DNA sequence analysis of 1-nitrosopyrene-induced mutations in the hprt gene of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

DNA sequence was determined in 21 mutants induced at the hprt locus of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by 1-nitrosopyrene, a metabolite of the tumorigenic environmental pollutant 1-nitropyrene. Following cDNA synthesis using RNA from each of the mutants, the hprt protein-coding region was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subjected to direct DNA sequence analysis. Sixteen primary mutations were found: seven were G:C----T:A transversions, five were G:C----A:T transitions, two were single basepair insertions, one was a single basepair deletion, and one was a complex mutation involving substitutions at two A:T basepairs. The simple basepair substitution mutations preferentially occurred with one or two purines 3' to the mutated dG, and mutations in exons 1-4 disproportionately occurred with the mutated dG on the nontranscribed DNA strand. In addition, 12 of the mutants produced one or more cDNA PCR products with partial or complete exon deletions. Seven mutants with multiple PCR products had point mutations in one of the products; exon deletions in the other product(s) removed these point mutations. A group of solvent control mutants had a different distribution of basepair substitution mutations and a lower proportion of cDNAs with exon deletions than that found for the 1-nitrosopyrene-induced mutants. The results indicate a specificity for the induction of mutations in the hprt gene of CHO cells by 1-nitrosopyrene with respect to both the types of mutations produced and their location in the hprt gene. Also, the elimination of point mutations in many of the cDNA PCR products with exon deletions suggests that mutations in the protein-coding sequence affect hprt mRNA processing.     

抑癌基因FHIT第8和第5外显子在原发性肝癌中纯合性缺失与点突变的研究

目的　对 2 0例原发性肝细胞肝癌 (HCC)的抑癌基因 FHIT外显子 5、外显子 8的纯合性缺失和点突变进行检测。方法　收集 HCC手术标本 ,提取癌细胞 DNA,采用 PCR方法研究 FHIT外显子 5、外显子 8的纯合性缺失 ;使用 PCR- SSCP方法研究 FHIT外显子 5和外显子 8的点突变。结果　发现在 2 0例 HCC中外显子 5的纯合性缺失率为 10 .0 (2 / 2 0 ) ,外显子 8的纯合性缺失率为 30 .0 % (6 / 2 0 ) ;有 1例外显子 5和外显子 8均缺失 ;FHIT的异常率为 35 .0 % (7/ 2 0 )。在被检的肿瘤组织细胞中 ,未发现 FHIT外显子 5和外显子 8存在点突变。在被检的正常细胞中未发现 FHIT缺失和点突变的情况。结论　 FHIT的缺失只发生在 HCC的肿瘤细胞中。在 HCC中 ,外显子 (尤其是外显子 8)的纯合性缺失是 FHIT基因失活的重要方式之一。点突变可能不是 HCC中 FHIT失活的主要方式     

Spectrum of point mutations in the coding region of the hypoxanthine- guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene in human T-lymphocytes in vivo

The hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in 6- thioguanine (TG) resistant T-lymphocytes is a useful target for the study of somatic in vivo mutagenesis, since it provides information about a broad spectrum of mutation. Mutations in the hprt coding region were studied in 124 TG-resistant T-cell clones from 38 healthy, non- smoking male donors from a previously studied population of bus maintenance workers, fine-mechanics and laboratory personnel. Their mean age was 43 years (range 23-64) and their hprt mutant frequency was 9.3 +/- 5.2 x 10(-6) (mean +/- SD, range 1.4-22.6 x 10(-6)). Sequence analysis of hprt cDNA identified 115 unique mutations; 76% were simple base substitutions, 10% were +/-1 bp frameshifts, and 10% were small deletions within exons (3-52 bp). In addition, two tandem base substitutions and one complex mutation were observed. Simple base substitutions were observed at 55 (20%) of 281 sites known to be mutable in the hprt coding sequence. The distribution of these mutations was significantly different than would be expected based upon a Poisson distribution (P < 0.0001), suggesting the existence of 'hotspots'. All of the 87 simple base substitutions occurred at known mutable sites, but eight were substitutions of a kind that have not previously been reported at these sites. The most frequently mutated sites were cDNA positions 197 and 146, with six and five independent mutations respectively. Four mutations were observed at position 131, and three each at positions 143, 208, 508 and 617. Transitions (52%) were slightly more frequent than tranversions (48%), and mutations at GC base pairs (56%) more common than mutations at AT base pairs (44%). GC > AT was the most common type of base pair substitution (37%). The majority of the mutations at GC base pairs (78%) occurred at sites with G in the non-transcribed strand. All but one of eight mutations at CpG- sites were of the kind expected from deamination of methylated cytosine. Deletion of a single base pair (-1 frameshift) was three times more frequent than insertion of a single bp (+1 frameshift). Almost half (6/13) of the small (3-52 bp) deletions within the coding sequence clustered in the 5' end of exon 2. Short repeats and other sequence motifs that have been associated with replication error were found in the flanking regions of most of the frameshifts and small deletions. However, several differences in the local sequence context between +/-1 frameshift and deletion mutations were also noticed. The present results identify positions 197, 146 and possibly 131 as hotspots for base substitution mutations, and confirm previously reported hotspots at positions 197, 508 and 617. In addition, the earlier notion of a deletion hotspot in the 5'end of exon 2 was confirmed. The observations of these mutational cluster regions in different human populations suggest that they are due to endogeneous mechanisms of mutagenesis, or to ubiquitous environmental influences. The emerging background spectrum of somatic in vivo mutation in the human hprt gene provides a useful basis for comparisons with radiation or chemically induced mutational spectra, as well as with gene mutations in human tumors.      

