腹腔镜结直肠手术肿瘤定位方法的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜结直肠手术肿瘤的定位方法。方法:2009年12月至2013年12月收治58例结直肠肿瘤患者,其中22例于术前2 h内行亚甲蓝定位,12例术前行钛夹定位,4例术前行气钡双对比造影检查,20例术中结肠镜定位。准确定位后行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术或局部肠段切除术。结果:2例行术前亚甲蓝标记患者因腹腔面肠壁浆膜无亚甲蓝染色而无法定位,术中行结肠镜检查定位;1例行术前钛夹定位患者腹部平片见钛夹位于右下腹,结合肠镜肿瘤距肛门的距离,确定病变位于乙状结肠;1例行术中结肠镜检查准确定位患者因结肠镜检查致使小肠及结肠胀气,无手术空间,中转开腹;4例患者行气钡双对比检查准确定位。结论:腹腔镜结直肠术中可结合直肠指诊对肿瘤进行定位,直肠指诊不能触及的肿物,通过术前行亚甲蓝、钛夹标记、气钡双对比造影及术中肠镜检查对结直肠肿瘤进行定位,术中可准确、快速定位病灶,缩短手术时间,减少并发症的发生,同时避免误切肠管及保肛失败。     

纤维结肠镜辅助下腹腔镜结肠手术7例临床分析

目的：评价术中纤维结肠镜定位技术在腹腔镜结直肠手术中的应用价值。方法：术中采用纤维结肠镜定位辅助完成全部7例腹腔镜结直肠手术。结果：术中采用纤维结肠镜定位后,3例乙状结肠息肉行单纯息肉切除术;2例乙状结肠息肉恶变行乙状结肠切除术;2例乙状结肠癌合并息肉行乙状结肠癌根治术（切除包括息肉在内的肠管）。结论：术中采用纤维结肠镜定位操作安全、定位准确,能降低因定位不准确而导致的手术失败,提高此类腹腔镜结直肠手术的成功率,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜联合结肠镜手术治疗结直肠小占位(≤3cm)病变

目的探讨腹腔镜联合结肠镜治疗结直肠小占位(≤3 cm)病变的临床效果。方法 2010年1月~2015年1月我院采用腹腔镜联合结肠镜手术治疗小占位结直肠肿瘤41例,结肠镜进行全结直肠内探查,在结肠镜下注射亚甲蓝进行染色,腹腔镜下进行局部钛夹定位,退出结肠镜,术中根据快速冰冻病理结果选择在腹腔镜下肠管切除、结直肠根治术等相应手术。结果 41例均顺利完成腹腔镜联合结肠镜手术,无中转开腹。9例术前诊断为癌前病变,术中及术后病理诊断为结肠上皮内瘤变6例,Tis期腺癌3例。32例术前诊断为0~Ⅰ期结直肠癌者,术中及术后诊断Ⅰ期29例,其中T_1N_0M_0期腺癌23例,T_2N_0M_0期腺癌6例;Ⅲ期3例,均为T_2N_1M_0期腺癌。多发病灶2例。结肠上皮内瘤变及Tis期结直肠肠癌行病变肠管切除,T_1~T_2期结直肠癌均行结直肠癌根治术。2例结肠上皮瘤变分别在术后9、12个月随访无复发。其余39例随访24~49个月,中位时间38.6月,35例结直肠癌中,1例T_2N_1M_0即Ⅲ期腺癌术后34个月结肠镜复查局部复发,所有患者均无转移。结论腹腔镜联合结肠镜治疗≤3 cm良性及Tis~T_2期恶性结直肠肿瘤,可发挥双镜优势,尤其适用于单镜难以定位或完全切除的病变,可提高定位精确性及手术安全性。     

