实施分类收集后上海市干性垃圾和湿性垃圾产量及成分的估算

根据上海市目前的生活垃圾产量和成分，预测了未来15年内上海市生活垃圾的总产量和成分，在此基础上，对实施分类收集后上海市干性垃圾和湿性垃圾的产量进行了估算，并对干性垃圾的成分进行了预测。结果表明，未来15年内，干性垃圾和湿性垃圾的产量在不断增加的同时，前者的比例呈增加的趋势，后者呈减小的趋势。至2005和2010年，干性垃圾产量将增至3655t/d和4872t/d，湿性垃圾增至6065t/d和6953t/d。其中，干性垃圾中的主要成分为纸张和塑料，此二者之和超过60％。     

马鞍山市向山生活垃圾卫生填埋场分区改造项目

<正>【基本情况】向山生活垃圾卫生填埋场位于马鞍山市向山镇东3 km,填埋场占地19.07 hm²,属于山谷型填埋场。填埋场最早于1985年投运,2006年完成达标整治和一期扩建,2009年完成二期扩建,设计填埋处理规模400 t/d,总库容3.648×106m³。马鞍山市生活垃圾焚烧发电项目于2017年投产,处理规模800 t/d,近期固化飞灰产生量29.0 t/d,远期固化飞灰产生量43.5 t/d。     

深圳市城市有机垃圾处置现状与资源化利用研究

调查发现,深圳市2006年生活垃圾产生量约1万t/d,有机垃圾约5000t／d。其中主要包括果蔬垃圾、园林绿化垃圾和餐厨垃圾。卫生填埋和焚烧是垃圾的主要处理方式,有机垃圾的整体资源化利用率较低。有机垃圾总量较大,随着垃圾分类收集的实施和有机垃圾处理设施的建设,资源化利用程度将大幅度提高。     

城市生活垃圾分类问题与对策分析——以南宁市为例

自2017年实施生活垃圾强制分类以来,生活垃圾分类工作全面铺开,全国生活垃圾分类46个重点城市已逐步建成生活垃圾分类投放、收集、运输、处理体系,生活垃圾回收利用率得到大幅提升.南宁市作为重点城市之一,已配置四分类运输车2 387辆,具备1 120 t/d的厨余垃圾、3 135 t/d的其他垃圾处理能力,可回收物日分拣能...     

基于废弃物处置转型构建再生产业链的探讨

上海老港固废基地焚烧生活垃圾9 000 t/d,综合二期卫生填埋处理规模从9 000 t/d减少到3 000 t/d以下,传统卫生填埋处置业务正在向湿垃圾再生、建筑废弃物再生等新兴产业转型。从生活垃圾处置,渗沥液处理,填埋库容,填埋气,浓缩液、污泥协同处理等5个方向进行了阐述,探讨废弃物处置转型构建再生产业链的技术路径和发展趋势。     

银川垃圾清理量同比增长11%

春节期间,银川市城管环卫部门清理垃圾5 770.35 t(824 t/d),较往年同比增长11%。其中清扫的鞭炮纸屑垃圾1 800 t。增长原因:首先,近年来银川市的经济发展和人口基数增长,截至2012年,银川市常驻人口已达到210万人,从而     

南海垃圾焚烧项目试运行

佛山南海垃圾焚烧发电二厂项目已经进行试运行。该项目新建3台500t／d机械往复式垃圾焚烧炉，配套2台15MW凝汽式汽轮发电机组，同步建设了半干式脱硫除尘烟气处理设施，垃圾贮存设施和垃圾运输系统等辅助设施，日处理垃圾能力约为l500t。     

小岗村垃圾分类及厨余垃圾就地资源化好氧堆肥技术研究与示范项目

<正>【基本情况】小岗村垃圾分类及厨余垃圾就地资源化好氧堆肥技术研究与示范项目位于安徽省凤阳县小岗村，是安徽国祯环卫科技有限公司打造的适合于广大农村地区的垃圾分类及厨余垃圾就地资源化利用的全链条样板工程。该项目于2019年10月投入运行，服务人口约4 000人，厨余垃圾处理量约1.0 t/d。项目采用“2+n”生活垃圾分类模式，完成了小岗村区域内所有经营群体的生活垃圾分类设施的建设和运营，     