The presence of single nucleotide instability in human breast cancer cell lines.

The presence of single nucleotide instability, an increase of spontaneous point mutation rates (MR: number of mutations per cell division) without microsatellite instability, was demonstrated previously in two rat mammary carcinoma cell lines. In this study, spontaneous point MRs were analyzed in human breast cancer cell lines by the fluctuation test using the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) marker gene. MRs obtained for six breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, ZR-75-1, T-47D, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT-474, all of which were proficient in G/T mismatch binding and reported to be negative for microsatellite instability, were 7.6, 4.6, 6.3, 2.2, 5.6, and 19 x 10(-7) mutations/hprt/cell division. Those in normal human mammary epithelial cells and in a colon cancer cell line with proficient mismatch repair, SW480, were 1.6 and 1.4 x 10(-7) mutations/hprt/cell division, respectively. These findings showed that single nucleotide instability was also present in five of the six human breast cancer cell lines and strongly indicates it has important roles in human and rat mammary carcinogenesis.     

Reversion of the hprt mutant clone SP5 by intrachromosomal recombination.

The spontaneous hprt mutant clone SP5, derived from V79 Chinese hamster cells, was shown to exhibit a duplication of approximately 2 kb, including exon 2 and its flanking intron sequences, inserted into the intron 1 sequence of the hprt gene. The most striking feature of SP5 is that this clone is quite unstable, demonstrating an extremely high spontaneous reversion frequency. Molecular analysis of 25 independent revertant clones of SP5 indicated that they arose after precise deletion of the duplicated fragment in the hprt gene. Reversion of SP5 could be induced by agents which damage DNA by different mechanisms, but there was no correlation with induction of the forward mutations. Based on these results, we suggest that intrachromosomal recombination must be responsible for the spontaneous reversion of SP5. Genetic recombination in somatic cells has been suggested to be involved in the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Since the ability to induce intrachromosomal recombination in yeast has been shown to be highly correlated with non-mutagenic as well as mutagenic carcinogens, it is of great interest to investigate similar systems in mammalian cells. The SP5 cell line may be unique for such a purpose, since this mutant clone contains an endogenic marker for studying the process of intrachromosomal recombination.     

176例非小细胞肺癌的EGFR基因突变分析

目的 分析非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）中上皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因突变的发生率和突变类型。方法 收集123例正常肺组织和176例肺癌组织,采用PCR扩增和基因测序方法,对组织DNA中EGFR外显子19～21基因突变进行分析。结果 正常肺组织中EGFR基因均为野生型,肺癌组织中EGFR基因突变检测率为32．4％（57／176例）,其中,外显子19和21突变分别占突变总数的64．9％（37／57例）和31．6％（18／57例）,外显子20突变少见,仅占3．5％（2／57例）。外显子19突变发生在第746～753位密码子,均为碱基缺失突变,有7种不同类型。外显子20突变发生在第789—793位密码子,为碱基替换突变。外显子21突变全部是第858位密码子碱基替换突变。EGFR基因突变多见于女性,肺腺癌和腺鳞癌。结论 EGFR基因突变是一种肿瘤特异性的体细胞遗传改变,突变发生率约占肺癌总数的1／3,其中以外显子19和21为主。女性、肺腺癌和腺鳞癌中突变多见。     