金属夹定位结肠病变在腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜结肠手术术前病灶定位的方法。方法：22例腹腔镜结肠手术术前行纤维结肠镜检查,并用金属夹标记结肠病变部位,并摄平卧位腹平片确定体表投影部位。结果：22例腹腔镜结肠手术均顺利找到病变部位。结论：术前用金属夹定位病变,有助于腹腔镜结肠手术时顺利找到病灶。     

术中结肠镜检在腹腔镜结直肠肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨术中结肠镜在腹腔镜结直肠肿瘤切除术中的临床应用价值.方法 对28例结直肠肿瘤患者施行腹腔镜结直肠肿瘤切除术时,术中使用结肠镜对肿瘤定位以确定切缘,肠管吻合后使用结肠镜观察吻合口有无吻合口漏及吻合口出血,并对并存结直肠息肉行结肠镜下切除.结果 28例均成功完成定位和手术,无中转开腹.平均手术时间190(120-230)min,术后平均住院天数9.5(7-12)d.术中结肠镜检发现吻合口出血和吻合口漏各1例,近端结肠腺瘤性息肉3例.术后并发症主要为1例切口脂肪液化,无吻合口漏和狭窄,无吻合口出血,术后病理标本残端无肿瘤细胞残留、浸润.结论 在腹腔镜结直肠肿瘤切除术中应用肠镜能快速、精确确定切除范围,弥补了腹腔镜手术的缺陷,减少腹腔肿瘤细胞脱落,肿瘤根治彻底,可靠观察吻合口情况,有效预防和治疗吻合日出血和吻合口漏的发生,值得临床推广.     

腹腔镜结肠镜诊治直肠癌合并结直肠息肉22例分析

目的:探讨直肠癌合并结直肠息肉的发生率及腹腔镜结合结肠镜处理直肠癌合并结直肠息肉的方法。方法:回顾分析腹腔镜、结肠镜处理直肠癌合并结直肠息肉22例患者的临床资料。结果:9例直肠癌患者结肠镜检查结直肠息肉检出率为24.10%,显著高于同期结肠镜检查结直肠息肉的总检出率12.19%(P<0.01)。直肠癌患者行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术,术前、术中行结肠镜息肉切除术14例;术前结肠镜下注射亚甲蓝标记或术中结肠镜引导下,腹腔镜行直肠癌根治术的同时行含息肉结肠部分切除术5例;直肠癌合并升结肠息肉恶变行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术同时行右半结肠切除术1例;息肉靠近直肠癌一并行直肠癌根治性切除术2例。结直肠息肉切除率为100%,无并发症发生。22例术后随访0.5~4年,2例死于肿瘤转移,20例存活,无肿瘤或息肉复发。结论:直肠癌患者合并结直肠息肉的发生率较高。腹腔镜直肠癌根治性切除术的术前或术中有必要行结肠镜检查,根据息肉情况选择结肠镜息肉切除或腹腔镜下息肉切除。     

结肠镜辅助下腹腔镜切除结直肠肿瘤的临床研究（附23例报告）

目的探讨术中结肠镜辅助下腹腔镜联合切除结直肠肿瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析23例术中结肠镜辅助下腹腔镜切除结直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中未累及浆膜的较早期或较小肿瘤,或肿瘤位于系膜侧,术中需要结肠镜定位的13例：内镜摘除息肉后病理提示癌变需行补救手术治疗的7例;内镜检肿瘤同时多原发,其中部分患者的远端肿瘤致肠腔狭窄,术前无法行全结肠镜检查,无法了解近端肠管的情况3例。结果本组手术无中转开放,术后无切口感染、吻合IZl漏、吻合口出血,无围手术期死亡,18例患者随访6月～60月,3例死于肿瘤转移,15例存活至今。结论对于术前无法行全结肠检查的肿瘤和小肿瘤,采用腹腔镜联合结肠镜进行检查、治疗能准确定位肿瘤．排除近端多发癌灶,是安全、有效、微创的手术方式。     

