对危险度为0.148(0.052～0.423).此研究结果证实,给高危人群常规治疗的同时加用小剂量的阿司匹林缓释片可以显著降低脑卒中等心脑血管事件的发生率.研究结果还发现,年龄、血压、性别、吸烟及饮酒是影响高危人群心脑血管事件发生率的主要危险因素.     

单纯收缩期高血压对老年人群心脑血管事件的影响

目的观察单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)对老年人群心脑血管事件的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加2006-07-2007-10健康查体的开滦集团在职及离退休职工101510人中年龄≥60岁,符合中国高血压防治指南2010ISH诊断标准(5321例)和正常血压诊断标准(2226例)的人群作为观察队列。随访38～53(49.5±2.7)月,随访期间每半年收集1次新发心脑血管事件情况。观察ISH在老年人群中心脑血管事件发生率并用多变量Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响心脑血管事件的因素。结果①与正常血压组相比,ISH组的平均年龄较大,三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、尿酸和体质量指数水平高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②随访期间共发生383例心脑血管事件。在老年人群中,ISH组中总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死、脑梗死、脑出血和心脑血管病死亡的累积发生率分别为5.84%、1.32%、2.89%、0.66%和1.50%,高于正常血压组的3.23%、0.49%、1.66%、0.27%和1.21%,其中总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死、脑梗死和脑出血的事件累积发生率两组人群差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③多变量Cox比例风险回归模型表明,校正其他传统心血管危险因素后,ISH组发生总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死和脑梗死的RR分别是正常血压组的1.69倍(95%CI1.21～2.35),2.30倍(95%CI1.02～5.23)和1.64倍(95%CI1.03～2.61)。结论老年ISH是总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死和脑梗死事件的独立危险因素。     

阿司匹林对糖尿病患者心脑血管事件一级预防的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价阿司匹林对糖尿病患者心脑血管事件一级预防的疗效及安全性.方法 电子检索数据席MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆、维普数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库等,文献检索时间为建库至2009年7月,检索关键词包括阿司匹林、糖尿病、一级预防、心血管事件、心肌梗死、卒中,文献语种不限.检索纳入文献的参考文献.纳入阿司匹林降低糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症的所有前瞻性随机对照试验,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并提取符合纳入标准的数据,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行荟专笔分析.结果 共纳入4项随机对照试验中的5883例糖尿病患者.荟萃分析结果显示:阿司匹林可使糖尿病患者卒中事件的发生率降低近30%(RR=0.71,95%CI为0.55～0.93,P=0.01),阿司匹林组与对照组主要心血管事件(RR=0.90,95%CI为0.77～1.04,P=0.15)及心肌梗死事件(RR=1.02,95%CI为0.78～1.32,P=0.90)无显著差异.阿司匹林对不同性别糖尿病患者主要心血管事件的影响无显著差异.阿司匹林可使糖尿病患者主要出血事件的发生风险增加4倍(RR=4.03,95%CI为2.09～7.78,P<0.0001),阿司匹林组与对照组心源性死亡事件(RR=0.85,95%CI为0.32～2.24,P=0.74)及全因死亡事件(RR=0.87,95%CI为0.47～1.61,P=0.67)无显著差异.结论 阿司匹林能显著降低糖尿病患者卒中事件的发生风险,增加出血事件的发生风险.     

阿司匹林抵抗对预防大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死复发的影响

目的分析阿司匹林抵抗对预防大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死复发的影响。方法选取2014年2月~2015年9月我院收治的大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者231例,随机将其分为试验组99例与对照组132例。单因素分析并观察患者服用药物后大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死复发情况。结果两组患者性别比例、高脂血症、高血压、糖尿病、饮酒、吸烟因素比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);随访1年后,试验组的大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死复发率54.87%,显著高于对照组的7.12%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而脑出血、心肌梗死及其余原因引发死亡因素之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),表明阿司匹林抵抗对预防大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死复发具较大影响。结论阿司匹林抵抗对预防大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死复发的影响较大,临床上应实施个体化方案治疗。     

