烧伤患者2748株病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 提供近年烧伤患者病原菌分布及耐药性状况的流行病学资料,以指导临床合理使用抗生素. 方法 选择2003年3月-2011年6月西南医院全军烧伤研究所478例患者1977份临床标本(血液、导管、创面分泌物等),共分离出病原菌2748株.用API细菌鉴定板条鉴定菌株;采用K-B纸片扩散法,选择庆大霉素、妥布霉素、哌拉西林、阿米卡星等55种常用抗生素进行药物敏感试验.采用WHONET 5.3软件统计分析如下项目:各年度不同类型、不同标本来源的病原菌分布情况,主要革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、真菌对多种抗生素的耐药率变化情况,铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、白色念珠菌对多种抗生素的敏感率变化情况. 结果 2748株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌1879株占68.38％、革兰阳性球菌628株占22.85％、真菌241株占8.77％.创面分泌物标本病原菌检出率最高(1022株占37.19％),其次是呼吸道(995株占36.21％)和血液(421株占15.32％),其他类型标本检出率较低.铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高,共996株占36.24％,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,依次为495株占18.01％、395株占14.37％.鲍氏不动杆菌检出率呈逐年增加趋势,金黄色葡萄球菌呈逐年下降趋势,铜绿假单胞菌检出率较稳定.检出的葡萄球菌中以甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌为主,共484株占17.61％.铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对多黏菌素E、多黏菌素B的耐药率低于30.00％,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素的耐药率仅为39.68％,除此之外,这2种细菌对其他抗生素如第三代头孢菌素、β内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类等抗生素呈多药耐药,耐药率为57.91％～100.00％.2004-2011年,铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类抗生素敏感率呈逐年增加趋势,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素、奈替米星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、妥布霉素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率呈逐年下降趋势.粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药率低于10.00％.金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率均为0.金黄色葡萄球菌对奎奴普丁/达福普汀、米诺环素、夫西地酸和复方磺胺甲(晤)唑的耐药率较低,分别为0.82％、9.35％、2.21％和31.85％;该菌对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺甲(恶)唑、四环素和米诺环素的敏感率呈逐年增加趋势.真菌感染率很低,且对药物的耐药率不高;白色念珠菌对5种抗生素的耐药率均低于15.00％,除对5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感率略呈下降趋势外,对其他4种抗生素的敏感率均呈逐年上升趋势. 结论 近年引发西南医院烧伤研究所患者感染的病原菌中,居前3位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍氏不动杆菌.所有分离菌株中铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌的多药耐药性尤为突出,鲍氏不动杆菌将可能取代铜绿假单胞菌成为烧伤感染死亡的主要致病菌.     

烧伤创面不动杆菌的分离及耐药性分析

目的　了解烧伤患者创面不动杆菌的分布及耐药特征。　方法　用常规方法分离鉴定1999～ 2 0 0 3年笔者单位住院烧伤患者创面中的不动杆菌细菌株 ,根据美国国家临床实验室标准委员会 (NCCLS)标准 ,测定细菌耐药谱及耐药酶。　 结果　从烧伤创面分离出不动杆菌 6 9株 ,其中鲍曼不动杆菌 5 2株 ,占 75 .36 % ;不动杆菌对 17种抗菌药物有较高的耐药率 ,其中产酶菌株的耐药率较高 ,平均为 6 8.2 5 % ;不产酶菌株耐药率较低 ,为 2 0 .33%。 38株产酶菌株中产AmpCβ内酰胺酶 (AmpCBLA)菌株占 4 2 .10 %。不动杆菌呈多重耐药 ,耐药的主要原因是产生各种 β内酰胺酶。　 结论　不动杆菌是引起烧伤患者创面感染的主要致病菌之一 ,加强不动杆菌的分离鉴定并准确测定其耐药性 ,是临床合理应用抗生素的重要依据。     