沈阳市餐饮垃圾产生量调查与分析

通过对2015年12月至2016年10月沈阳市主城区131家餐饮单位和89次个人就餐行为的调查和分析,估算出沈阳市餐饮垃圾日均产生量为574.45 t/d,沈阳市人均餐饮垃圾产生量为0.086 kg/(人·d),并对沈阳市餐饮垃圾处理设施规划建设提出建议。     

亳州市循环经济产业园飞灰填埋和垃圾应急填埋场建设项目

<正>【基本情况】亳州市生活垃圾焚烧发电项目焚烧处理规模1 200 t/d,采用机械炉排炉工艺,固化飞灰产生量约40 t/d。由于亳州市王合拉、卞铺两座垃圾卫生填埋场全部停止使用,焚烧厂产生的固化飞灰面临接收处理困难的问题。为了无害化处置亳州市垃圾焚烧发电项目产生的固化飞灰,结合焚烧厂检修期间垃圾应急填埋需求,安徽省通源环境节能股份有限公司承担了亳州市循环经济产业园飞灰填埋和垃圾应急填埋场项目的EPC建设。项目建成和封场的效果如图1所示。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊疗指南

  目的  了解膳食钠和钾摄入量与非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）发病的关系,为NAFLD的综合防治提供流行病学依据。  方法  采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,对2015年4月 — 2017年8月在福建医科大学附属南平市第一医院体检中心经腹部彩超确诊的541例NAFLD新发病例作为病例组及按病例组同性别、年龄（± 5 岁）频数匹配的同期在福建医科大学附属南平市第一医院体检中心进行腹部彩超检查的541名非NAFLD体检者作为对照组进行问卷调查。  结果  病例组NAFLD患者和对照组非NAFLD体检者膳食钠、钾摄入量分别为（818.39 ± 417.60）和（742.27 ± 407.08）mg/d、（1 597.10 ± 686.25）和（1 638.96 ± 660.89）mg/d;2组人群比较,病例组NAFLD患者膳食钾摄入量低于对照组非NAFLD体检者（t = – 3.929,P < 0.001）,2组人群膳食钠摄入量差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭人均月收入、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、体育锻炼时间、慢性病病史及膳食能量、蛋白质、胆固醇、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙、铁和钾等混杂因素后,多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,膳食钠摄入量第三五分位数和第四五分位数女性人群NAFLD的发病风险分别为最低五分位数女性人群的0.42倍（OR = 0.42,95 % CI = 0.18～0.96）和0.28倍（OR = 0.28,95 % CI = 0.12～0.66）。在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭人均月收入、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、体育锻炼时间、慢性病病史及膳食能量、蛋白质、胆固醇、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙、铁和钠等混杂因素后,多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,膳食钾摄入量第二五分位数、第三五分位数、第四五分位数和最高五分位数人群NAFLD的发病风险分别为最低五分位数人群的0.63倍（OR = 0.63,95 % CI = 0.43～0.94）、0.45倍（OR = 0.45,95 % CI = 0.29～0.69）、0.36倍（OR = 0.36,95 % CI = 0.22～0.58）和0.31倍（OR = 0.31,95 % CI = 0.16～0.58）,膳食钾摄入量第三五分位数、第四五分位数和最高五分位数男性人群NAFLD的发病风险分别为最低五分位数男性人群的0.38倍（OR = 0.38,95 % CI = 0.23～0.65）、0.30倍（OR = 0.30,95 % CI = 0.16～0.57）和0.30倍（OR = 0.30,95 % CI = 0.13～0.67）。  结论  全人群和男性人群膳食钾摄入量较高及女性人群膳食钠摄入量较高是NAFLD发病的保护因素。     

