儿童良性食管狭窄的介入治疗

目的 评价儿童良性食管狭窄使用球囊扩张及暂时性覆膜可回收支架治疗的疗效.方法 44例(男29例,女15例,平均年龄7岁)儿童良性食管狭窄接受食管球囊扩张治疗,对球囊扩张后临床症状及吞咽评分改善不满意的患儿置放暂时性覆膜可回收支架.结果 44例儿童良性食管狭窄疗效明显,食管穿孔等并发症罕见,术后6～30个月保持临床无症状,吞咽评分由2~3改善为0～1,治疗效果满意.结论 本方法安全简单且实用,可作为儿童良性食管狭窄首选的治疗方法.     

暂时性内支架治疗食管良性狭窄疗效分析

目的分析暂时性内支架治疗食管良性狭窄疗效,为食管良性狭窄提供有效的介入治疗方法。对象与方法１２例食管良性狭窄患者食管最窄处直径１ｍｍ～５ｍｍ,吞咽困难评分为３～４级。在Ｘ线下置入可扩张金属带膜内支架,术后３～７天由胃镜取出内支架。结果１２例患者支架置入和支架取出成功率均为１００％。操作死亡率为０％。支架置入后吞咽困难明显好转,吞咽困难评分０级－１级,平均０．６±０．４级;支架取出后吞咽困难评分０级～２级,平均０．８±０．５级。支架置入后管腔直径１６～２２ｍｍ,平均１８．４±２．９ｍｍ。支架取出后一周内管腔直径１０ｍｍ～１８ｍｍ,平均１４．５±２．７ｍｍ。患者术后随访３～５０个月。随访期内管腔直径未见明显改变,吞咽能力在随访３个月内逐渐好转,３个月后处于维持状态。结论暂时性内支架是食管良性狭窄介入治疗最有效的方法之一     

可回收覆膜支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的　评价可回收覆膜支架治疗食管良性狭窄的可行性、安全性及其疗效。方法　食管良性狭窄患者 10例 ,在X线监视下置入国产可回收覆膜支架 10枚 ,其中Z型不锈钢丝支架 2枚、网状镍钛合金支架 8枚。在置入 1～ 16周后用回收钩或胃镜将支架取出。结果　 10枚支架均一次置入成功 ,支架置入后患者吞咽困难症状均有明显改善 ,能进普食 ,并在 1～ 16周后成功取出。支架取出后随访 6个月～ 3年 ,1例于支架取出后 1个月再次出现吞咽不畅 ,经反复食管球囊扩张术后症状改善 ,其余病例均未复发。结论　可回收覆膜支架是治疗食管良性狭窄的安全、简便、有效的方法 ,支架在体内的最佳持续留置时间有待于进一步研究     

覆膜食管支架置入术60例临床应用分析

目的：分析晚期食管癌狭窄、纵隔淋巴结增大侵犯食管狭窄、贲门失弛缓症和食管术后吻合口狭窄、腐蚀性食管狭窄及食管破裂、食管-纵隔瘘、食管-气管瘘等病变的食管支架置入术的治疗方法及效果。方法60例中,晚期食管癌患者22例;食管癌并食管-气管瘘1例;纵隔内淋巴结增大侵犯食管导致食管狭窄10例;贲门失弛缓症18例;食管癌术后狭窄5例及腐蚀局限性食管狭窄2例;食管胸腔瘘1例、食管-纵隔瘘1例;60例均采用数字多功能X线机透视引导,其中部分病例同时采用胃镜下置入导丝放置支架治疗。结果60例患者中恶性狭窄永久性植入支架33例;良性狭窄暂时性置入支架27例,暂时性置入支架均在3-28 d安全取出;支架留置以后98％（59/60）患者的摄食能力有了很大提高,生活质量明显改善。结论食管支架置入术,简捷、安全、有效,对提高食管狭窄及食管瘘患者的生活质量、延长生命是一个好的治疗方法。     