环球要刊巡览

正阿司匹林对糖尿病患者一级预防的作用为探讨阿司匹林预防糖尿病患者首次心血管事件的益处和潜在风险,ASCEND研究组将既往无心血管疾病的糖尿病患者随机分为阿司匹林组和安慰剂组,共15 480例患者入选。主要研究终点为首次严重血管事件(包括心肌梗死、卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或排除脑出血引起的任何血管原因的死亡),安全终点     

高血压前期人群中心脑血管事件发生情况及影响因素

目的观察高血压前期人群中心脑血管事件发生情况及影响因素。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加2006-07-2007-10健康查体的30～70岁开滦集团在职及离退休职工101510人中,符合美国预防、检测、评估与治疗高血压全国联合委员会第7次报告(JNC7)高血压前期诊断标准(30027人)和理想血压诊断标准(15614人)的人群作为观察队列。随访38.0～53.0(47.6±3.2)月,随访期间每半年收集1次新发心脑血管事件情况。观察高血压前期人群中心脑血管事件发生率并用多变量Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响心脑血管事件的因素。结果与理想血压人群相比高血压前期人群的平均年龄较大;男性比例较高;三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和体质量指数水平高(均P<0.05)。随访期间共发生461例心脑血管事件。高血压前期人群中总心脑血管事件、脑梗死、脑出血、心肌梗死和心脑血管病致死事件的累积发生率分别为1.19%、0.57%、0.20%、0.23%和0.23%,高于理想血压人群的0.67%、0.27%、0.12%、0.17%和0.15%,其中总心脑血管事件、脑梗死和脑出血累积发生率两组人群差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。校正其他传统心血管危险因素后,高血压前期人群发生总心脑血管事件和脑梗死的RR分别较理想血压人群增加37%(95%CI1.10～1.70)和56%(95%CI1.10～2.20)。结论高血压前期人群的总心脑血管事件、脑梗死和脑出血累积发生率高于理想血压人群;高血压前期是总心脑血管事件和脑梗死的独立危险因素。     

老年高血压患者幽门螺杆菌感染与新发心脑血管事件关系的研究

目的研究老年高血压患者幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染与新发心脑血管事件的相关性。方法选择在我院健康体检的老年高血压患者2084例,用13碳尿素呼气试验测Hp。患者根据检测结果分为Hp未感染组1208例(超基准值<4.0)和Hp感染组876例(超基准值≥4.0)。平均随访(3.5±0.5)年,随访期,每6个月电话或门诊随访1次,收集新发心脑血管事件情况。分析Hp感染对老年高血压患者新发心脑血管事件的影响。结果 Hp感染组新发总心脑血管事件(9.25%vs 3.56%)、脑梗死(4.11%vs 2.07%)和非致死性急性心肌梗死(3.65%vs 1.08%)发生率均高于Hp未感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);多变量Cox比例风险回归分析校正相关因素后,Hp感染组患者发生总心脑血管事件、脑梗死和心肌梗死的相对危险分别为Hp未感染组患者的2.82倍(95%CI:2.11~3.27,P=0.002),1.85倍(95%CI:1.26~2.53,P=0.013)和3.26倍(95%CI:1.41~3.99,P=0.001),Hp感染是老年高血压患者发生临床心脑血管事件的一个独立危险因素。结论 Hp感染参与动脉粥样硬化的进程,老年高血压患者Hp感染可增加发生临床心脑血管事件的危险。     

年龄及性别对急性心肌梗死患者住院期预后的影响

目的 探讨年龄及性别对急性心肌梗死患者住院期预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析1993年1月至2000年11月因急性心肌梗死连续收住我院的1547例急性心肌梗死患者的病历资料,比较各老年组与非老年组及不同性别组间住院期病死率及其危险度的异同。结果 <60岁、60～69岁、70～79岁和≥80岁各年龄组的住院期病死率分别为5.04％,12.21％,22.28％和23.84％;与<60岁组比较,>60岁各组死亡相对危险度比数比及95％可信区间分别为2.62(1.64～4.18),5.40(3.54～8.24)和5.90(3.59～9.70),均为P<0.001。男、女组住院期病死率分别为12.86％和17.07％。与男性组比较,女性组死亡相对危险度比数比及95％可信区间为1.40(0.99～1.09),P=0.06。结论 老年急性心肌梗死患者心血管并存症多,病情复杂,充血性心力衰竭发生率高,住院期病死率增高。女性急性心肌梗死患者住院期病死率高于男性,但差异未达显著性统计学意义。     