Selected dietary flavonoids are associated with markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in U.S. women

Flavonoids show antiinflammatory effects in vitro and human intervention studies have suggested beneficial effects of flavonoid-rich foods on biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial function. In the present study, we assessed the relationship between flavonoid intake and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in a cross-sectional study of participants from the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Intake of 6 flavonoid subclasses (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and polymeric flavonoids) was assessed using a FFQ administered in 1990. Also, the main food sources of these flavonoids were examined. Blood samples were collected in 1989-1990 and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-18, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (sTNF-R2), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin were measured in 1194-1598 women. The multivariate-adjusted geometric mean of plasma IL-8 were lower for women in the highest intake quintile of flavones, flavanones, and total flavonoids compared with those in the lowest quintiles by 9% (Q1: 264 ng/L, Q5: 241 ng/L; P-trend = 0.019), 11% (Q1: 273 ng/L, Q5: 244 ng/L; P-trend = 0.011), and 8% (Q1: 276 ng/L, Q5: 55 ng/L; P-trend = 0.034), respectively. The multivariate-adjusted geometric mean for women in the highest intake quintile of flavonol compared with those in the lowest quintile was 4% lower for sVCAM-1 (Q1: 578 μg/L, Q5: 557 μg/L; P-trend = 0.012). Among flavonoid-rich foods, higher intake of grapefruit was significantly associated with lower concentrations of CRP and sTNF-R2. In summary, higher intakes of selected flavonoid subclasses were associated with modestly lower concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers. In particular, flavonoids typically found in citrus fruits were modestly associated with lower plasma IL-18 concentrations.     

三种糖皮质激素短期应用对婴幼儿成骨细胞功能的影响

【目的】 比较三种糖皮质激素,氢化可的松、甲基强的松龙、地塞米松短期应用对婴幼儿成骨细胞功能的影响。 【方法】 毛细支气管炎住院治疗的患儿30例,分为氢化可的松组、甲基强的松龙组和地塞米松组。分别给予氢化可的松琥珀酸钠10 mg/(kg·d)、甲基强的松龙3~5 mg/(kg·d)、地塞米松0.25~0.5 mg/(kg·d),均静脉注射,连用5 d。于用药前、用药5 d结束后采集血,检测骨碱性磷酸酶和总碱性磷酸酶。 【结果】 1)氢化可的松组、地塞米松组治疗前后血清骨碱性磷酸酶、总碱性磷酸酶水平差异均无统计学意义(t=0.292,P>0.05)。2)甲基强的松龙组治疗前后血清骨碱性磷酸酶水平分别为(82.15±25.86)和(57.27±17.53) U/L,差异有统计学意义(t=3.947,P＜0.01);血清总碱性磷酸酶水平分别为(149.71±22.22)和(117.00±24.93) U/L,差异有统计学意义(t=3.111,P＜0.05)。3)血清骨碱性磷酸酶和总碱性磷酸酶水平呈高度正相关关系(R=0.703,P<0.01)。 【结论】 短期应用常规剂量甲基强的松龙即对儿童成骨细胞功能产生抑制作用。血清总碱性磷酸酶可以替代骨碱性磷酸酶反映儿童成骨细胞功能变化情况。在保证同样临床效应前提下,相对于甲基强的松龙和地塞米松,以使用氢化可的松为宜。     