颈段食管狭窄金属内支架置入的临床研究

目的　探讨颈段食管狭窄内支架置入疗效。方法　本组 68例经胃镜检查,病理细胞学证实为食管恶性肿瘤,癌肿上段距门齿 19 ~23cm,其中,手术切除吻合口狭窄 12例,采用扩张、支架置入。结果　68例均一次性置入成功,置入支架上段距门齿 18cm19例,术后 4h顺利进食,支架置入后 43例感胸骨后疼痛。结论　颈段食管狭窄支架置入,是目前治疗食管狭窄有效方法之一,能改善病人的病情,是一种安全、可靠的方法。     

食管胸腔胃吻合口内支架并发食管气管瘘的内支架再置入治疗

目的 探讨食管癌术后食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄行支架置入后形成食管-气管瘘,再次采取支架置入治疗的疗效.方法 6例食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管气管瘘.X线监视下,取出原食管支架,再次置入1枚较长的食管覆膜支架,消除食管与支架成角现象.结果 本组原支架取出顺利,未出现严重并发症.均再次置入较原支架长20 ～ 40 mm的支架,支架置入后均出现不同程度咽部疼痛不适,患者能够耐受,进食顺利.结论 食管胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管-气管瘘,可以置换稍长支架进行补救.     

食管上段狭窄球囊扩张及内支架治疗的临床疗效(附47例报告)

目的:探讨食管上段良、恶性狭窄行球囊扩张及内支架治疗的临床疗效。方法:对4 7例食管上段恶性狭窄4 4例,良性狭窄3例行食管球囊扩张及内支架置入,以食管钡餐造影及纤维内窥镜检查随访。结果:4 4例食管上段术后狭窄位于颈段食管2 1例,胸段食管2 3例行球囊扩张并行食管内支架,随访1～38个月,术后生存时间平均7～8个月。3例食管上段化学灼伤良性狭窄,狭窄均位于胸段,随访1～3年,患者进食无异常。结论:食管上段良、恶性狭窄行球囊扩张并内支架置入是治疗食管狭窄的有效方法     

内支架置入对食管良恶性狭窄姑息性治疗的临床应用

目的 采用内支架置入的方法对食管良恶性狭窄和食管瘘患者进行姑息性治疗,观察并比较进口支架和国产支架的临床应用情况。方法 20例食管癌所致食管狭窄患者中,手术后吻合口狭窄3例,合并食管－气管瘘4例,食管－纵 隔瘘1例。置入进口支架10个;国产支架10个。对4例食管造影显示完全梗阻和7例严重狭窄的患者,先行球囊扩张,后置入支架。9例直接置入。结果 15例单纯食管狭窄患者置入支架后,进食情况明显改善,5例合并瘘者置入带膜支架后,瘘口消失。分别随访2个月至2年。1例20d后死于消化道大出血。3例6个月后再次出现狭窄,1例行放射治疗,2例第2次置入支架。其余患者均未出现明显的进食障碍。结论 食管内支架置入术简单、安全、近期疗效明显,无严重并发症,是食管癌性狭窄和食管瘘的一种良好的姑息性治疗方法。国产支架与进出口支架疗效相仿,值得临床推广应用。     

覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌放疗后并发食管狭窄及食管瘘的临床效果

 目的 评价覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌放疗后并发食管狭窄或食管瘘的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析58例食管癌放疗后并发食管狭窄及食管瘘的患者,所有患者均在X线监视下放置Z形全覆膜食管支架,分析支架置入的疗效及安全性。结果 58例食管支架均放置成功,术后患者进食恢复通畅、瘘口封闭,各种临床症状得到有效迅速缓解,放置成功率及治疗有效率均为100.0%。术后出现胸痛52例(89.7%),恶心呕吐31例(53.4%),轻度消化道出血21例(36.2%),前两项经对症处理后可有效控制,后者自行好转。结论 采用覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌放疗后并发的食管狭窄及食管瘘简便、安全、疗效确切,值得推广。     

