Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of the methanolic extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia modesta</Emphasis> leaves

The current study was aimed to evaluate Acacia modesta for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet activities. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in rodents using acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema tests. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition (P < 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and suppressed formalin-induced licking response of animals in both phases of the test. In the hot plate assay the plant extract (100 mg/kg) increased pain threshold of mice. Naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p.) partially reversed the analgesic effect of the extract in formalin and hot plate tests. A. modesta (100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) exhibited sedative effect in barbiturate-induced hypnosis test similar to that produced by diazepam (10 mg/kg i.p.). The plant extract (50–200 mg/kg i.p.) produced marked anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay comparable to diclofenac and produced a dose-dependent (0.5–2.5 mg/mL) inhibitory effect against arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. These data suggest that A. modesta possesses peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with analgesic effects partially associated with the opioid system.     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the extract of Russelia equisetiformis (Schlecht &; Cham) Scrophulariacae

A methanolic extract of Russelia equisetiformis whole plant was studied for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in rats and mice using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, aceticacid-induced writhing and tail-flick test. The extract, at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, significantly (P <0.05) inhibited carrageenan-induced oedema in rats. Abdominal constriction induced by acetic acid was also inhibited by the extract, within the same dose range. The extract at the same dose also prolonged the latency period in the tail-flick response test, which was reverted by naloxone. The results suggested that the extract possesses potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.     

Antiinflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Mimusops elengi Linn

In the present study, 70% ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi Linn. bark was assessed for antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities in animals. The antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi (200 mg/kg, p.o) was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. Analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and Eddy's hot plate models and antipyretic activity was assessed by Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi (200 mg/kg, p.o) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at 3rd and 4th h and in cotton pellet model it reduced the transudative weight and little extent of granuloma weight. In analgesic models the ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi decreases the acetic acid-induced writhing and it also reduces the rectal temperature in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia. However, Mimusops elengi did not increase the latency time in the hot plate test. These results show that ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi has an antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity.     

国产尼美舒利的药效学研究

本文研究了国产尼美舒利在小鼠、大鼠及家兔体内的抗炎、镇痛和解热作用.结果表明.尼美舒利抑制巴豆油致小鼠耳廓肿胀(ED_(50)为49.2mg·kg~(-1));抑制角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿(ED_(50)为2.75mg·kg(-1));0.6mg·kg~(-1)剂量对大鼠佐剂关节炎有显著预防和治疗作用。100mg·kg~(-1)对小鼠醋酸扭体法的抑制率为68％;对热板法致痛的痛阈提高率为55％。ip给药对蛋白胨致家兔发热的解热作用.其最小有效剂量为2mg·kg~(-1);5mg·kg~(-1)ig可显著降低啤酒酵母致大鼠升高的体温.证实国产尼美舒利具有很强的抗炎、镇痛和解热作用。     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract of the stem bark of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allanblackia gabonensis</Emphasis> (Guttiferae)

Allanblackia gabonensis (Guttiferae) is a plant used in the African traditional medicine as remedies against pain, rheumatism, inflammations. In the present work, the analgesic effect of aqueous extract has been evaluated using acetic acid, formalin, hot-plate test, tail immersion and paw-pressure test. The anti-inflammatory effect of this extract was also investigated on carrageenan, histamine or serotonin induced by paw oedema. Aqueous extract of stem bark of A. gabonensis administrated p.o. showed significant activity against paw oedema induced by carrageenan, with a maximum percentage of inhibition reaching the 74.01% at the preventive test at a dose of 200 mg/kg. A. gabonensis exhibited a significant reduction of paw oedema induced by both histamine and serotonin with a maximal inhibition of 56.94% (200 mg/kg) and 40.83% (100 mg/kg), respectively. It showed significant protective effects against chemical stimuli (acetic acid and formalin) in the mouse. Administered orally at the doses of 100–400 mg/kg, exhibited protective effect of at least 69.78% on the pain induced by acetic acid and also reduced first (67.18% at 200 mg/kg) and second (83.87% at 400 mg/kg) phase of pain-induced par formalin. It also produced a significant increase of the threshold of sensitivity to pressure and hot plate-induced pain in the rats. These results suggest a peripheral and central analgesic activities as well as an anti-inflammatory effect of the stem bark of A. gabonensis.     

