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1.
Christopher Couch Tim Franxman Matthew Greenhawt 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(5):591-596.e3
Background
Characteristics and outcomes of tree nut (TN) oral food challenges (OFCs) in patients with TN allergy or sensitization alone are poorly studied.Objective
To determine the relation between TN sensitization levels and OFC outcomes.Methods
Open TN OFCs performed from 2007 through 2015 at a referral center were analyzed to compare outcome based on skin prick test (SPT) wheal size, food-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), peanut co-allergy, and TN sensitization only vs TN allergy with sensitization to other TNs. Delayed OFC was defined as longer than 12 months from the time of an sIgE level lower than 2 kUA/L.Results
Overall passage rate was 86% for 156 TN OFCs in 109 patients (54 almond, 28 cashew, 27 walnut, 18 hazelnut, 14 pecan, 13 pistachio, and 2 Brazil nut). Passage rates were 76% (n = 67) in patients with a history of TN allergy who were challenged to another TN to which they were sensitized and 91% (n = 65) in those with TN sensitization only (mean sIgE 1.53 kUA/L; range 0.35–9.14). Passage rates were 89% (n = 110 of 124) for a TN sIgE level lower than 2 kUA/L and 69% (11 of 16) for a TN sIgE level of at least 2 kUA/L. In 44 challenges in patients with peanut allergy and TN co-sensitization, the TN OFC passage rate was 96%. In 41 TN OFCs with a TN SPT wheal size of at least 3 mm, 61% passed, with a mean wheal size of 4.8 mm (range 3–11) in those passing vs 9 mm (range 3–20) in those failing.Conclusion
TN challenges are frequently passed in patients with TN sensitization with or without a history of TN reactivity despite a TN SPT wheal of at least 3 mm or a TN sIgE level of at least 2 kUA/L. Nearly all patients with peanut allergy and TN co-sensitization passed the TN challenge, questioning the clinical relevance of “co-allergy.” 相似文献2.
Eun Lee Si Hyeon Lee Young-Ho Kim Hyun-Ju Cho Jisun Yoon Song-I. Yang Young-Ho Jung Hyung Young Kim Ju-Hee Seo Ji-Won Kwon Hyo-Bin Kim So Yeon Lee Ho-Jang Kwon Soo-Jong Hong 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(5):542-550.e1
Background
Although previous studies have investigated the association between atopy phenotypes and allergic diseases, atopy characterizations in association with the development of allergic diseases remain poorly understood.Objective
To identify atopy phenotypes in school-age children and to evaluate the association between atopy phenotypes and allergic diseases.Methods
We enrolled 616 children with atopy defined as 1 or more positive allergen responses on skin prick tests and 665 children without atopy from the Children's Health and Environmental Research (CHEER) study. All children were followed up for 4 years at 2-year intervals. Atopy phenotypes were classified using latent class analysis.Results
Four atopy phenotypes were characterized: later sensitization to indoor allergens (cluster 1); multiple early sensitization (cluster 2); early sensitization to outdoor allergens, especially Alternaria, and later sensitization to indoor allergens, including Aspergillus (cluster 3); and early sensitization to indoor allergens and later sensitization to outdoor allergens (cluster 4). New cases of asthma during follow-up were increased in clusters 2 and 3 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.76 and 4.25, respectively). The risk of new-onset bronchial hyperresponsiveness was highest in cluster 3 (aOR, 5.03). Clusters 2 and 4 had an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (aOR, 7.21 and 2.37, respectively).Conclusion
Identification of atopy phenotypes facilitates prediction of the development of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in school-age children. Our study suggests prevention of additional sensitization is required to modify the progression of allergic diseases. 相似文献3.