内镜无法切除的结直肠息肉行结肠镜钛夹定位与美蓝定位的方案应用分析

目的:探讨结肠镜钛夹定位与美蓝定位在内镜无法切除结直肠息肉患者腹腔镜手术前的应用价值及临床效果。方法:共纳入50例内镜无法切除结直肠息肉患者作为研究对象,详细记录患者基本信息,采用随机数字法将患者分为钛夹组与美蓝组。腹腔镜手术前均行结肠镜检查,并分别予以钛夹1~2枚标记及息肉基底旁注射美蓝定位。结果:钛夹组成功定位23例(92.0%),美蓝组成功定位17例(68.0%),两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。定位失败的患者均改为术中结肠镜定位。两组患者标本长度、近切缘距息肉上缘、远切缘距息肉下缘及淋巴结清扫数量差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术中出血量、手术时间、术后引流量、肛门排气时间及住院时间两组差异亦无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:内镜下无法切除的结直肠息肉多为癌前病变,腹腔镜是有效的切除方式,而钛夹标记定位是腹腔镜术前定位的有效方式,其成功率较高,且操作简单、安全,可作为结直肠息肉定位的首选。     

结肠镜、腹腔镜联合切除结直肠肿瘤的临床研究

目的:探讨结肠镜与腹腔镜联合切除结直肠肿瘤的临床疗效。方法:经病理诊断为结直肠肿瘤患者24例,按肿瘤良恶性分成A、B两组。A组于腹腔镜监视下,经结肠镜切除直肠腺瘤4例,结肠间质瘤2例,结肠腺瘤样息肉7例。B组在结肠镜指示下,经腹腔镜切除结肠癌7例,直肠癌4例。结果:A组患者平均手术时间为(15±3.4)min,术后发生肠道出血2例,无肠穿孔病例。B组患者均在腹腔镜下完成肿瘤切除术,平均手术时间为(129±17.5)min,术后无切口感染或吻合口漏。A组患者术后第3天痊愈出院,B组术后第9天痊愈出院。结论:结肠镜与腹腔镜联合切除结直肠肿瘤可以优势互补,是安全可行的。     

内镜无法切除的结直肠息肉腹腔镜手术前定位方法对比研究

目的 评价内镜无法切除的结直肠息肉患者行腹腔镜手术前结肠镜检查钛夹定位、美蓝注射定位的应用效果.方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2012年9月中山大学附属第三医院收治的31例内镜下无法切除的结直肠息肉患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜手术前以钛夹定位者18例为钛夹组,以美蓝定位者13例为美蓝组.钛夹组：常规结肠镜检查,首先取组织行病理检查,随后在息肉上下缘组织各置入钛夹1～2枚标记,结肠镜检查结束后立即行卧位腹部X线片检查确定金属钛夹位置而判定息肉的部位.美蓝组：腹腔镜手术前24 h内清洁肠道,施行结肠镜检查,用内镜注射针刺入息肉基底旁黏膜下,推注美蓝1 mL,见黏膜鼓起一蓝色疱疹.息肉所在水平肠管的四周肠壁均以同样方法注射美蓝,共4点.如果上述两种定位方法失败,最后行术中结肠镜定位.所有患者按结直肠肿瘤治疗原则行腹腔镜肠段及相应系膜切除术,分析两组患者的定位效果和治疗情况.计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 钛夹组患者定位成功率为15/18,美蓝组患者定位成功率为8/13,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（x2=0.284,P＞0.05）.8例定位失败者均改用术中结肠镜定位,但手术时间延长至（44±13） min.31例患者均未发现定位错误.本组患者4例行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术,11例行腹腔镜左半结肠切除术,9例行腹腔镜乙状结肠切除术,7例行腹腔镜直肠前切除术.钛夹组和美蓝组患者术后均无手术并发症发生和患者死亡,标本长度、近切缘距肿瘤上缘距离、远切缘距肿瘤下缘距离（结肠息肉）、远切缘距肿瘤下缘距离（高位直肠息肉）、淋巴结清扫数目分别为（20 ±7）cm、（11 ±4）cm、（8.6 ±3.1）cm、（4.2±1.1）枚、（8±5）枚和（20±5）cm、（9 ±3）cm、（9.1±2.8）cm、（4.6±0.5）枚、（7±6）枚,两组比较,差异无统计学意（t=0.053,0.918,0.21     