烧伤创面多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌同源性和碳青霉烯酶基因型及整合子研究

目的 明确甘肃省人民医院烧伤病房多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性、同源性及与整合子的关系. 方法 31株多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌分离自该院烧伤住院患者创面分泌物标本.采用琼脂稀释法测定鲍氏不动杆菌对11种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株的同源性:PCR扩增I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶及整合酶阳性菌株的整合子基因盒,进行序列分析;分析亚胺培南耐药菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型. 结果 鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为45.2%、48.4%、48.4%、41.0%,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、氨曲南和哌拉西林的耐药率均在80.0%以上.所有菌株PFGE分型共分为A、B、C 3型,A克隆18株、B克隆7株、C克隆6株.20株细菌整合子扩增阳性,携带有aadA1、aadA5、aacA4、aac3、aacC1、aac(6')-Ib、catB8、drfA17和drf8基因,介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素、氯霉素、甲氧苄啶的耐药.14株亚胺培南耐药的菌株均产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶. 结论 多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌在该院烧伤病房播散,以A克隆为主;鲍氏不动杆菌整合子主要介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素及氯霉素的耐药性,碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍氏不动杆菌均产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶.     

烧伤病区病原菌分布及其耐药性调查

目的了解烧伤病区病原菌分布特点及其耐药情况，为临床治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析笔者单位烧伤病区348例住院患者的创面、血液、静脉导管、痰液、尿液及脓液等标本分离而得的菌株，统计其病原菌分布情况及耐药性。结果共检出464株病原菌，其中革兰阴性杆菌244株占52、6％、革兰阳性球菌188株占40．5％、真菌32株占6．9％。主要检出菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌。甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对环丙沙星、青霉素G、苯唑西林等的耐药率已达100、0％，只对万古霉素敏感。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为15、8％、36、8％、33、3％。结论金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌是烧伤病区感染的主要病原菌；金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对抗生素的耐药率较高。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布特征及耐药性分析

目的动态监测多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌分布及耐药性变迁,指导临床合理用药。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月本院住院患者各类送检标本,采用DL-96细菌测定系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果共分离出多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌220株,检出率逐年上升,主要分布在ICU(35.9%)、老年病内科(16.8%)和呼吸内科(13.2%);60岁以上患者检出占76.8%;在痰液中共检出170株,占77.3%。多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除米诺环素的耐药率21.8%较低外,其他抗菌药物的耐药率均在60.0%以上,特别是头孢菌素的耐药率已达90.0%以上。对于多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的治疗临床应根据药敏结果采用两药联合或三药联合。结论制定合理有效的感染控制措施,合理使用广谱抗菌药物,避免及减少多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌菌株医院感染的暴发流行。     

烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性趋势和同源性分析

目的 监测烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性趋势和同源性情况.方法收集2008年11月-2009年2月、2010年6-9月笔者单位住院烧伤患者创面、血液和静脉导管分离的鲍氏不动杆菌26株,采用K-B纸片扩散法检测该菌对阿米卡星、庆大霉素等13种临床常用抗生素的耐药性,用重复序列PCR法检测基因分型.对细菌耐药率数据进行x2检验.结果 (1)26株鲍氏不动杆菌中多药耐药菌株16株、泛耐药菌株9株,菌株对庆大霉素、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均高达90.00%以上;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,为42.31%(11/26).26株鲍氏不动杆菌对13种抗生素的耐药率比较,差异有统计学意义(42.31%～100.00%,x2=97.371,P＜0.05).(2)26株鲍氏不动杆菌共分为7个基因型:A型17株,B型3株,C型2株,D、E、F、G型各1株.17株A型菌株中,2008、2009年各1株,2010年15株;创面来源11株、血液和静脉导管来源共6株.结论笔者单位烧伤病房近年来存在鲍氏不动杆菌同一克隆株A型的流行,对临床常用抗生素呈多药耐药或泛耐药趋势.目前头孢哌酮/舒巴坦是治疗烧伤患者鲍氏不动杆菌感染的首选药物.