Anna Elena Wudy Corrado Negro Alessandro Adami Francesca Larese Filon 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(5):603-607
Background
Atopic diseases have increased since the second half of the previous century. Atopic workers are at higher risk to be sensitized to latex, and the first years of exposure are supposed to be especially risky.Objective
To assess atopic status and rate of latex sensitization in health care students starting their exposure to latex gloves.Methods
We analyzed medical surveillance data from 1,628 health care students from 2010 to 2016. Students completed a questionnaire focused on their previous and current latex exposure and personal and family histories of allergic diseases; underwent skin prick testing with common allergens and latex extract (and/or total and latex-specific immunoglobulin E in serum); and underwent a medical examination.Results
Skin prick test results for common inhalant allergens showed that 807 of 1,628 students (49.6%) had atopy. Atopy by skin prick testing was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18–1.86), a personal history of oculorhinitis or asthma (odds ratio 10.22, 95% confidence interval 7.4–14.13), and atopic eczema (odds ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.05–3.36) at multivariate regression analysis. Eleven students (0.7% of total population) were found to be sensitized to latex and all had atopy.Conclusion
Despite the high prevalence of atopy in health care students of Trieste, the latex sensitization rate is very low and comparable to general population. This is reasonably due to the low exposure to latex gloves at the time of the evaluation and to low latex release from the gloves currently used in our hospital. 相似文献4.
Vanitha Sampath Dana Tupa Michelle Toft Graham Talal A. Chatila Jonathan M. Spergel Kari C. Nadeau 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(1):21-27
Objective
To review our current understanding of immunotherapy, the immune mechanisms underlying food allergy, and the methodological advances that are furthering our understanding of the role of immune cells and other molecules in mediating food allergies.Data Sources
Literature searches were performed using the following combination of terms: allergy, immunotherapy, food, and mechanisms. Data from randomized clinical studies using state-of-the-art mechanistic tools were prioritized.Study Selections
Articles were selected based on their relevance to food allergy.Results
Current standard of care for food allergies is avoidance of allergenic foods and the use of epinephrine in case of severe reaction during unintentional ingestion. During the last few decades, great strides have been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying food allergy, and this information is spearheading the development of exciting new treatments.Conclusion
Immunotherapy protocols are effective in desensitizing individuals to specific allergens; however, recurrence of allergic sensitization is common after discontinuation of therapy. Interestingly, in a subset of individuals, immunotherapy is protective against allergens even after discontinuation of immunotherapy. Whether this protection is permanent is currently unknown because of inadequate long-term follow-up data. Research on understanding the underlying mechanisms may assist in modifying protocols to improve outcome and enable sustained unresponsiveness, rather than a temporary relief against food allergies. The cellular changes brought about by immunotherapy are still a black box, but major strides in our understanding are being made at an exciting pace. 相似文献5.
Hisako Matsumoto Yoshihiro Kanemitsu Tadao Nagasaki Yuji Tohda Takahiko Horiguchi Hideo Kita Kazunobu Kuwabara Keisuke Tomii Kojiro Otsuka Masaki Fujimura Noriyuki Ohkura Katsuyuki Tomita Akihito Yokoyama Hiroshi Ohnishi Yasutaka Nakano Tetsuya Oguma Soichiro Hozawa Yumi Izuhara Michiaki Mishima 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(2):197-203
Background
Sensitization to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin (SE) is a known risk factor for asthma susceptibility and severity. However, how SE sensitization is involved in asthma, particularly nonatopic asthma and/or late-onset asthma, remains uncertain.Objective
To clarify the involvement of SE sensitization in nonatopic and/or late-onset asthma and its association with a polymorphism of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 gene (CysLTR1), which was examined because CysLT signaling is closely associated with late-onset eosinophilic asthma.Methods
We assessed associations between sensitization to SE (A and/or B) and clinical indexes in 224 patients with asthma (mean age, 62.3 years; 171 women) from a cohort of the Kinki Hokuriku Airway Disease Conference, particularly those with nonatopic asthma (not sensitized to common aeroallergens) and/or late-onset asthma. Associations between SE sensitization and CysLTR1 polymorphism (rs2806489), a potential regulatory variant for atopic predisposition in women, were also assessed in a sex-stratified manner.Results
A total of 105 patients (47%) with asthma were sensitized to SE. Among patients with nonatopic asthma (n = 67) or with late-onset asthma (n = 124), those sensitized to SE had significantly higher serum total IgE and periostin levels than those not sensitized. In nonatopic patients, a rapid decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second was associated with SE sensitization. In women with asthma, rs2806489 was associated with sensitization to SEB and age at asthma onset.Conclusion
SE sensitization contributes to TH2 inflammation in nonatopic and/or late-onset asthma. In women with asthma, the CysLTR1 variant might be associated with sensitization to SEB and age at asthma onset. 相似文献6.