天津地区纵向体检资料血脂异常特征及其与肝肾功能指标的动态相关性分析

目的 分析2008 - 2018年间天津市滨海新区部分职业群体纵向健康体检资料血脂异常的流行病学特征,探索肝肾功能指标与血脂异常的动态相关性。方法 回顾性分析10年间2 812名体检人员血脂异常的发病密度及特征;构建动态纵向队列,运用广义估计方程分析不同分层水平（四分位间距Q1 - Q4）的血清总胆红素（TBIL）、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及尿酸(UA)对血脂异常的相关影响。结果 体检人群总体血脂异常发病密度为10.01/100人年,男性高于女性（P＜0.001 ）,基线年龄≥42岁时发病密度显著性增加(P＜0.001),类型男性较女性丰富,总体首次发生以1项异常为特征,HDL - C降低、TG升高最为常见。GEE多因素分析,年龄(B = 0.016,OR = 1.016,P＜0.0001)、男性(B = 0.889,OR = 2.434 ,P＜0.0001)、GGT(Q2:B = 0.333,OR = 1.396,P＜0.01;Q3:B = 0.552,OR = 1.736,P＜0.0001;Q4:B = 0.744,OR = 2.104,P＜0.0001)、高水平(第四分位数)ALT(Q4:B = 0.531,OR = 1.701,P＜0.0001)、UA (Q2:B = 0.272,OR = 1.313,P＜0.05; Q3:B = 0.526,OR = 1.691,P＜0.0001;Q4:B = 0.822,OR = 2.275, P＜0.0001)与血脂异常呈正相关,TBIL(Q2:B = - 0.299,OR = 0.742,P＜0.01;Q3:B = - 0.387,OR = 0.679,P＜0.0001;Q4:B = - 0.678,OR = 0.507,P＜0.0001)与血脂异常呈负相关。结论 高龄、男性是血脂异常发生的防治重点,不同水平的肝肾功能指标与血脂异常具有一定相关性,通过建立个体化疾病预测模型思路,将体检重心从疾病发现向预防转移。     

Vitamin D Supplementation Regulates Postoperative Serum Levels of PD-L1 in Patients with Digestive Tract Cancer and Improves Survivals in the Highest Quintile of PD-L1: A Post Hoc Analysis of the AMATERASU Randomized Controlled Trial

Because vitamin D responsive elements have been found to be located in the PD-L1 gene, vitamin D supplementation was hypothesized to regulate serum PD-L1 levels and thus alter survival time of cancer patients. A post hoc analysis of the AMATERASU randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of postoperative vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IU/day) in 417 patients with stage I to stage III digestive tract cancer from the esophagus to the rectum was conducted. Postoperative serum PD-L1 levels were measured by ELISA and divided into quintiles (Q1–Q5). Serum samples were available for 396 (95.0%) of the original trial. Vitamin D supplementation significantly (p = 0.0008) up-regulated serum PD-L1 levels in the lowest quintile (Q1), whereas it significantly (p = 0.0001) down-regulated them in the highest quintile (Q5), and it did not either up- or down-regulate them in the middle quintiles (Q2–Q4). Significant effects of vitamin D supplementation, compared with placebo on death (HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12–0.92) and relapse/death (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.89) were observed in the highest quintile (Q5) of serum PD-L1, whereas significant effects were not observed in other quintiles (P_interaction = 0.02 for death, P_interaction = 0.04 for relapse/death). Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the risk of relapse/death to approximately one-third in the highest quintile of serum PD-L1.     

Prepubertal Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Pesticides and Age at Sexual Maturity in Russian Boys

Background

Few human studies have evaluated the impact of childhood exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCP) on pubertal development.

Objective

We evaluated associations of serum OCP concentrations [hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (βHCH), and p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE)] with age at attainment of sexual maturity among boys.

Methods

From 2003 through 2005, 350 8- to 9-year-old boys from Chapaevsk, Russia, with measured OCPs were enrolled and followed annually for 8 years. We used multivariable interval-censored models to evaluate associations of OCPs (quartiles) with three physician-assessed measures of sexual maturity: Tanner stage 5 for genitalia growth, Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair growth, or testicular volume (TV) ≥ 20 mL in either testis.