Abstract：

Objective To monitor genotypes and drug-resistance trend of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) isolated from burn wards. Methods Twenty-six strains of AB isolated from wound secretion, venous catheter, and blood were collected from burn patients hospitalized in our burn wards from November 2008 to February 2009, and June to September 2010. Homogeneous genotype analysis was performed with repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, and drug-resistance rate to 13 antibiotics including amikacin, gentamicin, etc. , which were commonly used in clinic, was tested by K-B paper disk diffusion. The data of drugresistance rate were processed with chi-square test. Results ( 1 ) Sixteen AB strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR), 9 AB strains were pan-drug resistant (PDR). Among all strains, the resistance rate to gentamicin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem was respectively higher than 90.00%; the resistance rate against cefoperazone/sulbactam was the lowest (11/26, 42.31% ). There were obvious difference among the drug-resistance rates of AB strains to 13 antibiotics (with rates from 42.31% to 100.00% , x 2 = 97. 371, P ＜ 0.05 ). (2)There were 7 genotypes among 26 AB strains, respectively type A ( 17), type B (3), type C (2) , type D (1), type E (1), typeF (1), and typeG (1). Out of the 17 AB strains inAgenotype, 1 strain was from 2008, 1 strain was from 2009, 15 strains were from 2010, and among them 11 strains were collected from wound secretion and 6 strains were obtained from blood and venous catheter. Conclusions AB strains in A genotype are dominant in our burn wards in recent years, which are MDR or PDR to commonly used antibiotics. Cefoperazone/sulbactam is the drug of choice for burn patients with AB infection.     

2004-2006年瑞金医院烧伤病房病原菌分布及分子流行病学分析

目的 了解瑞金医院烧伤病房院内感染病原菌的分布、耐药性和流行情况.方法 2004年1月-2006年12月,从瑞金医院烧伤住院患者创面分泌物、静脉导管、血液、尿液、大便等标本中分离获得甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)17株,铜绿假单胞菌52株,鲍氏不动杆菌11株.分析3年间该烧伤病房病原菌的分布和药物敏感试验情况;采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)对院内感染病原菌进行同源性分析.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌是瑞金医院烧伤病房近年来的3种主要病原菌,金黄色葡萄球菌占首位,而3年间MRSA在金黄色葡萄球菌中的比例分别为77%(63/82)、85%(63/74)、75%(74/99).3年中MRSA的主要耐药模式为阿米卡星/庆大霉素/红霉素/克林霉素/左氧氟沙星;铜绿假单胞菌的耐药模式为阿米卡星/庆大霉素/哌拉西林/头孢他啶/头孢哌酮/氨曲南/亚胺培南;鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药模式为阿米卡星/庆大霉素/哌拉西林/头孢他啶/亚胺培南/环丙沙星.3种细菌行RAPD同源性分析均为同一型别.结论 笔者医院烧伤病房存在多种院内感染病原菌,细菌耐药情况严重,对这些细菌流行的控制应成为院内感染防治的重点.     

烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌质粒介导的16S rRNA甲基化酶基因及耐药性传递研究

目的 调查烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株的耐药性,了解是否存在介导高水平氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药的16S rRNA甲基化酶基因,探讨传播机制.方法 收集2006年5月-2007年12月从甘肃省人民医院烧伤病房分离的40株鲍氏不动杆菌.采用纸片扩散法测定其对20种抗菌药物的敏感性;琼脂稀释法测定其对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、奈替米星、异帕米星和卡那霉素6种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物MIC;PCR扩增5种甲基化酶基因armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD;阳性PER产物纯化测序;碱裂解法提取质粒;接合实验及质粒转化实验确定耐药性传递方式.结果 40株鲍氏不动杆菌对6种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药率分别为72.5%、72.5%、70.0%、67.5%、70.0%、70.0%;对6种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物全部耐药的菌株有25株占62.5%,其中armA基因阳性10株占40.0%,未检出rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD阳性菌株.10株转化子、10株接合子对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物均高度耐药,MIC≥256 μg/mL者全部携带armA基因.结论 烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株耐药率极高,从中检出16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA且位于质粒染色体上.     

