伸展细胞型室管膜瘤的病理学观察

目的 探讨伸展细胞型室管膜瘤的临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 对6例伸展细胞型室管膜瘤进行光镜、免疫组化、特殊染色、电镜观察并结合文献进行分析。结果 肿瘤主要由长梭形细胞构成,呈束状交错状、车辐状排列,可见围绕血管分布,形成假菊形团。瘤细胞呈单极或双极突起细长,分化好,核分裂象罕见,未见坏死。免疫组化标记瘤细胞vimentin强阳性,GFAP、S-100蛋白、EMA阳性,Syn和HHF35阴性。超微结构观察见较多的中间细丝和发育好的的桥粒,以及细胞间腔隙内有微绒毛。结论 伸展细胞型室管膜瘤起源于脑室附近伸展细胞,是罕见的室管膜瘤的一个亚型,在诊断上往往易与其它梭形细胞为主的神经上皮肿瘤相混,病理诊断依赖于组织学、免疫组化、特殊染色和电镜观察。免疫组化和特殊染色在鉴别诊断中有重要价值。     

心包原发性恶性间皮瘤的临床病理分析

目的：探讨心包原发性恶性间皮瘤的临床病理特征。诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法：对4例心包原发性恶性间皮瘤进行临床病理分析。光镜及免疫组化染色观察并复习有关文献。结果：男3例,女1例,平均年龄42岁,3例呈局限型,1例为弥漫浸润型。组织学上可表现为肉瘤样梭形细胞型,上皮样型及双相型,免疫组化染色显示肉瘤样梭形细胞表CK、vimentin;上皮样型瘤细胞表达HBME1、CK。结论：原发于心包的恶性间皮瘤罕见,预后极差。临床常被误诊,其组织形态亦复杂多样,应注意与心包的良性增生性病变,心包转移性腺癌和梭形细胞肿瘤等相鉴别。     

伸长细胞型室管膜瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的探讨伸长细胞型室管膜瘤的病理形态学特征。方法复习2例伸长细胞型室管膜瘤的临床病理资料，对手术切除的肿瘤组织，常规石蜡切片，HE染色，光镜观察，同时进行免疫组织化学标记GFAP、EMA、S-100蛋白、CKpan、Syn、CD34。结果例1位于腰2～3椎管内终丝，临床上主要表现出脊髓压迫症状，如运动及感觉障碍；例2发生于侧脑室，主要表现为头痛、呕吐、视物模糊。病理组织学上肿瘤富于细胞，排列成束状、交织状，细胞胞突细长双极，核异型性小，少数肿瘤细胞围绕血管周围形成室管膜瘤的无核区结构。免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞表达GFAP、EMA、CD99，而S-100蛋白阴性。结论伸长细胞型室管膜瘤是室管膜瘤的一种罕见亚型，病理诊断时尤其应注意与椎管内的神经鞘瘤和星形细胞瘤鉴别。     

儿童梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤10例临床病理分析

目的探讨儿童梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析10例儿童梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤的临床病理学特征并复习相关文献。结果镜下主要表现为长梭形的肿瘤细胞,部分区域可见典型的胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤区或分化较好的横纹肌母细胞区,肿瘤细胞表达肌源性标记desmin、Myogenin和MyoD1,Ki-67核增殖指数为15%~60%。结论儿童梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤少见,易漏诊或误诊,需与儿童常见的其他梭形细胞肿瘤相鉴别。     

A/AB型胸腺瘤的临床病理研究

新的胸腺瘤分类将具有梭形细胞和梭形细胞与淋巴细胞混合组成的胸腺瘤归入A、AB型[1] ,由于该类型的肿瘤以梭形细胞 /淋巴细胞为其病理特征并具有浸润性生长 ,故认识本病的临床与病理特点 ,对其诊断具有重要意义。一、材料和方法18例肿瘤患者为南京军区南京总医院 1983～ 2 0 0 1年间收治住院患者 ,复习临床、实验室和影像学资料 ,肿瘤标本常规病理制片光镜观察 ,同时选择肿瘤性石蜡包埋组织行免疫组织化学链霉素抗生物素蛋白 过氧化物酶 (SP)法标记 :细胞角蛋白 (CKpan)、波形蛋白、癌胚抗原 (CEA)、突触素、神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NS…     