应用金属内支架治疗食管狭窄性病变的研究

目的：阐述了自膨式金属内支架（Self-Expanding Metallic Stent,SEMS）在治疗食管狭窄性疾病的应用价值。材料和方法：本组病例87例，其中，食管癌36例，卉门癌4例，食管吻合口狭窄47例，采用自膨式镍钛合金金属内支架89枚。在X线监视下，标定狭窄部位，先对狭窄区行球囊扩张后置入SEMS。结果：SEMS置入术本组病例成功率为100％。术后病人吞咽、进食功能均得以恢复，吞咽、进食困难由术前Ⅱ级。Ⅲ级改善到0级，并且无严重的并发症出现，大大地提高了病人的生存质量和生存期。结论：应用SEMS治疗中晚期食管癌、贲门癌、食管术后吻合口狭窄所致的食管狭窄性病变是一种操作简便、安全，疗效明显。快捷，很受患者欢迎和临床医生认可的介入治疗新方法。     

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and clinical effectiveness of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under fluoroscopic guidance, covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture and were removed with a retrieval hook 1-8 weeks later. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful in all patients, with no procedural complications. After stent placement, all patients could ingest solid food. The stents were successfully removed from all but two patients. One patient passed the stent via the rectum, and the other regurgitated a high cervical stent. After stent removal, one patient developed a small esophagobronchial fistula, which spontaneously sealed within 1 week of stent removal. After stent removal or migration, all patients could ingest solid food. During follow-up (mean, 13 months; range, 2-25 months) after stent removal or migration, 12 patients maintained their improvement in dysphagia and needed no further treatment. Thirteen patients with recurrence were treated by means of repeat balloon dilation. CONCLUSION: Use of retrievable expandable nitinol stents seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment in selected patients with benign esophageal strictures.     

Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents

Purpose: To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of the parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.

Material and Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, parallel stents were placed in 12 symptomatic patients with both malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures. Seven of these 12 patients also had an esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF) and one patient had an esophagocutaneous fistula. Technical success, clinical improvement, complications, and survival rates were evaluated.

Results: A total of 28 esophageal and airway stents were successfully placed. The grade of dysphagia and dyspnea score significantly decreased after stent placement (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). ERF and esophagocutaneous fistula were sealed off in all eight patients after esophageal stent placement; however, the esophagocutaneous fistula reopened 1 month later. Complications included stent migration or expectoration (n = 3), tracheal compression by the esophageal stent (n = 3), new fistula development due to covering membrane degradation of the esophageal stent (n = 1), and symptomatic sputum retention (n = 1). Stent removal was easily performed for two stents; one migrated stent and the other with covering membrane degradation. All 12 patients died within the mean survival period of 72.50 days (range 7-375 days).

Conclusion: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.     

Nitinol Esophageal Stents: New Designs and Clinical Indications

Purpose To evaluate the clinical use of covered and noncovered, knitted nitinol stents in patients presenting new stent indications. Methods Self-expandable, knitted nitinol stents were implanted in four patients for treatment of dysphagia. In two patients who had malignant strictures and had esophago-respiratory fistulae and in one patient with an esophagocutaneous fistula, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stents were implanted. One patient received a noncovered stent, but a retrograde approach through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) fistula had to be chosen for recanalization of an esophageal occulusion. Two patients received stents for treatment of benign strictures. Results Recanalization of the stricture and stent implantation were performed under fluoroscopic control without any procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Dysphagia improved in all patients and the esophageal fistulae could be sealed off by covered stents. During a maximum follow-up of 18 months, there was no stent migration or esophageal perforation. Complications observed were stent stenosis due to food impaction (1/4) and benign stent stenosis (2/2). Most complications could be treated by the interventional radiologist. Conclusion Self-expandable, covered Nitinol stents provide an option for the treatment of dysphagia combined with esophageal fistulae. In combination with interventional radiology techniques, even complex strictures are accessible. For benign strictures, the value of stent treatment has not yet been proven.     