烧伤病房728株感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性分析

目的了解笔者单位近5年烧伤感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况。方法收集2001-2006年笔者单位306例烧伤患者创面分泌物等标本中分离的病原菌，对其菌种分布特点及耐药性进行分析。结果革兰阳性菌378株，其中金黄色葡萄球菌的菌株数居首位，尤以甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌居多，表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌的菌株数分别位居第2、3位。革兰阴性杆菌338株，其中鲍氏不动杆菌的菌株数居首位，阴沟肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的菌株数分别位居第2、3位。检出真菌12株。结论笔者单位病原菌的分布情况，可能与甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌呈多重耐药性以及鲍氏不动杆菌产生各种类型的β内酰胺酶有关。     

烧伤患者深静脉导管细菌生物膜的形成及意义

目的 了解烧伤感染后金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌在深静脉导管中形成生物膜的过程.方法 选择2008年11月-2009年8月在笔者单位住院的20例烧伤患者深静脉导管分离的细菌,分别与各自的标准菌株对照.深静脉导管尖端行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察.将菌株体外培养12、24、48、72 h和5 d后,进行细菌生物膜半定量黏附试验测定,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)双荧光染色观察并测定生物膜厚度.对数据进行团体t检验.结果 深静脉导管分离的菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌6株、鲍氏不动杆菌8株、铜绿假单胞菌6株,均为耐药菌株.SEM下可见深静脉导管内层表面形态多样、程度不一的生物膜.细菌被大量胞外多糖复合物包埋、彼此粘连融合成片状,生物膜呈团状聚集,形成立体多样结构,结构内可见少量红细胞,少数细菌被不完全包埋,尚可见黏着的菌体.深静脉导管内分离的金黄色葡萄球菌体外培养24、48及72 h的吸光度值大于界定值;鲍氏不动杆菌培养12、24、48和72 h,吸光度值均大于界定值;铜绿假单胞菌培养48 h后,吸光度值开始大于界定值.CLSM观察可见,培养24 h时,除铜绿假单胞菌标准株外,其余菌株均有散在的绿色荧光,不密集,多数靠近培养皿基底部,红色荧光充满视野.48 h时绿色荧光明显增多,从基底部向上扩延,部分与红色荧光重叠,形成视野中黄色荧光,鲍氏不动杆菌最明显,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌.在绿色荧光的强度和分布上,临床菌株明显多于标准株.培养72 h时铜绿假单胞菌和其标准株的绿色荧光增多,其他菌株图像中黄色荧光布满视野.培养5 d时绿色荧光较分散,以靠近基底部较明显.金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌在培养后48 h形成成熟的生物膜,铜绿假单胞菌则在72h.培养后72 h鲍氏不动杆菌的生物膜厚度为(18.2±3.6)μm,大于标准菌的(9.4±2.6)μm(t=5.42,P<0.05),是3种菌中生物膜最厚者.结论 烧伤临床常见的金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌均能在深静脉导管内形成生物膜,其耐药菌株牛物膜形成能力和程度均大于普通菌株,以鲍氏不动杆菌尤为明显,成为烧伤后导管相关性感染的重要原因.     