Anti-inflammatory Properties of Entada abyssinica. Leaves

Abstract

The effects of the defatted methanol extract of Entada abyssinica. Steud. ex A. Rich leaves on some models of inflammation were investigated. The analgesic property of the plant extract was also tested on acetic acid–induced writhing, as well as formalin-induced paw licking, in mice. The antipyretic effect was evaluated using yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in mice. At doses of 50–200 mg/kg, the extract produced significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of leukocyte migration after intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan in rats. A topical anti-inflammatory effect was produced by 20 mg/ear of the extract, as demonstrated by inhibition of croton oil–induced ear edema in mice. The analgesic property of the plant extract was observed by inhibition of acetic acid–induced writhing and paw licking induced by formalin in mice. The extract, however, exhibited no antipyretic activity. This study further established the anti-inflammatory activity of E. abyssinica., in addition to its analgesic effect.     

Anti-inflammatory,Antinociceptive, and Neuropharmacological Activities of Clerodendron viscosum.

Abstract

The crude methanol extract of Clerodendron viscosum. Vent. (Verbenaceae) leaves was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and neuropharmacological activities. When given orally to rats at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight, the extract showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema comparable with the standard drug phenylbutazone at the dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight. It also produced a significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid–induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight (p < 0.001), which was comparable with the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. Moreover, when given intraperitoneally to albino mice, it potentiated the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time (p < 0.001), decreased the open field score in open field test (p < 0.001), decreased the number of holes crossed from one chamber to the other in the hole-cross test (p < 0.001), and decreased the head dip responses in the hole-board test (p < 0.001) at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight. The overall results tend to suggest the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and central nervous system depressant activities of the crude methanol extract of Clerodendron viscosum..     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of 7-epiclusianone, a prenylated benzophenone from Garcinia brasiliensis

7-Epiclusianone, a natural prenylated benzophenone, was extracted from Garcinia brasiliensis Planch. & Triana (Clusiaceae), a native plant commonly known as bacupari and used in traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. As a result of the wide spectrum of biological activities attributed to polyisoprenylated benzophenones, the aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of 7-epiclusianone using two animal models. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema and peritonitis were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of 7-epiclusianone in rats. The acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests were used to investigate its antinociceptive activity in mice. At test doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg p.o., 7-epiclusianone had an anti-inflammatory effect as demonstrated by the reduction of paw oedema induced by carrageenan and the inhibition of leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. At the same doses, 7-epiclusianone inhibited nociception induced by an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, observed by the decrease in the number of writhing episodes. Additionally, 7-epiclusianone decreased licking time caused by a subplantar injection of formalin. Moreover, the hot plate test produced a significant increase in latency reaction, demonstrating an antinociceptive effect. The experimental data demonstrated that the polyisoprenylated benzophenone 7-epiclusianone has remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.     

Anti-inflammatory studies on Adenanthera pavonina seed extract

A methanol extract of the seeds of Adenanthera pavonina was evaluated for pharmacological effects in animal models. The extract (50–200 mg/kg) produced statistically significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in the rat, as well as the acetic-acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, pleurisy induced with carrageenan was also inhibited. The extract (50–200 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent and significant (P < 0.05) analgesic activity in the acetic-induced writhing in mice. In addition, both early and late phases of the formalin-induced paw licking in mice was inhibited by the extract. Acute toxicity studies revealed that the extract produced reduced motor activity. The LD₅₀ value of the extract was found to be 1.36 g/kg. This study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of A. pavonina extract.     