Jerónimo Carnés Víctor Iraola Seong H. Cho Robert E. Esch 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(3):249-256
Objective
To provide physicians, researchers, and other interested health care professionals with information about how mite source materials and allergen extracts are manufactured, including the critical process parameters that can affect the final composition of allergenic extracts available for clinical use.Data Sources
A PubMed search was performed using focused keywords combined with relevant regulatory documents and industry guidelines.Study Selections
The information obtained through literature and specialized books was evaluated and combined with the personal expertise and experience of the authors.Results
Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are the primary species responsible for allergen sensitizations and allergy symptoms in genetically predisposed individuals. Storage mites belonging to the families Glycyphagidae, Echimyopodidae, and Acaridae can also be relevant sources of indoor mite allergens. The cultivation and purification processes used to produce mite raw materials play a critical role in the final composition of mite allergen extracts. Mite extract standardization in the United States is based on total allergenic activity with respect to a single national standard, whereas in Europe consistency is ensured by in-house standards and international references. Because of the limitation of allergen avoidance and pharmacotherapy for patients with severe allergic rhinitis and asthma, house dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy or sublingual immunotherapy can be an invaluable treatment option for them.Conclusion
Differences in manufacturing processes and extract standardization approaches may lead to differences in extract quality and potency. Physicians should be aware of these potential sources of mite extract variability. Use of well-standardized house dust mite extracts would be critical for success in the diagnosis and treatment of house dust mite allergy. 相似文献7.
Carl C. Bell 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(4):224-237
Purpose
This article covers violence prevention (homicide and suicide) activities in the African American community for nearly 50 years.Method
Drawing on lived experience the works of early and recent efforts by African American physicians, the author illustrates we know a great deal about violence prevention in the African American community.Results
There remains challenges of implementation and political will. Further, most physicians, like the public, are confused about the realities of homicide and suicide because of the two different presentations both are given in the media and scientific literature.Conclusions
Responses to homicide and suicides should be based on science not distorted media reports. There are violence prevention principles that, if widely implemented, could stem the tide of violence. 相似文献8.
Charles P. Mouton Janet H. Southerland 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(4):262-271
Background
As with many other populations, abuse of older adults is a growing problem across the Africa Diaspora. Modernization and urbanization are eroding the traditional values of respect for older adults. Also, older adults living in environments with limited social and economic resources, and having no means of economic support create a recipe for elder abuse and neglect.Methods
This article reviews the current literature on the epidemiology, risk factors, and interventions used for elder abuse across the African Diaspora.Results
Reports of elder abuse range from 24.9% to 81.1% across the Diaspora. Risk factors include cognitive and physical impairment, social isolation, lack of resources and widowhood.Conclusion
Community-based programs using the unique social networks of older populations of African descent can provide a venue to improve caregiver training and support, reinforce traditional filial and informal caregiving practices, increase the utilization of available governmental and institutional. 相似文献9.
Schweta R. Arakali Todd D. Green Chitra Dinakar 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(1):16-20
Objective
To evaluate the published medical literature on the prevalence and types of food allergies in South Asia.Data Sources
A PubMed search was performed using the keywords India and food allergy, Asia and food allergy, and South Asia and food allergy for any period. Articles cited in selected studies were reviewed for their appropriateness of inclusion into this review.Study Selections
Publications were included that were original research and fit the topic of food allergy and South Asia. South Asia is defined as region inclusive of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.Results
A total of 169 articles were initially identified, and 47 were reviewed in detail for inclusion in this review. The primary focus was placed on 10 studies that consisted of case reports of newly reported or documented food allergy, survey studies that investigated food allergy prevalence in specific demographics, and prospective and cross-sectional studies with case controls, all of which investigated food allergy prevalence by allergy testing in a selected population.Conclusion
The medical literature on the prevalence and types of food allergy in South Asia indicates that there is a variety of unusual and unique allergens and an overall low incidence of food allergy. There is also an association of increased food allergy prevalence in individuals who live in metropolitan regions or who migrate to communities that have adopted westernization. 相似文献10.