碳青霉烯类药物暴露对鲍曼不动杆菌感染多重耐药及预后影响

目的探讨碳青霉烯类药物暴露对鲍曼不动杆菌（AB）感染多重耐药及预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2016年4月至2018年4月惠州市第一人民医院确诊的120例院内感染者的临床资料,依据碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露情况分为两组,即碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组（59例）和非碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组（61例）,比较两组患者AB感染、多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（MDRAB）检出率,分析耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）检出率和耐药率;Logistic回归模型分析影响AB感染者预后的危险因素。 结果碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组患者AB感染率、MDRAB检出率均显著高于非碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组,差异均有统计学意义（79.66% vs. 19.67%,χ²_AB = 43.184、P < 0.001;71.19% vs. 3.28%,χ²_MDRAB = 59.558、P < 0.001）。检出CRAB共92株,其中2017年至2018年CRAB检出率较2016年至2017年增长87.50%。92株CRAB对头孢类、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、庆大霉素、磷霉素等均有不同程度耐药,仅对阿米卡星和环丙沙星敏感。碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组病死率显著高于非碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组,差异有统计学意义（42.37% vs. 9.84%,χ² = 16.572、P < 0.001）。单因素分析显示：AB感染者预后不良与入住ICU时间（χ² = 8.563、P = 0.003）、机械通气（χ² =10.898、P = 0.001）、留置尿管（χ² =12.725、P < 0.001）、留置中心静脉置管（χ² = 6.306、P = 0.012）、头孢类药物使用（χ² = 25.095、P < 0.001）、碳青霉烯类药物暴露（χ² = 33.005、P < 0.001）以及联合抗菌药物应用（χ² = 8.241、P = 0.004）均相关,差异均具有统计学意义。Logistic分析显示：碳青霉烯类药物暴露与AB感染者预后独立相关（OR = 10.687、95%CI：0.025～0.937、P < 0.001）。 结论碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露可增加AB感染机率,导致多重耐药,为AB感染者预后不良的独立危险因素。     

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of dialysis catheter-related infection in CRRT patients

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of catheter-related infection in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) patients. Methods The demographic and clinical data of CRRT patients who inserted with double-lumen non-cuffed dialysis catheter at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 were collected. According to the presence or absence of catheter-related infections, they were divided into infected group and uninfected group. Statistics and analysis of the incidence and pathogenic characteristics of catheter-related infections; Comparison of clinical features of infected and uninfected groups; A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze risk factors for catheter-related infections. Results A total of 364 patients with CRRT (437 cases of central venous catheterization) were enrolled in the study. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) and catheter-related colonization (CRCOL) rates were 3.565 and 2.228 events per 1000 catheter-days. These catheters were associated with higher proportion of inserted in ICU (P=0.007), immunosuppression (P=0.002), receive catecholamine inotropes therapy (P=0.001) and shock (P=0.030). The infection catheters also had shorter indwelling time (P=0.032) and lower level of blood hemoglobin (P=0.017), serum creatinine (P=0.004), blood brain natriuretic peptide (P=0.005) pericatheter use. The most common pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria, especially Acinetobacter baumannii, which caused 37.5% CRBSI and 20.0% CRCOL. Multivariate Cox regression model showed female (P=0.029, HR=2.151), diabetes (P=0.016, HR=2.807), receive catecholamine inotropes therapy (P=0.012, HR=2.655), immunosuppression (P=0.037, HR=2.203) were independent risk factors associated with catheter-related infection. Conclusions The incidence of CRBSI and CRCOL is 3.565 and 2.228 events per 1000 catheter-days CRRT patients in our hospital. The most common pathogen of catherter-related infection is Gram-negative bacteria. Female, diabetes, received catecholamine inotropic drugs, and immunosuppression were independent risk factors associated with catheter-related infection.     

Complications of implanted central venous catheters in neutropenic children

Although neutropenia is recognized as a risk factor for infection and compromised wound healing, there are little data regarding the specific impact of neutropenia on morbidity and mortality after placement of implanted central venous catheters (CVC). We conducted a retrospective review of children with a diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia or aplastic anemia who received a CVC over a 5-year period. The absolute neutrophil count immediately before catheter placement was recorded. Three hundred eight catheters were placed in 195 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and 15 with aplastic anemia. Absolute neutrophil count was less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L in 105 cases (Group 1). The incidence of CVC removal for all causes and for infection within 100 days in Group 1 was 17.1 per cent and 11.4 per cent, respectively, compared with 7.9 per cent (P = 0.01) and 1.5 per cent (P < 0.0001) with absolute neutrophil count 0.5 x 10(9)/L or greater (Group 2). Infections included two cases of mucormycosis with one death. Ports were more likely than Hickman catheters (C. R. Bard Inc., Murray Hill, NJ) to be removed for all causes (P = 0.01) and for infection (P = 0.04). The placement of implanted central venous catheters in neutropenic children was associated with substantial infectious morbidity and one death. When possible, CVC, particularly ports, should be avoided in the presence of neutropenia.     