Perioperative tumor localization for laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Background: Because of the inability to palpate colonic tumors during laparoscopy, their location must be precisely identified before resection is undertaken. Method: A retrospective study was performed of 58 patients in order to be able to describe our methods of tumor localization for laparoscopic colorectal operations and to review their effectiveness. Results: In all patients, the entire colon was examined preoperatively by colonoscopy. In one patient, preoperative colonoscopic localization was inaccurate. In 31 patients, tumors were easily detectable at surgery. In five patients with the tumor in the right colon, even though the lesion was not detectable at surgery, right colectomy was performed without marking because preoperative colonoscopy reliably identified the lesion adjacent to the ileocecal valve. Twenty-two patients required some type of procedure to localize the tumor. The procedures and their problems were as follows: preoperative tattoo (five)—tattoo not visualized (one); intraoperative colonoscopy alone (six), combined with intraoperative tattoo (four) or clip (three)—poor operative exposure due to bowel distension (nine), hard to see the clip (three), dislodged clip (two), inadequate resection margin (one); intraoperative proctoscopy alone (two), combined with laparoscopic stitch (two)—no problems. In no patient was tumor present at a resection line and in no patient was the wrong segment resected. Conclusions: Reliable preoperative identification of the tumor adjacent to the ileocecal valve can permit right colectomy without marking. Lesions in the upper rectum can be approached via intraoperative proctoscopy ± suture placement. If the surgeon anticipates intraoperative localization may be difficult, lesions other than rectal or cecal ones should probably be marked by preoperative tattooing. Further studies regarding the technique of tattooing are warranted. Received: 18 July 1996/Accepted: 10 March 1997     

Intraoperative fluoroscopy vs. intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography for early colorectal cancer localization in laparoscopic surgery

Background In colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery, precise tumor localization is important for oncologically correct surgery and adequate tumor and lymph node resection margins. During laparoscopic surgery it is difficult to localize early CRC. The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of two tumor localization techniques; intraoperative fluoroscopy and intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography. Methods Seventeen patients with CRC necessitating preoperative marking were alternately allocated to either the fluoroscopy (F) group (n = 8) or the laparoscopic ultrasonography (LU) group (n = 9). A three-step technique was used. At first lesions were localized preoperatively by metallic clips that were colonoscopically applied proximally and distally to the tumor site. Second, computed tomography (CT) colonography was taken to obtain preoperative staging. The location of the metallic clips was confirmed by CT colonography, preoperatively. Third, in the F group, intraoperative fluoroscopy was performed to localize the applied clips. In the LU group, the applied clips were detected from the serosal aspect of the colon using intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography. Results In all patients, colonoscopic metallic clips were successfully applied and preoperative CT colonography correctly detected the location of the tumor. Marking sites were detected precisely using intraoperative fluoroscopy or intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography in all cases, without complications. The mean detection time was 15.8 minutes in the F group and 7.0 minutes in the LU group (p = 0.005). In the LU group, two cases were technically difficult because of interruption of the ultrasound by intestinal air. Conclusions Both intraoperative fluoroscopy and intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography are safe and accurate techniques for intraoperative localization of early CRC. With regard to detection time, intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography is superior to intraoperative fluoroscopy. However, when there is a massive amount of intestinal air, intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography is cumbersome in localizing the lesion. Computed tomography colonography is useful for preoperative tumor localization and might be effective for shortening detection time during surgery. Presented in part at the 20th World Congress of International Society for Digestive Surgery (ISDS), Rome, Italy, December 2, 2006     