单纯舒张期高血压对新发心脑血管事件影响的前瞻性研究

目的探讨单纯舒张期高血压(IDH)对新发心脑血管事件的影响。方法选取2009年2月—2014年2月在广元市第二人民医院、广元市第三人民医院、成都416医院体检中心体检的3 850例既往无心脑血管病史的IDH患者作为IDH组,另选取同期在三家医院体检的3 000例血压正常者作为对照组。对患者随访12~70个月,随访截止至2015-02-28。收集并记录患者的一般资料〔性别、年龄、体质指数(BIM)、吸烟、饮酒、喜盐、锻炼、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)〕、生化指标〔总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、空腹血糖(FPG)〕及心肌梗死、脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生情况。采用Cox回归模型分析IDH对心脑血管事件的影响。结果两组受试者年龄、HDL、FPG比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);IDH组患者男性比例、BMI、吸烟率、饮酒率、喜盐率、SBP、DBP、HR、TC、TG、LDL均高于对照组,锻炼率低于对照组(P0.05)。IDH组患者脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件发生率(1.10%、0.52%、1.93%)高于对照组(0.50%、0.10%、0.80%)(P0.05);两组受试者心肌梗死发生率(对照组及IDH组分别为0.31%与0.30%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。IDH组患者脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生风险分别是对照组的2.52倍〔RR=2.52,95%CI(1.32,5.04)〕、1.54倍〔RR=1.54,95%CI(1.14,2.58)〕、1.51倍〔RR=1.51,95%CI(1.20,2.63)〕;60岁的IDH患者脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生风险分别是对照组的1.49倍〔RR=1.49,95%CI(1.21,2.76)〕、1.32倍〔RR=1.32,95%CI(1.13,2.76)〕、1.18倍〔RR=1.18,95%CI(1.04,3.24)〕;≥60岁的IDH患者的脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生风险分别是对照组的2.98倍〔RR=2.98,95%CI(1.64,4.95)〕、4.32倍〔RR=4.32,95%CI(2.76,7.33)〕、1.90倍〔RR=1.90,95%CI(1.27,4.37)〕。结论 IDH是心脑血管事件的危险因素,高龄IDH患者发生心脑血管事件的风险较高,临床应引起重视。     

老年高血压人群精神压力与新发心脑血管事件关系的研究

目的探讨精神压力对老年高血压人群新发心脑血管事件的预测价值。方法选择2010年1月~2012年6月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院健康体检的老年高血压人群2056例,年龄60~80(68.52±7.94)岁,其中男性1085例,女性971例。根据患者健康问卷(patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)和焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder-7,GAD-7)评分分为精神压力异常组(412例)和精神压力正常组(1644例),2组平均随访(3.5±0.5)年,记录主要心脑血管事件。分析精神压力对老年高血压人群主要心脑血管事件的预测价值。结果精神压力异常组发生心脏性猝死、非致死性心血管事件、脑出血、脑梗死和总心脑血管事件概率均明显高于精神压力正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);多变量Cox比例风险回归分析,校正男性、吸烟、收缩压、空腹血糖、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、同型半胱氨酸后,精神压力异常组发生心脑血管事件、脑梗死和非致死性心血管事件的相对危险分别为精神压力正常组的1.72倍(95%CI:1.31~2.62,P=0.003),1.63倍(95%CI:1.42~2.39,P=0.018)和2.54倍(95%CI:1.22~3.67,P=0.002)。结论精神压力水平可预测老年高血压人群主要心脑血管事件的风险,精神压力异常者发生临床心脑血管事件的危险增加,尤其是脑梗死和非致死性心血管事件。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.