烧伤病房肠杆菌科细菌耐药性及其危险因素分析

目的 了解烧伤患者感染肠杆菌科细菌的耐药性及产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌感染的危险因素.方法 对2001年1月-2008年12月笔者医院烧伤病房细菌培养结果为肠杆菌科细菌的92例患者进行回顾性分析.分析其病原菌分布情况、耐药情况、产ESBL菌株检出率和耐药性,以及产ESBL菌引发医院感染的因素.数据行χ2检验.结果 共分离109株肠杆菌科细菌,其中阴沟肠杆菌38株占34.9%,大肠埃希菌25株占22.9%,肺炎克雷伯菌22株占20.2%,奇异变形杆菌13株占11.9%,其他肠杆菌科细菌11株占10.1%.常见肠杆菌科细菌除对亚胺培南的耐药率低于8.0%外,对其余抗菌药物均为中高度耐药.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBL检出率分别为44.0%、77.3%.产ESBL菌株对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于未产ESBL菌.单因素分析可见,患者住院时间大于20 d、第三代头孢菌素使用时间大于5 d、喹诺酮类药物使用时间大于7 d、外用抗菌药物使用时间大于5 d是产ESBL菌引发医院感染的危险因素,与未产ESBL菌比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为5.491、4.441、15.186、4.938,P值均小于0.05).结论 笔者单位烧伤病房肠杆菌科细菌耐药情况严重,产酶率高,应加强监测,控制引起产ESBL菌感染的危险因素,减少其感染发生率.     

Vascular access and increased risk of death among hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis with a venous catheter increases the risk of infection. The extent to which venous catheters are associated with an increased risk of death among hemodialysis patients has not been extensively studied. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 7497 prevalent hemodialysis patients to assess the association between dialysis with a venous catheter and risk of death due to all causes and to infection. RESULTS: A tunneled cuffed catheter was used for access in 12% of the patients and non-cuffed, not tunneled catheter in 2%. Younger age (P = 0.0005), black race (P = 0.0022), female gender (P = 0.0004), short duration since starting dialysis (P = 0.0003) and impaired functional status (P = 0.0001) were independently associated with increased use of catheter access. The proportion of patients who died was higher among those who were dialyzed with a non-cuffed (16.8%) or cuffed (15.2%) catheter compared to those dialyzed with either a graft (9.1%) or a fistula (7.3%; P < 0.001). The proportion of deaths due to infection was higher among patients dialyzed with a catheter (3.4%) compared to those dialyzed with either a graft (1.2%) or a fistula (0.8%; P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for all-cause and infection-related death among patients dialyzed with a catheter was 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) and 3.0 (1.4, 6.6), respectively, compared to those with an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. CONCLUSION: Venous catheters are associated with an increased risk of all-cause and infection-related mortality among hemodialysis patients.     

ICU中心静脉导管相关血流感染的监测

目的探讨中心静脉导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)监测的价值。方法对中心静脉置管和维护过程中的手卫生、无菌技术及CRBSI感染率进行监测,分析感染率变化的原因,制定实施针对性措施。结果 CRBSI感染率从4月10.14‰下降至5～6月为0,中心静脉导管使用率从2月80.22%降至5月49.90%。结论过程和结果监测有利于及时发现危险因素,有效控制CRBSI。     

Usefulness of oral wash specimens for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis from high-risk groups in Japan

Orogenital sex is recognized as a route for the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) which thus causes male chlamydial urethritis. Patients with a pharyngeal CT infection have no gross lesions, but CT was tested by pharyngeal swabs. In this study, the usefulness of oral wash specimens for detecting CT was compared to that of swab specimens. In addition, oral wash specimens were also used to screen for CT pharyngeal infection. Eighteen female commercial sex workers in whom CT was detected from pharyngeal swabs were re-examined using both methods. The positive rate for CT was 44% by swabs and 61% by oral wash specimens. Forty-eight male students with CT-positive urine were also screened for pharyngeal CT infection. The positive rates were 6% by swabs and 10% by oral wash specimens. Our findings therefore indicate that oral wash specimens more effectively detected pharyngeal CT infection than pharyngeal swabs.     