Results

In adjusted models, boys with higher HCB concentrations achieved sexual maturity reflected by TV ≥ 20 mL a mean of 3.1 months (95% CI: –1.7, 7.8), 5.3 months (95% CI: 0.6, 10.1), and 5.0 months (95% CI: 0.2, 9.8) later for quartiles Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, compared with Q1 (p trend = 0.04). Tanner stage 5 for genitalia growth was attained a mean of 2.2 months (95% CI: –3.1, 7.5), 5.7 months (95% CI: 0.4, 11.0), and 3.7 months (95% CI: –1.7, 9.1) later for quartiles Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, of βHCH compared with Q1 (p trend = 0.09). Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair growth occurred 6–9 months later on average for boys in the highest versus lowest quartile for HCB (p trend < 0.001), βHCH (trend p = 0.01), and p,p´-DDE (p trend = 0.04). No associations were observed between p,p´-DDE and Tanner stage 5 for genitalia growth or TV ≥ 20 mL.

Conclusions and relevance

Higher prepubertal serum HCB and βHCH concentrations were associated with a later age at attainment of sexual maturity. Only the highest quartile of serum p,p´-DDE was associated with later pubic hair maturation.

Citation

Lam T, Williams PL, Lee MM, Korrick SA, Birnbaum LS, Burns JS, Sergeyev O, Revich B, Altshul LM, Patterson DG Jr, Hauser R. 2015. Prepubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and age at sexual maturity in Russian boys. Environ Health Perspect 123:1216–1221; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409022     

Dietary Pattern Associated with the Risk of Hyperuricemia in Chinese Elderly: Result from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017

Our current study aimed to estimate the relationship between dietary patterns and hyperuricemia among the Chinese elderly over 60 years old. All the data were obtained from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2015–2017. A total of 18,691 participants who completed the whole survey were included in our statistical analysis. The definition of hyperuricemia was 420 μmmol/L (7 mg/dL) for male and 360 μmmol/L (6 mg/dL) for female. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to explore posterior dietary patterns in our samples, and five dietary patterns were recognized, namely “Typical Chinese”, “Modern Chinese”, “Western”, “Animal products and alcohol”, and “Tuber and fermented vegetables”. After multiple adjusted logistic regression, participants in the highest quartile of “typical Chinese” (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.28–0.37, p-trend < 0.0001), “modern Chinese” (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.93, p-trend = 0.0021) and “tuber and fermented vegetables” (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69–0.88, p-trend < 0.0001) showed a lower risk of hyperuricemia, while animal products and alcohol was positively associated with hyperuricemia (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.31–1.7, p-trend < 0.0001). We also found that participants who mainly ate a modern Chinese diet tended to meet the RNI/AI of nutrients we discuss in this paper, which may supply some information for hyperuricemia prevention and management by dietary methods.     

呼吸机持续气道正压通气联合枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停给药时间与临床疗效的关系

目的:观察呼吸机持续气道正压通气支持下的不同枸橼酸咖啡因给药时间对早产儿呼吸暂停(AOP)疗效的影响。方法:选取91例出生胎龄<32周的原发性呼吸暂停患儿,按照枸橼酸咖啡因给药时间的不同将患儿分为早期组(51例,出生24 h内在呼吸机持续气道正压通气下完成枸橼酸咖啡因给药)和常规组(40例,72 h内在呼吸机持续气道正压通气下给予枸橼酸咖啡因治疗)。比较两组患儿的呼吸机应用时间、给药时间、吸氧天数以及呼吸暂停改善情况,记录呼吸指标变化和不良反应发生情况。结果:早期组呼吸机使用时间、给药时间、吸氧天数、3 d后呼吸暂停次数及住院时间均明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.561,t=2.901,t=2.821,t=3.180,t=2.987;P<0.05)。经枸橼酸咖啡因治疗3 d后,两组患儿β-内啡肽水平及二氧化碳分压较治疗前均有显著降低,且早期组较常规组下降更为明显(t=0.408,t=3.294;P<0.05);氧分压及血氧饱和度均较治疗前有显著回升,早期组较常规组升高更显著(t=6.4758,t=2.121,t=2.409;P<0.05)。早期组的治疗有效率为86.2%(44/51),常规组为72.5%(29/40),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(Z=-2.149,P<0.05)。早期组不良反应事件发生率为13.7%(7/51),常规组为15.0%(6/40),两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:呼吸机持续气道正压通气可以改善患儿呼吸功能,有助于患儿更好的渡过呼吸暂停危险期,早期给予枸橼酸咖啡因可促进患儿更快的恢复,显著缩短治疗时间,但不会增加不良事件的发生。     