带膜支架在食管狭窄中的临床应用

目的：本文回顾性分析了金属带膜支架对恶性食管狭窄、吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘和吻合口瘘的治疗功效,方法：36例吞咽困难患者放置了Gianturco-Z和自彭式金属带膜支架。其中包括恶性食管梗阻（32例）、吻合口狭窄（4例）,合并食管气管瘘（3例）和吻合口瘘（1例）。结果：37根支架被成功释放。吞咽困难在33例患者中获得明显缓解,平均吞咽困难积分从3．02减低到0．81。3例食管气管瘘和1例吻合口瘘完全堵住。并发症包括胸骨后疼痛（23例）、支架移位（21例）、上消化道出血（12例）、返流性食道炎（1例）和气管受压迫（1例）。结论：金属带膜支架是治疗食道梗阻、食管气管瘘及吻合口瘘安全、有效的方法。     

Treatment of tracheobronchial obstruction with a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in tracheobronchial strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With fluoroscopic guidance, PTFE-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 15 symptomatic patients with benign (n = 6) or malignant (n = 9) tracheobronchial strictures. Complications and improvement in respiratory status were evaluated. Stents were removed electively 6 months after placement in benign strictures or if complications occurred. Membrane degradation or separation from the wire mesh was evaluated in removed stents. RESULTS: A total of 17 stents were successfully placed and were well tolerated in all patients. Sputum retention, stent migration, and tissue hyperplasia occurred in 23.5% (n = 4), 17.6% (n = 3), and 17.6% (n = 3) of stents, respectively. A total of 11 stents were successfully removed electively 6 months after placement (n = 4) or when complications occurred (n = 7). All 11 such stents were removed without difficulty with use of standard techniques, antecedent balloon dilation being necessary in two cases as a result of tissue hyperplasia. No removed stent showed signs of membrane degradation, and two removed stents showed signs of membrane separation from the mesh. CONCLUSIONS: PTFE-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were effective in the treatment of tracheobronchial strictures. Stent removal was easy with use of standard techniques, and no removed stent showed evidence of membrane degradation.     

Comparison of temporary and permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical effectiveness of temporary metallic stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma by comparing it with permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 47 patients with esophageal carcinoma 1 week before starting radiation therapy; the stents were electively removed 4 weeks after placement in 24 patients (group A), while not electively removed in the other 23 patients (group B). In cases of complications, the stents were also removed from patients in groups A and B. The dysphagia score, complications (severe pain, granulation tissue formation, stent migration, esophagorespiratory fistula, and hematemesis), tumor overgrowth/regrowth, reintervention rates, and dysphagia-progression-free and overall survival rates were compared in the two groups. RESULTS: Stent placement or removal was technically successful and well tolerated in all patients. The dysphagia score was significantly improved in both groups after stent placement (P < .01). Each of the stent-related complications was less in group A than in group B but there was no significant difference. However, the total number of patients with one or more than one complications and who needed related reinterventions was significantly less in group A than in group B (P = .042 and .030, respectively). Tumor overgrowth/regrowth and the total number of patients who required related reinterventions was not significantly different (P = 1.00 and .517, respectively). Dysphagia-progression-free and overall survival rates were significantly longer in group A than in group B (P = .005 and .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Temporary placement of a covered retrievable expandable metallic stent with concurrent radiation therapy for patients with esophageal carcinoma is beneficial for reducing complications and related reinterventions and for increasing resultant survival rates compared with permanent esophageal stent placement.     