Taruna Khurana Jennifer L. Bridgewater Ronald L. Rabin 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(5):531-536
Objective
To review allergenic extracts used to diagnose or treat insect allergies, including how the extracts are manufactured and their measurements of potency or concentration.Data Sources
Peer-reviewed articles derived from searching PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) about insect allergies and extract preparation. Encyclopedia of Life (http://www.eol.org/) and http://allergome.org/ were also referenced for background information on insects and associated allergens.Study Selections
Search terms used for the PubMed searches included insect allergens and allergies, Apidae, Vespidae, fire ants, cockroach allergies, insect allergen extract preparation, and standardization.Results
Humans may be sensitized to insect allergens by inhalation or through stings. Cockroaches and moths are predominantly responsible for inhalation insect allergy and are a major indoor allergen in urban settings. Bees, fire ants, and wasps are responsible for sting allergy. In the United States, there are multiple insect allergen products commercially available that are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration. Of those extracts, honeybee venom and insect venom proteins are standardized with measurements of potency. The remaining insect allergen extracts are nonstandardized products that do not have potency measurements.Conclusion
Sensitization to inhalational and stinging insect allergens is reported worldwide. Crude insect allergen extracts are used for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy. A variety of source materials are used by different manufacturers to prepare these extracts, which may result in qualitative differences that are not reflected in measurements of potency or protein concentration. 相似文献11.
Giovanna Schiavoni Gennaro D&#x;Amato Claudia Afferni 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(3):269-275
Objective
To recapitulate the more recent epidemiologic studies on the association of air pollution with respiratory allergic diseases prevalence and to discuss the main limitations of current approaches used to establish a link between pollinosis and pollution.Data Sources
Through the use of PubMed, we conducted a broad literature review in the following areas: epidemiology of respiratory allergic diseases, effect of pollution and climate changes on pollen grains, and immunomodulatory properties of pollen substances.Study Selections
Studies on short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants, such as gaseous and particulate materials, on allergic sensitization, and on exacerbation of asthma symptoms were considered.Results
Trend in respiratory allergic disease prevalence has increased worldwide during the last 3 decades. Although recent epidemiologic studies on a possible association of this phenomenon with increasing pollution are controversial, botanic studies suggest a clear effect of several pollutants combined to climatic changes on the increased expression of allergenic proteins in several pollen grains. The current literature suggests the need for considering both pollen allergen and pollutant contents for epidemiologic evaluation of environmental determinants in respiratory allergies. We propose that a measure of allergenic potential of pollens, indicative of the increase in allergenicity of a polluted pollen, may be considered as a new risk indicator for respiratory health in urban areas.Conclusion
Because public greens are located in strict proximity to the anthropogenic sources of pollution, the identification of novel more reliable parameters for risk assessment in respiratory allergic diseases is an essential need for public health management and primary prevention area. 相似文献12.
Robert L. Jacobs Daniel A. Ramirez Cynthia G. Rather Charles P. Andrews Daniel C. Jupiter Fernando Trujillo David G. Shulman 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(1):86-93.e2
Background
There are few direct data concerning symptom dynamics of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) in an allergen challenge chamber (ACC).Objective
To determine the AC dynamics on subsequent exposures to ragweed pollen (RW) in individuals with allergic rhinitis in an ACC. To determine whether consecutive exposures in an ACC have any persistent detrimental ocular physical effects.Methods
Participants underwent 3 exposures to RW in an ACC. Ocular symptoms of itching and tearing were self-assessed. Ocular redness and lid swelling were assessed by trained ophthalmic technicians. Complete ophthalmic examinations (COEs) were performed by an ophthalmologist.Results
A total of 188 of 201 participants (93%) developed an ocular redness score of 2 or more in each eye in ACC exposure 1. Reproducibility of redness occurred in approximately 70% of individuals completing ACC exposures 1 through 3. There were no significant changes between baseline COE and end of study COE. Phenotypes were identified by redness responses during and after exposure. Baseline total ocular symptom scores, at 24 hours after a priming exposure, were identified as late-phase reactions rather than enhanced sensitivity.Conclusion
When assessed by trained professionals, AC was present with a very high frequency in selected individuals allergic to RW monitored in an ACC. Intrasubject reproducibility of redness was consistent across 3 ACC allergen exposures. Phenotypes were identified as early-phase responses, protracted early-phase responses, dual responses, and late-phase responses.13.