ZFTA-NCOA1/2融合伴间叶分化的室管膜瘤样肿瘤临床病理学特征

目的探讨ZFTA-NCOA1/2融合伴间叶分化的室管膜瘤样肿瘤(ependymoma-like tumors with mesenchymal differentiation, ELTMD)的临床病理和分子学特征。方法通过免疫组织化学、RNA测序以及荧光原位杂交验证, 证实1例ZFTA-NCOA1/2融合的幕上室管膜瘤样肿瘤, 总结其临床病理特征。结果患儿女, 4岁, 突发头痛头晕伴肢体无力, 右额顶部镰旁富血供占位性病变。HE组织学具有显著的异质性和混合性成分, 由小蓝圆细胞和梭形细胞成分构成, 类似高级别肉瘤和胚胎性肿瘤, 偶见室管膜样分化。免疫表型L1CAM弥漫阳性, p65核阴性。RNA测序示ZFTA-NCOA1/2基因融合。结论 ELTMD是一类罕见的儿童高级别肿瘤, WHO暂未归类, 具有显著的异源性间叶分化, 免疫表型和分子特征不同于幕上室管膜瘤或中枢神经系统胚胎型肿瘤, 组织学相当于WHO 3级。     

胃肠道神经束膜瘤4例临床病理分析

目的探讨胃肠道神经束膜瘤的临床病理特征。方法分析4例胃肠道神经束膜瘤的临床资料,总结其临床病理和免疫表型。结果 1例位于胃体大弯,1例位于结肠,2例位于直肠;瘤体直径0.3～1 cm,其特征是黏膜固有层内见温和的梭形细胞增生,表达神经束膜标志物,梭形细胞呈层状、束状排列,或围绕腺体漩涡状分布,周围扩张的隐窝常伴锯齿状结构。免疫表型:温和的梭形细胞不同程度表达EMA和CD34。随访4例患者均未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论胃肠道神经束膜瘤是一种良性的外周神经鞘膜肿瘤,可能被误诊为其他更常见的胃肠道梭形细胞肿瘤。免疫组化标记EMA和CD34阳性有助于鉴别诊断,患者预后良好。     

垂体细胞瘤及其罕见室管膜样亚型的临床病理分析

目的探讨垂体细胞瘤及其罕见的室管膜样亚型的临床病理学特征和免疫表型、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法应用HE和免疫组化En Vision两步法染色观察7例垂体细胞瘤(6例经典型和1例室管膜样亚型)的组织学形态和免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果镜下6例经典型肿瘤均由致密的肥胖梭形细胞构成,瘤细胞呈短束状和车辐状排列;而1例室管膜样亚型,瘤细胞呈漩涡状和乳头状排列,伴明显的血管周菊形团结构。免疫表型:所有肿瘤均弥漫表达S-100蛋白和TTF-1,而IDH1R132H、Olig-2、NF、CD34、Syn、Cg A及垂体激素均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数均2%。不同的是,经典型病例GFAP和EMA仅灶阳性,室管膜样亚型中GFAP呈弥漫阳性,且50%瘤细胞EMA点状阳性。结论垂体细胞瘤是起源于神经垂体细胞罕见的低级别胶质瘤,该实验有助于扩大垂体细胞瘤的形态学谱系和对新亚型的认识,对病理的鉴别诊断和临床治疗有益。     

卵巢复发性播散性室管膜瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨卵巢室管膜瘤的临床病理特征。方法对1例卵巢复发性、播散性室管膜瘤进行临床病理和免疫组化分析,并复习相关文献。结果患者42岁,体检发现左侧附件肿物6个月余入院。术中探查:盆腔及腹腔的腹膜表面散在结节状肿物种植,直径0.2～3 cm,子宫、双侧输卵管与盆壁粘连致密。镜检:肿瘤细胞丰富,细胞大小较一致,围绕血管,胞质突起朝向血管呈放射状,形成假菊形团样结构。免疫表型:GFAP、S-100、EMA、CK、vimentin、ER、PR阳性;病理诊断:原发性、复发性卵巢室管膜瘤。结论卵巢室管膜瘤是一种罕见的肿瘤,应该与卵巢上皮来源肿瘤、颗粒细胞瘤、未成熟畸胎瘤及神经内分泌癌相鉴别。     

滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤的临床病理特点及免疫表型,提高对该肿瘤的认识和诊断水平。方法通过光镜、电镜和免疫组织化学染色[EnVision法,所选用抗体为：CK（AE1／AE3）、S-100蛋白、CD1a、CD21、CD23、CD35、CD34、CD68、波形蛋白、结蛋白、HMB45、p53]观察并结合临床资料对5例滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤进行临床病理分析。5例均获随访。结果5例患者中男3例,女2例,平均年龄37岁。肿瘤均位于头颈部淋巴结。镜下观察：肿瘤组织呈片巢状、束状或旋涡状排列,瘤细胞卵圆形或梭形,胞质丰富淡嗜酸性;核卵圆形或胖梭形,趋向不规则成簇分布,散见多核巨细胞;核染色质稀疏,核仁小而清楚;核分裂象数目不等,有时显示明显的核异型。瘤细胞CD21、CD23、CD35阳性,少数瘤细胞CD68、S-100蛋白阳性,CD1a、CD34、HMB45、CK均阴性。电镜下瘤细胞有长而明显的绒毛状胞质突起及特征性的桥粒样连接,未见Birbeek颗粒。随访5～52个月（平均26个月）,无复发或再复发及转移。结论滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤是一种少见的恶性肿瘤,预后不确定。正确诊断需要病理组织形态、电镜及免疫组织化学相结合,并应与朗格汉斯细胞肉瘤、指突状树突状细胞肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、梭形细胞癌等相鉴别。     