Tumor Localization for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery

Background Because palpating colonic tumors during laparoscopy is impossible, the precise location of a tumor must be identified before operation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of various diagnostic methods that are used to localize colorectal tumors and to propose an adequate localization protocol for laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods A total of 310 patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted colectomy between April 2000 and March 2006. We investigated if the locations of the tumors that were estimated preoperatively were consistent with the actual locations according to the operation. Results All the tumors were correctly localized and resected. Altogether, 203 patients had complete endoscopic reports available. Colonoscopy was inaccurate for tumor localization in 23 cases (11.3%). In total, 104 patients (33.5%) underwent barium enema; five tumors (4.8%) were not visualized, and three tumors were incorrectly localized. Another group of 94 patients (30.3%) underwent computed tomography (CT) colonography, which identified 91 of 94 lesions (96.8%). Finally, 96 patients (31.0%) underwent endoscopic tattooing; 2 patients (2.1%) did not have tattoos visualized laparoscopically and required intraoperative colonoscopy to localize their lesions during resection. Dye spillage was found in six patients intraoperatively, but only one patient experienced clinical symptoms. Intraoperative colonoscopy was performed in four patients; two of the four were followed by endoscopic tattooing, and the other two underwent intraoperative colonoscopy for localization. All lesions were correctly localized by intraoperative colonoscopy. The accuracy of tumor localization was as follows: colonoscopy (180/203, 88.7%), barium enema (97/104, 93.3%), CT colonography (89/94, 94.7%), endoscopic tattooing (94/96, 97.9%), and intraoperative colonoscopy (4/4, 100%). Conclusions With a combination of methods, localization of tumors for laparoscopic surgery did not seem very different from that during open surgery. Preoperative endoscopic tattooing is a safe, highly effective method for localization. In the case of tattoo failure, intraoperative colonoscopy can be used for accurate localization.     

Intraoperative colonoscopy does not worsen the outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a case-matched study

Background

Intraoperative colonoscopy is sometimes needed as an adjunct to colorectal surgery. When it is performed with laparoscopic surgery, there is the potential for prolonged bowel distension, obstructed surgical exposure, and increased morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the overall safety and outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal procedures in which intraoperative colonoscopy was performed.

Methods

The study group consisted of patients who underwent intraoperative colonoscopy during laparoscopic intestinal resection at our institution between 1995 and 2011. They were individually matched for a number of factors including age, gender, diagnosis, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score, and type of surgical procedure with a cohort of patients who underwent laparoscopic intestinal resection with no intraoperative colonoscopy during the same period. Early postoperative outcomes and time to flatus and first bowel movement were compared.

Results

For the study, 30 patients (18 females) and 30 matched control subjects were identified. The study and control groups did not differ in terms of operating time (132 vs 151 min; p = 0.5), estimated blood loss (216 vs 212 ml; p = 0.9), conversion to open surgery (n = 1 vs 5; p = 0.2), time to first flatus (3 vs 4 days; p = 0.4), time to first bowel movement (4 vs 4 days; p = 0.4), reoperation (n = 0 vs 1; p = 1), length of hospital stay (6 vs 9 days; p = 0.3), overall morbidity (n = 10 vs 14; p = 0.4), or readmission (n = 0 vs 1; p = 1). The complications that developed during or after surgery were similar in the two groups. No colonoscopy-related complications or deaths occurred.

Conclusions

Intraoperative colonoscopy does not complicate the application and outcomes of laparoscopic intestinal resection. Surgeons should perform an intraoperative colonoscopy when it is indicated during laparoscopic surgery.     