雾化吸入IFN-α1b对重症手足口病脑保护作用的研究

目的 通过检测患者血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100B蛋白浓度变化水平,研究雾化吸入重组干扰素α1b对手足口病(HFMD)合并脑炎患者脑组织的保护作用.方法 选取2014年3月至2015年12月西安市儿童医院收治的手足口病患者合并脑炎100例,随机分为干扰素α1b组及常规治疗组各50例,两组均进行常规对症和支持治疗,干扰素α1b组在其基础上加用重组人干扰素α1b(IFN-α1b)注射液2~4μg/kg,雾化吸入,2次/日,连续治疗5天.于入院治疗后第1、3、5天通过酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测治疗前后患者血清CRP、NSE和S-100B的浓度;另选同期在西安市儿童医院体检中心体检的健康儿童50例为对照组.结果 ①与对照组相比,干扰素α1b组和常规治疗组血清CRP、NSE、S-100B浓度在各检测时间点均明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义(治疗后第1天,F值分别为28.632、52.378、20.451,均P<0.01;治疗后第3天,F值分别为35.257、61.954、29.153,均P<0.01;治疗后第5天,F值分别为31.569、55.634、24.657,均P<0.01);②与常规治疗组相比,干扰素α1b组在第3、5天血清NSE、S-100B浓度明显降低(第3天,t值分别为12.367、11.358,均P<0.05;第5天,t值分别为20.315、15.697,P<0.01),但干扰素α1b组和常规治疗组的CRP浓度在各检测时间点均无明显差别(第1天,t=1.236,P>0.05;第3天,t=1.529,P>0.05;第5天,t=1.637,P>0.05);③干扰素α1b组和常规治疗组连续治疗5天,血清CRP、NSE、S-100B浓度均呈现先升高后下降现象,于第3天达峰值,干扰素α1b组血清NSE、S-100B浓度下降更为显著.结论 重组干扰素α1b可有效降低HFMD合并脑炎患儿外周血NSE和S-100B的浓度,对受损脑组织细胞具有保护作用.     

Exercise affects protein utilization in healthy children

Although health initiatives promote increased physical activity in children, the physiologic outcomes have not been well characterized. This investigation examined the effects of programmed aerobic exercise on protein metabolism in children (n = 7; mean +/- SEM: 9.14 +/- 0.46 y old; weight, 32.1 +/- 1.6 kg; height, 138 +/- 2.5 cm; and body mass index, 16.21 +/- 0.36 kg/m(2) ) using (15)N-glycine methodology. Boys (n = 5) and girls (n = 2) walked (5 d/wk, 3.2-6.4 km/d) for 6 wk. Criterion measures taken at baseline (Pre) and after the exercise program (Post) included anthropometric data, dietary assessment, nitrogen balance, nitrogen flux (Q), protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown (PB) and net protein balance [(Net) = PS - PB]. After the walking program, there were no significant changes in body weight, fat-free mass or percentage of body fat, whereas height increased (P < 0.01). Energy and protein intakes were constant throughout the study. Nitrogen balance was significantly more positive Post than Pre (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in Q (P < 0.0001) with corresponding decreases in PS (P < 0.001) and PB (P < 0.01). These data provide the first evidence that programmed aerobic exercise alters whole-body protein utilization in healthy, nonobese children. Longitudinal studies are required to further examine changes in protein metabolism associated with increased physical activity in this population. In addition, findings suggest a need to evaluate nutrient requirements for healthy, physically active boys and girls.