Antinociceptive,antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Putranjiva roxburghii</Emphasis> Wall. leaf extract in experimental animals

The effects of the ether extract from the leaves of Putranjiva roxburghii (P. roxburghii) Wall. were assessed on nociceptive responses in mice by using writhing, hot plate, and formalin tests and the antipyretic activity was determined in yeast-induced fever in rats. Anti-inflammatory activities were also investigated using carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats and croton oil-induced ear and anus edemas. The ether extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) of P. roxburghii dose-dependently produced analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The extract had no significant effect in the hot plate test in mice. At the dose of 400 mg/kg, the extract significantly suppressed the licking activity in the late phase of the formalin test in mice and decreased fever induced by yeast in rats. The extract exhibited moderate inhibitory activity of inflammation in carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. The extract inhibited croton oil-induced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/ear) in mice. The extract decreased anus edema induced by croton oil at the high dose of 800 mg/kg in rats. The results indicated that the ether extract of P. roxburghii leaves possesses analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities.     

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. in mouse and rat models

Objectives Friedelin was isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves collected from Kallakurichi, Villuppuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. The anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of friedelin have been investigated in Wistar rats and mice. Methods Friedelin was isolated from the hexane extract of leaves of A. tetracantha using column chromatography. The effects of friedelin on inflammation were studied by using carrageenan‐induced hind paw oedema, croton oil‐induced ear oedema, acetic acid‐induced vascular permeability, cotton pellet‐induced granuloma and adjuvant‐induced arthritis. The analgesic effect of friedelin was evaluated using the acetic acid‐induced abdominal constriction response, formalin‐induced paw licking response and the hot‐plate test. The antipyretic effect of friedelin was evaluated using the yeast‐induced hyperthermia test in rats. Key findings In the acute phase of inflammation, maximum inhibitions of 52.5 and 68.7% (P < 0.05) were noted with 40 mg/kg friedelin in carrageenan‐induced paw oedema and croton oil‐induced ear oedema, respectively. Administration of friedelin (40 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the formation of granuloma tissue induced by cotton pellet at a rate of 36.3%. In the adjuvant‐induced arthritis test friedelin inhibited 54.5% of paw thickness. Friedelin inhibited acetic acid‐induced vascular permeability in mice. Friedelin also produced significant (P < 0.05) analgesic activity in the acetic acid‐induced abdominal constriction response and formalin‐induced paw licking response. In the hot‐plate test, friedelin did not show any significant results when compared with control. Treatment with friedelin showed a significant (P < 0.05) dose‐dependent reduction in pyrexia in rats. Conclusions The results suggested that friedelin possessed potent anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of stems from Equisetum arvense L. in mice.

In this study, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of stem from Equisetum arvense in mice were evaluated. The extract (10, 25, 50 and 100mgkg(-1), i.p.), reduced the writhing induced by acetic acid in 49, 57, 93 and 98%, respectively. In the formalin test, 50 and 100mgkg(-1) (i.p.) extract, reduced in 80 and 95% the licking activity in the first phase, but in the second phase only the latter dose diminished the licking time (35%). In both phases, naloxone failed to revert the analgesic effect of the extract. In the hot-plate test, the extract at 100 and 200mgkg(-1) does not change the latency to licking or jumping. In the carrageenan-induced paw oedema, the extract at 50mgkg(-1), reduced the paw oedema 2h (25%) and 4h (30%) after carrageenan administration. The dose of 100mgkg(-1) caused reduction of the paw oedema (29%) only 4h after carrageenan administration. These results indicate that this extract exhibits an antinociceptive effect in chemical models of nociception which is not related to the opioid system, as well as anti-inflammatory properties.     

Analgesic and anti-nociceptive activity of hydroethanolic extract of Drymaria cordata Willd

Objectives:

To study the analgesic and anti-nociceptive activity of hydroethanolic extract of Drymaria cordata Willd.

Materials and Methods:

Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice were used for studying analgesic and anti-nociceptive activity of Drymaria cordata hydroethanolic extract (DCHE) at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. Various models viz. acetic acid induced writhing model (female mice), Eddy''s hot plate (mice) and tail flick model (rat) for analgesic study and formalin-induced paw licking model (mice) were used for anti-nociceptive study.