Tanycytic ependymoma: two case reports and review of the literature

Two cases of tanycytic ependymoma are reported, one in a woman aged 33 years and one in a man aged 36 years. The woman presented with lesions at L2 and L3 in the spinal cord and clinical symptoms suggested spinal cord compression, such as movement and sensory dysfunction. The man had a lesion located in the lateral ventricle and presented with headache, vomiting, and impaired vision. Both of these patients developed gradual increases in the intensity of their symptoms over a few months prior to admission. A spinal cord MRI of the woman showed a well-defined, solid cystic mass measuring 1.0 × 6.5 cm at L2 and L3 of the spinal cord. The mass showed low signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the intervertebral disc with equal signal intensity T1-/T2-weighted images. The signal was uniform and enhanced scanning showed a light strengthening of signal. A brain MRI of the man showed a well-defined mass measuring 4 cm in diameter invading the right ventricle. The mass showed low signal intensity on right T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Histopathologically, the tumors were rich with significant and uniform proliferation of long spindle cells, which were arranged in fasciculate and knitted patterns with bipolar and spindled processes focally forming perivascular pseudorosettes. The cell nuclei showed minor pleomorphism. A few tumor cells centered on the vessels resulted in a nuclear-free zone, which was characteristic of ependymoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for GFAP, EMA, and CD99, but negative for S-100. A review of the cases reported in the literature shows that tanycytic ependymoma occurs more often in the spinal cord. As it can resemble pilocytic astrocytoma and schwannoma, tanycytic ependymoma should be differentially diagnosed to exclude some of the benign spindle cell tumors of the central nervous system.     

Rapid spontaneous malignant progression of supratentorial tanycytic ependymoma with sarcomatous features – “Ependymosarcoma”

By analogy to gliosarcoma, the term “ependymosarcoma” has recently been coined to thematize the rare phenomenon of a malignant mesenchymal component arising within an ependymoma. We report on an example of this paradigm, involving tanycytic ependymoma as the host tumor in a 40-year-old female who underwent two tumor extirpation procedures at one-year interval. She first presented with severe headaches, and was seen by imaging to harbor a moderately enhancing mass 2.5 cm in diameter at the rostral septum pellucidum accompanied by occlusive hydrocephalus. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of solid, wavy fascicles of elongated cells that were occasionally interrupted by vague perivascular pseudorosettes. Mitotic activity was absent, and less than 1% of nuclei immunoreacted for MIB-1. A histological diagnosis of tanycytic ependymoma (WHO grade II) was rendered, and no adjuvant therapy given. At recurrence, the lesion was 3.5 cm in diameter, intensely enhancing, and had already seeded into the subarachnoid space. Histology showed a biphasic glial–sarcomatous architecture with remnants of the original ependymoma now displaying hypercellularity and atypical – yet not frankly anaplastic – features. The sarcomatous moiety consisted of spindle and epithelioid cells densely interwoven with reticulin fibers. While the ependymal component was GFAP and S100 protein positive, and featured punctate staining for EMA, none of these markers was expressed in the adjacent sarcoma. Instead, the latter reacted for vimentin and smooth muscle actin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation of tanycytic ependymoma undergoing malignant transformation, one driven by a highly anaplastic mesenchymal component, corresponding to “ependymosarcoma”.     

Tanycytic Ependymoma

Tanycytic ependymoma is an uncommon fibrillar variant of ependymoma characterized by streams of piloid, or hair-like, cells having “ependymal” nuclei. True ependymal rosettes are absent, and perivascular rosettes are inconspicuous. Misinterpretation as schwannoma or astrocytoma is a diagnostic problem and well-documented cases are scarce. The purpose of this report is to document the ependymal features of the neoplasm and to increase awareness of the entity's existence. Biopsy tissues from three patients with tanycytic ependymoma were examined. All tumors consisted of sheets of spindle cells that were positive for glial fibrillary acidic and S-100 proteins. Ultrastructural examination showed characteristic ependymal features, including intracytoplasmic intermediate filaments, prominent intercellular junctions, numerous slender surface microvilli, and microvilli-lined lumina. Accurate recognition of the ependymal nature of this spindle neoplasm requires a high index of suspicion. Because the spindle cells are immu-noreactive with antibodies to both glial fibrillary acidic and S-100 proteins, ultrastructural confirmation of ependymal features is necessary.     