Covered metallic stent placement in the management of cervical esophageal strictures

PURPOSE: To describe the authors' experience with self-expandable covered metallic stents in 16 patients with malignant and benign cervical esophageal strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen expandable covered metallic stents were placed with fluoroscopic guidance in 16 patients (14 men, two women; mean age, 60 years; age range, 26-75 years) with malignant and benign strictures of the cervical esophagus. The causes of strictures were ingestion of corrosive agents (n = 3), biopsy-proved squamous cell carcinoma (n = 12), and postsurgical scarring (n = 1). The mean dysphagia scores at presentation were compared with those after stent placement by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all patients. The reduction in the mean dysphagia score after stent placement was statistically significant (P = .0327). All patients complained of mild to severe foreign body sensation, with four reporting severe pain necessitating immediate stent removal. With the exception of one patient with limited follow-up, complications requiring intervention occurred in all patients, including migration in nine patients and tissue hyperproliferation in two. Of the 12 patients with a malignant stricture of the esophagus, four patients eventually underwent gastrostomy for the placement of a feeding tube and one patient underwent surgery. All four patients with a benign cervical stricture failed to achieve long-lasting improvement with temporary stent placement. CONCLUSIONS: Although the placement of covered metallic stents in the cervical esophagus provides adequate initial palliation, it is associated with poor patient tolerance and a high complication rate.     

Temporary placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents with barbs in high-risk surgical patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: work in progress

Purpose

To report the use of a newly constructed, covered, retrievable, expandable nitinol stent with barbs to overcome the problem of stent migration associated with conventional covered prostatic expandable stents and to evaluate prospectively the technical feasibility and clinical effectiveness of the stents in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Materials and Methods

A covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent with four barbs was placed with use of an 18-F stent delivery system in seven consecutive patients with symptomatic BPH who had high operative risks. Age range of patients was 62–83 years (mean 74 years). In cases in which the stent migrated, it was replaced with a stent with eight barbs. The stents were routinely removed 4 months after placement using a 21-F stent removal set.

Results

Stent placement was technically successful and well tolerated in six of the seven patients. The remaining patient needed a second stent placement after removal of the first stent. The stent with four barbs migrated into the urinary bladder in four patients (57%); three of these patients received a second stent with eight barbs with good results, and the fourth patient did not need further treatment because his symptoms improved. Routine removal of the stent 4 months after placement was performed in three of the seven patients with good results.

Conclusions

Retrievable stents with eight barbs seem to overcome the problem of stent migration associated with conventional prostatic expandable stents. Preliminary results suggest that stents with barbs are both feasible and effective in patients with BPH.     

国产自膨式带膜支架治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效

目的评价国产食管带膜支架治疗食管癌术后食管—胃吻合口瘘的效果。方法15例手术切除病变食管行食管-胃吻合术后,经钡餐或碘水造影证实为吻合口瘘的患者,进行了经口植入国产食管带膜支架瘘口封堵治疗。结果所有支架均一次性成功植入,共植入17枚支架,即时堵瘘100%,支架植入后3～5d再发瘘2例(13.3%),支架移位1例(6.6%)。未见严重并发症。结论国产食管带膜支架治疗食管癌术后食管-胃吻合口瘘安全、有效,是重要的治疗手段。     

儿童食管腐蚀剂损伤的支架治疗

目的　探讨食管支架术对儿童腐蚀剂损伤性食管狭窄及溃疡的治疗方法 ,维持进食通道 ,此后再去除支架。方法　 12例病例采用改进的“Z”型不锈钢被膜支架或镍钛记忆合金网状支架 ,利用气管支架输送器经口放置支架。结果　 12例初次共放置18枚“Z”型不锈钢被膜支架 ,均缓解了进食困难的症状 ,术后随访观察 0 .5～ 6年 ,9例经 1次至多次调整或更换支架 ;5例支架去除后观察 0 .5～ 3年 ,进食正常 ;1例高位食管狭窄行外科手术 ;6例支架尚未取出 ,能进普食或软食。 1例放置镍钛记忆合金网状支架2枚 ,术后 1月出现再狭窄 ,6年后手术切除。结论　使用“Z”型被膜支架治疗食管腐蚀剂损伤后狭窄、溃疡等较为安全、并发症少、效果较好