原发性胃癌p16INK4a基因缺失和突变的研究

目的探讨p16INK4a基因缺失和突变在胃癌发病机制中所起的作用。方法采用多重PCR、PCR-SSCP和DNA测序对62例胃癌、癌旁组织及10例正常胃黏膜标本中p16INK4a基因纯合性缺失和突变进行检测。结果62例胃癌中发现p16INK4a基因第一外显子和第三外显子各有2例纯合性缺失,缺失率6.5%(4/62),PCR-SS-CP和DNA测序发现1例p16INK4a基因第一内含子区碱基插入,突变率1.6%(1/62),癌旁和正常胃黏膜均未发现缺失和突变。结论在原发性胃癌中,p16INK4a基因纯合性缺失率很低、突变罕见。     

Frequency and molecular analysis of hprt mutations induced by estradiol in Chinese hamster V79 cells

The natural hormone estradiol (E2) induces tumors in rodents and various types of DNA damage in vitro and in vivo, but has not been mutagenic in bacterial or mammalian assays. Recent reports of chromosomal and genetic lesions induced by E2 has led us to re-examine the mutation frequency and molecular alterations of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene in Chinese hamster V79 cells. E2 at both physiological and pharmacological concentrations (10-11, 10-10, and 10-7, 10-6 M) significantly increased the mutation frequency of the hprt gene by 2. 57-, 3.45-, 2.63-, and 8.78-fold, respectively, compared to the controls, while 10-13, 10-12, 10-9, or 10-8 M E2 induced little change (< or =0.93-fold). PCR and a molecular analysis of the hprt coding sequence identified genetic lesions in the cDNA and/or genomic DNA in 15 of the 21 picked E2-induced mutants (71%). Simple base substitutions, such as Tright curved arrow G or Tright curved arrow A transversions, were the most common mutations (8/21 or 38%) and frequently occurred at 122 bp or 407 bp of the hprt coding sequence. Deletion mutations were detected in 6 of the 21 clones (29%). An Aright curved arrow G and a Cright curved arrow T transition and a four-base insertion (TATT) were identified each in one mutant clone. A RT-PCR analysis demonstrated an abundant expression of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha). However, ICI 182,780, an antagonist of ERalpha, acted in an additive manner with E2 and increased the hprt mutation frequency. In conclusion, E2 induces a low frequency of mutations (deletions and point mutations) in V79 cells, which is consistent with the weak carcinogenic activity of this hormone. The mutagenic effects of E2 in V79 cells are not mediated by the ERalpha.     

C-kit gene abnormalities in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (tumors of interstitial cells of Cajal.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract, and expresses KIT and CD34 in most cases. Gain-of-function mutation of the c-kit proto-oncogene has been described, but its significance in GIST has not yet been fully evaluated. Mutation in exon 11 of the c-kit gene was determined by both polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing in primary and metastatic GISTs and esophageal leiomyomas in Japanese subjects. C-kit gene mutation was identified in 15 of 48 primary GISTs (31%), four of seven metastatic GISTs, but none of the leiomyomas. Three mutations were mis-sense point mutations, and 16 were in-frame deletions of 3-48 bp. C-kit gene mutation was observed equally in low- and high-risk groups, and was not related to any clinical and pathologic factors, phenotypes or Ki-67 labeling index (LI) of tumor cells. In five of 15 deletion mutations (four in primary tumors and one in a metastatic tumor), the mutations were present at the distal location of exon 11 of the c-kit gene, which was a minor mutation in previous reports from Finland and the USA. C-kit gene mutations in GIST are not always related to a poor prognosis, but further comparative studies are necessary in Western and Japanese populations.     

Spectra of spontaneous mutations at the hprt locus in colorectal carcinoma cell lines defective in mismatch repair