Results:

In acetic acid induced writhing model, effect of DCHE was better than the standard drug- indomethacin 10 mg/kg (p.o.). In the hot plate model, the maximum effect was observed at 60 min at a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o., which was higher than the standard drug morphine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg i.p.), whereas in the tail flick model, effect was comparable with morphine sulfate. In formalin-induced paw licking model, administration of DCHE completely abolished the early phase at 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. and in the late phase, the effect of DCHE (200 mg/kg p.o.) was higher than indomethacin (10 mg/kg p.o.).

Conclusion:

DCHE was effective in both non-narcotic and narcotic models of nociception, suggesting its possible action via peripheral and central mechanism. It also abolished the early phase in formalin-induced paw licking model, suggesting complete inactivation of C-fiber at higher dose. The activity can be attributed to the phyto-constituents viz tannins, diterpenes, triterpenes and steroids present in the DCHE extract. In conclusion, DCHE can be developed as a potent analgesic and anti-nociceptive agent in future.     

Studies on anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella F. seed oil in experimental animal models

Caesalpinia bonducella FLEMING (Caesalpiniaceae) plant is well known for its medicinal and therapeutic values in Indian Ayurveda. However, to be clinically useful, more scientific data are needed. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of C. bonducella seed oil on acute and chronic inflammation. To assess the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, varied concentrations of the seed oil of C. bonducella (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) were tested in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate reaction time in experimental rats. The paw volumes, pyrexia and writhes in experimental rats were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) as compared to that of control, and hot plate test showed significant licking effect in rats. These results clearly indicate that the oil of C. bonducella seeds could be a potential source for using as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic agent.     

Antinociceptive effects of the extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylopia parviflora</Emphasis> bark and its alkaloidal components in experimental animals

In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the antinociceptive activity of Xylopia parviflora bark using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin test in mice. The MeOH extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.)) had an antinociceptive effect demonstrated by its inhibitory effects on writhing number induced by acetic acid. Three alkaloidal fractions exhibited significant antinociceptive effects in three animal models; the chloroform-soluble fraction, including secondary and tertiary alkaloids, exhibited the strongest effect. This result supported its use in folk medicine as an analgesic agent. We tested the main alkaloids of these fractions for their antinociceptive effects to clarify the active components. (+)-Corytuberine (6.3 and 12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed very strong activity, had a significant antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing test (with 49.4 and 98.9% reduction of writhes), in the hot plate test, and in the formalin test (with 55.4 and 90.6% inhibition during the first phase, and 73.9 and 99.9% during the second phase, respectively). (+)-Glaucine (12.5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) showed strong activity in three animal models, too. The activity of these compounds was also observed following oral administration in the acetic acid-induced writhing test.     

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa in experimental animal models

The anti-inflammatory effect of the leaves of Bryonia laciniosa was evaluated using carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin induced rat paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma (chronic) models in rats. In mice, carrageenan peritonitis test was performed for the extract by oral administration. The chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa (CEBL) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect at the dose 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Maximum inhibition (52.4%) was noted at the dose of 200 mg/kg after 3 h of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema, whereas the indomethacin (standard drug) produced 62.1% of inhibition. The extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in dextran induced paw oedema in a dose dependent manner. The extract also exhibited significant inhibition on the hind paw oedema in rats caused by histamine and serotonin respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) the CEBL (200 mg/kg) and standard drug showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 50.1 and 57.3% (p<0.001) respectively. The extract also inhibited peritoneal leukocyte migration in mice. Thus, the present study revealed that the chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models.     

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Teucrium stocksianum

Plants belonging to Teucrium sp. (Lamiaceae) are traditionally used to treat painful and inflammatory conditions. In the present study, Teucrium stocksianum, which is found in Arabia, was evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Analgesic activity of 10% ethanol extract was evaluated using hot plate method, tail-flick method and acetic acid writhing method. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied using carrageenan induced rat paw edema, cotton-pellet method, and by topical application of the extract on edema. T. stocksianum showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in all the models studied. Topical application of the extract was also shown to be anti-inflammatory. Results support the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of painful, inflammatory conditions.     