Intraoperative diagnosis of tanycytic ependymoma: pitfalls and differential diagnosis

Smear preparations have become increasingly popular in the intraoperative assessment of central nervous system pathology. The cytological features of a histologically proven tanycytic ependymoma are presented with the pitfalls and differential diagnosis. The smear preparation showed a glial neoplasm composed of cells with long, bipolar glial processes and oval to spindle-shaped nuclei resembling those seen in pilocytic astrocytoma smears. The smear characteristics of an ependymoma usually show remarkably uniform round-to-oval nuclei, fluffy glial processes, and a perivascular nuclear-free zone (pseudorosetting). None of these features were present in our case. The accompanying frozen section showed a fascicular spindle-cell tumor that resembled a schwanomma, a commonly reported misinterpretation of the histology of tanycytic ependymomas on frozen sections. Careful attention to the radiological findings, the surgeon's impression, and the intraoperative smear preparation details should allow one to include this uncommon entity in the differential diagnosis of spinal neoplasms.     

Tanycytic ependymoma in a 76-year-old Puerto Rican male

Ependymoma is a slowly growing tumor in children and young adults originating from the wall of the ventricles or from the spinal canal that is composed of neoplastic ependymal cells. Tanycytic ependymoma is a rare variant of ependymoma usually arising in the intra medullary spine. The World Health Organization classifies the tanycytic ependymoma as a grade II tumor. The diagnosis of tanycytic ependymoma is challenging since the morphology of the lesions resemble those found in schwannoma and astrocytomas. In the present study, we show a case of a 76 years old male with a progressive paraparesis for 8 years, due to a spinal tumor. Radiological and histological studies were used to classify the tumor as tanycytic ependymoma. Therefore, it is important to be aware of tanycytic ependymoma and its immunohistochemistry profile in older patients, especially within the Caribbean Hispanic population. To our knowledge this is the oldest patient known to have this rare tumor and the first case reported in Puerto Rico.     

Histological characterization of an ependymoma in the fourth ventricle of a cat

A tumour occupying the fourth ventricle in a 3-year-old cat was removed surgically and characterized as a tanycytic ependymoma on the basis of histological features of low cellularity, inconspicuous perivascular pseudorosettes and fascicular architecture. Immunohistochemical analysis of sections revealed that the neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and S-100. The histological and immunohistochemical findings were similar to those of human tanycytic ependymoma, a subclassification of ependymoma not previously described in domestic species.     

Infratentorial giant cell ependymoma: a rare variant of ependymoma

We describe a giant cell ependymoma occurring in a 50-year-old man. The mass was located in the posterior aspect of the foramen magnum, extending from the cerebellar tonsil to the upper cervical spine. The tumor was a highly cellular neoplasm showing biphasic histology. Diffuse sheets of non-cohesive atypical giant cells, having eccentrically located single or multiple nuclei and plump eosinophilic cytoplasm, partly infiltrated the desmoplastic inflammatory stroma. Parts of perivascular pseudorosette-forming or pseudopapillary areas were composed of atypically elongated cells, which looked like conventional anaplastic ependymoma. There was a transitional area between two patterns. Numerous mitoses and focal necrosis were observed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, S-100 protein, and CD99. None of the tumor cells showed immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen except for the intracytoplasmic lumen of a few vacuolated cells. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells were ependymal in nature; we noted cytoplasmic intermediate filaments and intercellular microrosettes with microvilli, cilia, and long zonula adherens. The features of this tumor, e.g. its superficial location, mixed giant cells, perivascular pseudorosettes or papillaries, complicated its differentiation from rhabdoid/papillary meningioma. However, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis of ependymoma. The giant cell variant should be included in the subclassification of the ependymoma.     

Ependymoma: Ultrastructural Studies of Two Cases

Several unusual ultrastructural findings in two ependymomas are reported. In case 1, a grade I ependymoma of the fourth ventricle, there were rosettes, perivascular pseudorosettes, and tumor cells having unusual intracytoplasmic vacuoles by light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, these vacuoles were frequently microrosettes as well as scattered, degenerated cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells. The lumina of some of the microrosettes were bordered by abnormally long and malformed zonulae adherentiae. In case 2, a recurrent grade III ependymoma of the third ventricle, there were rosettes and perivascular pseudorosettes as well as more cellular and anaplastic areas by light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells in perivascular pseudorosettes contained frequent dense-core vesicles and occasional parallel arrays of microtubules. These structures do not occur in normal mammalian ependymal cells but do occur in the ependymal tanycyte, a related cell that is plentiful in the walls of the third ventricle. Thus some of the tumor cells of this third ventricle ependymoma appear to have differentiated as tany-cytes.