Spectra of spontaneous mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus in colon carcinoma cell lines HCT116 and HCT-15 deficient in mismatch repair and displaying mutator phenotypes were determined. HCT116 and HCT-15 cells, respectively, harbour a mutation in the mismatch repair gene hMLH1 and GTBP. The mutation frequency at the hprt locus in both cell lines was elevated by about two orders, but the microsatellite instability in HCT116 cells was one order higher than in HCT-15 cells. Except for one mutant of HCT- 15, all the mutations (114/115) were point mutations; base substitutions of various types and frameshifts (deletions/insertions of less than a few bases, predominantly of +/-1 bp). Base substitutions (57%) and frameshifts (43%) occurred at a comparable rate in HCT116, whereas base substitutions (92%) were the major mutational events in HCT-15. Most frameshifts in HCT116 occurred at sites of monotonous or short tandem repeating sequences, and two of these sites, where there was a run of six Gs and four As, were hot spots. Three hot spot sites of base substitutions were found in HCT-15; two of them at splice acceptor sites, the other at the CpG site shared with HCT116. The distinct mutation spectra of the HCT116 and HCT-15 cell lines may reflect functional differences in the hMLH1 and GTBP gene products in mismatch repair. The gene product GTBP may be involved in the preferential repair of base mismatches, and MLH1 in the repair of both base mismatches and deletions/insertions of less than a few bases. These results suggest that mismatch repair deficiency affects the microsatellite stability as widely reported in colorectal tumour cells, but that it may not severely affect chromosome integrity as the karyotypes of these tumour cells are, unlike other tumour cells, relatively stable.      

EGFR基因突变与吉非替尼的疗效和获得性耐药关系的研究概况

肿瘤的分子靶向治疗是近年发展起来的一种全新的治疗手段。吉非替尼（Gefitinib）是晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）治疗中的第1个靶向药物,具有特异性强,起效快,不良反应少的特点。其作用机制是抑制表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）酪氨酸激酶的活性,阻断EGFR生成信号传递至细胞内,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的异常增生和转移。临床疗效与EGFR基因的突变具有一定的相关性。EGFR基因突变有外显子19碱基缺失,外显子20的点突变或碱基插入突变和外显子21的点突变3种类型。其中外显子20的点突变可能是肿瘤细胞对Gefitinib产生抗药性的原因。EGFR基因的突变在东方人群,女性,腺癌和非吸烟人群中高表达,而且临床应用中已经证实Gefitinib在上述人群中有效率最高。EGFR基因在应用Gefitinib的过程中亦会发生二次突变,这可能是Gefitinib获得性耐药的机制,但亦有研究显示Gefitinib的耐药与药物的转运、EGFR基因的扩增以及信号通路的改变有关,非单一机制能完全解释其耐药性。所以如何利用EGFR来准确预测Gefitinib的有效性,预防和阻止Gefitinib耐药将是今后对EGFR和Gefitinib研究的重点。     

中国黑色素瘤患者ＢＲＡＦ基因突变分析

目的：探讨ＢＲＡＦ基因在中国人黏膜、肢端和非肢端皮肤黑色素瘤中的突变率和类型。方法：用ＰＣＲ扩增和直接测序方法检测９０例中国恶性黑色素瘤（ＭＭ）患者肿瘤组织中ＢＲＡＦ外显子１１和１５的突变情况。结果：黏膜、肢端和非肢端皮肤黑色素瘤患者肿瘤组织中ＢＲＡＦ基因的突变率分别为２３.３％（７／３０）、１６.７％（５／３０）和４３.３％（１３／３０）;２５例ＢＲＡＦ基因突变中,１例为串联突变,其它均为点突变;仅有１例ＢＲＡＦ基因突变位于第１１外显子,其余２４例均位于ＢＲＡＦ第１５外显子。Ｖ６００Ｅ突变占所有ＢＲＡＦ基因第１５外显子突变的８３.３％（２０／２４）。结论：ＢＲＡＦ基因在中国人非肢端皮肤黑色素瘤中突变率较高,且以该基因第１５外显子Ｖ６００Ｅ点突变为主,有可能成为靶向药物作用的靶点。     

结肠癌p16基因缺失与突变的研究

目的 :探讨p16抑癌基因外显子 2缺失、突变与结肠癌发生、发展的关系。方法 :采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)、聚合酶链反应—单链构象多态性 (PCR SSCP)分析方法检测结肠癌中p16基因外显子 2的缺失、突变。结果 :30例结肠癌样本中 ,高分化及低分化腺癌各 1例PCR扩增无扩增产物 ,可能为p16基因缺失 ;其余 2 8例结肠癌、正常组织均有产物出现。SSCP分析 ,30例结肠癌中未见异常泳动带 ,无p16基因突变。结论 :p16基因外显子 2缺失可能很少参与结肠癌的发生发展 ;而p16基因突变可能与结肠癌发生无关。     

Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain: frequent abnormalities and inactivation of p14 tumor suppressor gene