Phytochemical characterization and antinociceptive effect of Lippia gracilis Schauer

Lippia gracilis Schauer is an aromatic plant widely found in Northeastern Brazil. The leaf infusions or decoctions and alcoholic macerate are used for some inflammatory diseases and headache. This paper reports the isolation of naringenin by semi-preparative liquid chromatography from the methanolic extract of L. gracilis (ELg) and the evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of this extract by measuring nociception through acetic acid, formalin, and hot-plate tests in carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Following oral administration, ELg (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of writhes in the writhing test and the time of paw licks in both phases of the formalin test when compared to the control group animals. Mice treated with ELg did not exhibit any behavioral alteration during the hot plate and rota-rod tests, suggesting non-participation of the supraspinal components in the modulation of pain by ELg and no motor abnormality. The oral administration of 400 mg/kg of ELg produced an anti-inflammatory effect on peritonitis induced by carrageenan. These effects can be associated with a decrease of inflammatory mediator synthesis by compounds of ELg, such as naringenin, which has anti-inflammatory action as already described.     

Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of a Hydroethanolic Extract of Tamarindus indica Leaves

The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive potential of a hydroethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. leaves (HTI) along with its possible mode of action. The anti-inflammatory activity of HTI was estimated by carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in male Wistar albino rats. Furthermore, HTI was assessed to determine its effects on membrane stabilization. The antinociceptive action was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing, tail-flick, and the hot plate model. Oral administration of HTI at the dose of 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg body weight produced significant (P< 0.01) anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive actions in a dose-dependent manner. Among all tested doses, 1000 mg/kg, p. o. reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Moreover, the 1000 mg/kg dose exhibited maximum percentage inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing (48.9%), whereas standard drug diclofenac (25 mg/kg, p. o.) showed maximum inhibition (50.9%) of writhing. In the hot plate model, HTI (1000 mg/kg, orally) increased mean basal reaction time after 120 min (7.12±0.05 sec). In the tail flick model, HTI increased the maximum percentage of latency (36.06%), whereas the standard drug pethidine (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) showed maximum percentage of latency (43.85%) after 60 min. The findings of the present study supported anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive claims of T. indica as were mentioned in Indian traditional and folklore practices.     

Cyclo‐Gly‐Pro,a cyclic dipeptide,attenuates nociceptive behaviour and inflammatory response in mice

The present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory effects of the cyclic dipeptide cyclo‐Gly‐Pro (CGP) in mice. Antinociceptive activity was assessed by employing different pain models, such as formalin test, acetic acid‐induced writhing, hot plate test, and carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia, in mice. The number of c‐Fos‐immunoreactive cells in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was evaluated in CGP‐treated mice. Anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using paw oedema induced by carrageenan, compound 48/80, serotonin, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and analyzed by plethysmometry. Quantitation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the paw was carried out to analyze the presence of neutrophils in the tissue. Intraperitoneal injection of CGP produced a significant inhibition in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin‐induced pain. The antinociceptive effect of CGP, evaluated in the acetic acid‐induced writhing test, was detected for up to 6 h after treatment. Further, in the hot plate test, antinociceptive behaviour was evoked by CGP, and this response was inhibited by naloxone. Animals treated with CGP did not present changes in motor performance. In CGP‐treated mice there was an increase in the number of c‐Fos‐positive neurons in the periaqueductal gray. In another set of experiments, CGP attenuated the hyperalgesic response induced by carrageenan. Furthermore, CGP also reduced the carrageenan‐increased MPO activity in paws. In addition, CGP also reduced the paw oedema evoked by compound 48/80, serotonin, and PGE₂. Taken together, these results may support a possible therapeutic application of the cyclic dipeptide cyclo‐Gly‐Pro toward alleviating nociception and damage caused by inflammation conditions.