The usefulness of preoperative colonoscopic tattooing using a saline test injection method with prepackaged sterile India ink for localization in laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Background Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal neoplasm requires precise tumor localization. The authors have assessed the safety and efficacy of colonoscopic tattooing using a saline test injection method with prepackaged sterile India ink for tumor localization in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods Between July 2004 and January 2007, 63 patients underwent colonoscopic tattooing using prepackaged sterile India ink before laparoscopic surgery of colorectal tumors. Patient medical records and operation videos were retrospectively assessed. Results Tattoos were visualized intraoperatively in 62 (98.4%) of the 63 patients, and colorectal tumors were accurately localized in 61 patients (96.8%). In one patient, the tattoo could not be detected, whereas in another patient, it was visualized but the serosal surface of the rectosigmoid colon was stained diffusely. Both of these patients underwent intraoperative colonoscopy. Localized leakages of ink were identified in six patients (9.5%) during surgery. However, five of these patients had no symptoms, and the sixth patient, who underwent polypectomy and tattooing simultaneously, felt mild chilling without fever or abdominal pain. Conclusions Preoperative colonoscopic tattooing using a saline test injection method with prepackaged sterile India ink is a safe and effective method for tumor localization in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.     

A novel endoscopic fluorescent clip visible with near-infrared imaging during laparoscopic surgery in a porcine model

Background

In gastrointestinal cancer surgery, particularly in early cancer, accurate tumor localization is important in order to determine the extent of resection. In laparoscopic surgery, because of the inability to palpate the lesion, the most prevalent method of localization is endoscopic tattooing. However, complicated maneuvering makes it difficult to control local dye spreading and dye leakage into the intraperitoneal cavity. A simpler, safe method is needed. In this study, we developed a novel method for applying fluorescence-coated endoscopic clips to visualize locations inside the colon during laparoscopic surgery. We tested the procedure in an in vivo porcine model and with ex vivo human colon tissues.

Methods

Bovine serum albumin was conjugated to indocyanine green or the succinimidyl ester CF? 790 to form a pasty mixture, which was used to coat the front ends of endoscopic clips. The fluorescence-coated clips were endoscopically placed on the mucosal surface of a porcine colon. Using an Olympus near-infrared laparoscopy system, we attempted to identify the fluorescent clips from the outer, serosal side of the porcine colon during laparoscopic surgery in vivo. The clips were also evaluated using ex vivo human colon tissues.

Results

After placing two clips on the inner, mucosal surface of the porcine colon, we used near-infrared laparoscopy to view them from the outer, serosal surface of the colon in real time during in vivo laparoscopic surgery. We also identified the fluorescence-coated clips through human colon tissues in an ex vivo study.

Conclusions

We developed a novel, fluorescence-coated clip that can be placed endoscopically for rapid, exact localization of colonic lesions. The clips were successfully visualized with near-infrared fluorescence imaging during laparoscopic surgery in an in vivo porcine model and in ex vivo human colon tissues.     

Use of computed tomography colonography to detect a synchronous early colorectal cancer in a patient with obstructive colorectal tumour

In patients with obstructive colorectal cancer, it is difficult to evaluate the oral site of the large bowel by colonoscopy. Instead of colonoscopy, previous studies have shown that computed tomography (CT) colonography is effective for detection of neoplastic lesions in the large bowel. In the present case, we carried out CT colonography and found superficial early cancer at the oral side of the obstructive cancer, and carried out surgical resection for both lesions. A 60‐year‐old man was admitted with complaints of abdominal pain and distension. Total colonoscopy could not be carried out because of the stricture of the lesion. To evaluate the proximal site of the large bowel, we carried out CT colonography, which showed a superficial lesion in the transverse colon suggestive of early cancer. He underwent surgery and an intraoperative colonoscopy of the transverse colon, which confirmed the findings of the CT colonography. The patient underwent R0 resection for both an advanced lesion and a superficial lesion. Pathological examination of the superficial lesion showed adenocarcinoma‐invading submucosa. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged a week after the operation. The present case suggests the importance of CT colonography for patients with obstructive colorectal cancers to detect synchronous neoplastic lesions, including superficial early cancers.