Ten primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL, brain lymphomas) were examined for p14 gene exon 1beta deletion, mutation and methylation by Southern blot analysis, nucleotide analysis of polymerase chain reaction clones and Southern blot-based methylation assay. In Southern blot analysis, from the signal densities of the hybridized bands and their similarities to those of exons 2 and 3 in our previous quantitative study, we found that exon 1beta was homozygously deleted in four cases, hemizygously deleted in five cases and not deleted in one case. Thus, the same deletion patterns covered the entire p14 gene for all cases except for one case, which suggested the hemizygous deletion of exons 1beta and 2 and homozygous deletion of exon 3. In addition, although exon 1beta mutation is rare in various tumors, we detected a missense mutation (L50R) in one case with a hemizygous deletion. Methylation of the 5'CpG island of the p14 gene was not suggested for any case without homozygous deletion. Our observation of frequent p14 gene abnormalities (90%) and inactivation (40-60%) was in striking contrast to the same pathological subtype of systemic lymphoma in which p14 gene abnormalities and inactivation were infrequent, suggesting a difference in carcinogenesis between PCNSL and systemic lymphoma.     

Frequent and variable abnormalities in p14 tumor suppressor gene in glioma cell lines

Ten glioma cell lines were examined for abnormalities of exon 1β of the p14 gene and then for abnormalities of the entire p14 gene with the use of previous findings of other exons. Abnormalities of exon 1β and the entire p14 gene were detected in eight of ten cases: homozygous deletion of the entire gene in six cases, hemizygous deletion of exon 1β with homozygous deletion of downstream exons in one case, and hemizygous deletion of the entire coding region with a missense mutation (A97V) at the C-terminal nucleolar localization domain in one case. The remaining two cases revealed tno such abnormalities. p14 gene expression was observed in the latter two cases and one case with A97V mutation in the hemizygously deleted coding region, but not in the others, including one case with only exon 1β. In the three cases with p14 gene expression, immunocytochemistry revealed p14 nucleolar staining, suggesting the retention of the functional activity of p14 protein and, in the case with the A97V mutation, an insufficient mutational effect as well. The present findings of the frequent and variable p14 gene abnormalities, including rare-type ones with or without sufficient mutational effect in glioma cell lines, might be of value for better understanding of the p14 gene and its related pathways in glioma carcinogenesis.     

C-kit Gene Abnormalities in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Tumors of Interstitial Cells of Cajal)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract, and expresses KIT and CD34 in most cases. Gain-of-function mutation of the c-kit proto-oncogene has been described, but its significance in GIST has not yet been fully evaluated. Mutation in exon 11 of the c-kit gene was determined by both polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing in primary and metastatic GISTs and esophageal leiomyomas in Japanese subjects. C-kit gene mutation was identified in 15 of 48 primary GISTs (31%), four of seven metastatic GISTs, but none of the leiomyomas. Three mutations were mis-sense point mutations, and 16 were in-frame deletions of 3–48 bp. C-kit gene mutation was observed equally in low- and high-risk groups, and was not related to any clinical and pathologic factors, phenotypes or Ki-67 labeling index (LI) of tumor cells. In five of 15 deletion mutations (four in primary tumors and one in a metastatic tumor), the mutations were present at the distal location of exon 11 of the c-kit gene, which was a minor mutation in previous reports from Finland and the USA. C-kit gene mutations in GIST are not always related to a poor prognosis, but further comparative studies are necessary in Western and Japanese populations.     

皮肤鳞状细胞癌FHIT基因的异常改变及意义

目的检测脆性组氨酸三联体基因在皮肤SCC中外显子5和8的缺失和突变情况,分析该异常在皮肤SCC发生中的作用机制。方法PCR-SSCP方法检测皮肤SCC患者皮损FHIT基因外显子5和8的缺失和突变状况。结果10例CSCC组织中,E5有3例缺失,E8有8例缺失,其中有2例同时缺失E5和E8,对扩出的外显子进行SSCP分析没有检测到其突变。结论皮肤SCC中存在外显子5和8的缺失异常,没有发现其突变,这种异常与该肿瘤的发生可能有关,其具体的发生机制需做更进一步的探讨。     

胃癌中p16基因缺失与突变的研究

目的：探讨p16基因外显子2的缺失和突变与胃癌发生发展的关系.方法：应用新鲜组织标本基因组DNA抽提、PCR-SSCP分析的方法,对30例胃癌及癌旁组织中p16基因外显子2的缺失和突变进行检测.结果：胃癌组织样本中p16基因外显子2的缺失率为10.00%,突变率为10.00%,两者之和为20.00%,癌旁组织样本中未发现缺失和突变,统计学分析有显著性差异（P〈0.01）.结论：p16基因外显子2的缺失和突变与胃癌的发生具有一定的相关性.