Risk Factors for Early Infection of Central Venous Catheters in Pediatric Patients

Background: In an effort to avoid infections that can lead to the premature removal of indwelling central venous catheters (CVCs), the surgical technique and host factors present in pediatric recipients of permanent CVCs were reviewed.

Study Design: All patients receiving CVCs over a 17-month period were identified. Those patients with fever and positive blood cultures drawn through the CVC within 45 days of line placement were labeled as having early infection. A case-control design was used to select two control patients for each infected patient. Charts from both the infection and control groups were reviewed for several factors present at the time of CVC placement, including fever, neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] < 500 and ANC < 1,000), use of perioperative antibiotics, diagnosis, CVC site, and type of CVC. Chi-square test with Yates correction was used to compare the groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived.

Results: Among the 473 CVCs placed, early infections developed in 53 patients (12%). The control group consisted of 106 patients. Neutropenia was present in 16 of 53 infected patients versus 8 of 106 controls (p = 0.004, OR = 5.30). Perioperative antibiotics were given to 25 of 53 infected patients versus 72 of 106 controls (p = 0.02, OR = 0.42). Fever was present in 12 of 53 infected patients versus 14 of 106 controls (p = 0.19, OR = 1.92). Factors that were equally prevalent between the groups and that did not appear to influence the CVC infection rate included a diagnosis of malignancy, CVC type, and site of placement. Of the 53 infected catheters, 16 (30%) could not be cleared of infection and were removed.

Conclusions: This study documents that neutropenia and failure to administer prophylactic antibiotics are risk factors for the development of early CVC infection in pediatric patients. To avoid early infection and possible premature CVC removal, we recommend that placement of permanent CVCs be postponed until the ANC is > 1,000. Perioperative antibiotics should be given. A trend toward higher infection rates was seen in patients with preoperative fever.     

不同封管方式与带cuff的中心静脉导管失功能及感染的相关性分析

目的分析单纯肝素盐水封管与肝素联合抗生素封管对带cuff的中心静脉导管失功能、感染的影响。 方法选取眉山市彭山区人民医院血液透析科2015年1月至2017年3月收治的92例置入带cuff的中心静脉导管的血液透析患者，按照随机数字表法平均分为实验组和对照组，实验组给予45 mg/ml肝素钠＋10 mg/ml头孢呋辛钠封管，对照组单纯给予45 mg/ml肝素盐水封管；比较两组患者导管感染率、病原菌分布、其他并发症发生率及导管使用寿命；应用Kaplan-Meier法绘制导管使用曲线；采用COX回归方程分析影响导管使用时间的危险因素。 结果(1)实验组与对照组导管感染率分别为2.17%与17.39%，差异有统计学意义(χ²＝4.434，P＝0.035)；(2)导管相关性感染病原菌分布前三位的依次是金黄色葡萄球菌(40.0%)、链球菌(30.0%)、肠球菌属(20.0%)；(3)血红蛋白水平和感染是影响导管使用时间的独立危险因素(P<0.05)，抗生素封管是保护因素(P<0.05)；(4)实验组与对照组感染以外并发症发生率分别为10.86%(5/46)与为30.43%(14/46)，两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝5.373，P＝0.020)；实验组和对照组的导管中位使用时间分别为58(13～72)周和52(9～70)周，实验组的导管失功能发生风险明显低于对照组(HR＝0.395，95%CI 0.172～0.965, P＝0.048)。 结论应用抗生素与肝素钠联合封管可降低中心静脉导管感染率，减少并发症，延长使用寿命，值得临床推广。