Gianenrico Senna Marco Caminati Clara Bovo Giorgio Walter Canonica Giovanni Passalacqua 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(2):161-165
Objective
Pharmacists play a relevant role in the real-life management of asthma because they are a first-line referral for patients. In fact, the role of pharmacies has been underlined and evidenced also in guidelines. Nonetheless, the true effect of pharmacy-based management of asthma has been assessed in only a few studies. We review the available literature on asthma management in a territorial pharmacy setting.Data Sources
The literature was searched for the keywords pharmacy, bronchial asthma, control, and management.Study Selections
The available studies were subdivided into observational and interventional and described.Results
Seven observational studies and 14 interventional trials were found, involving approximately 20,000 individuals. Most of those studies were performed in Europe and Australia. A high proportion of patients had poorly controlled asthma in the observational studies. The active involvement of pharmacists, in the interventional trials, consistently led to an improvement of the quality of life, a better inhalation technique, and a reduction of exacerbations.Conclusion
The literature analysis confirms the relevance of the role of pharmacists in the real-life management of bronchial asthma and underlines the need for a more specific training for those health care professionals. 相似文献14.
Derek A. DuBay Nataliya Ivankova Ivan Herby Yu-Mei Schoenberger David T. Redden Cheryl Holt Laura Siminoff Mona Fouad Michelle Y. Martin 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(4):287-293
Background
African Americans (AA) are a third as likely as Caucasians to become registered organ donors at the Department of Motorized Vehicles (DMV). The Department of Health and Human Services has set the goal that at least 50% of adults in each state are registered donors.Aims
The purpose of this study was to explore the personal, behavioral and environmental factors associated with AA donor registration decision-making at the DMV.Methods
Guided by the Social Cognitive Theory, 13 focus groups (n = 100 participants) were conducted with AAs within 3 months of visiting a DMV and making a decision regarding whether to become or to not become a registered donor. The data were analyzed using inductive thematic and qualitative content analyses.Results
Study participants expressed a desire to learn more information while waiting in line at the DMV. Knowing a family member or friend in need of an organ transplant, and the desire to make one's own decision were two salient factors associated with the decision to become a registered organ donor. Several aspects of the DMV environment (e.g., noisy, overcrowded, lacking privacy) were cited as deterrents to becoming a registered donor.Discussion
This study highlights the personal, behavioral and environmental factors associated with AA organ donor registration decision-making at the DMV.Conclusion
The DMV is a setting where many adults make a decision about organ donation. Policies that create an environment in the DMV to support informed decision-making (e.g., privacy, informed clerks, available educational materials, etc.) are indicated. 相似文献15.
Background
The reported associations of blood lipid profiles with asthma are ambiguous.Objective
To explore the association between asthma and the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).Methods
A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedical Literature databases. Ten studies were identified. We divided these studies into 2 subgroups according to age: children (<18 years old) and adults (≥18 years old).Results
In children, the asthma group had lower HDL-C levels (weighted mean difference, ?3.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], ?5.83 to ?1.04; P = .005) compared with the nonasthma group, whereas the serum levels of LDL-C in these 2 groups were not statistically different. In contrary, in adults, the asthma group had higher LDL-C levels (weighted mean difference, 8.95; 95% confidence interval, 3.55–14.35; P = .001) compared with the nonasthma group, whereas the HDL-C levels were not statistically different.Conclusion
There is a significant association between asthma and the serum levels of HDL-C and LDL-C. Moreover, this association differs in children and adults. 相似文献16.
Luis Manuel Teran Fernando Ramirez-Jimenez Gabriela Soid-Raggi Juan Raymundo Velazquez 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(2):191-196
Background
Interleukin (IL) 16 and thymus and activation-regulated cytokine (TARC) are chemoattractant cytokines for eosinophils and TH2 cells. Differential levels of these components in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and allergic rhinitis with asthma (ARwA) may be related to a different inflammatory response in both asthma phenotypes.Objective
To assess the nasal lavage immunoreactivity of IL-16 and TARC cytokines.Methods
We used multienzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect IL-5, IL-13, IL-16, IL-33, I-309/CCL1, TARC/CCL17, monocyte-derived chemokine/CCL22, periostin, and eosinophil cationic protein levels in nasal lavages from patients with AERD and patients with ARwA.Results
The IL-13, IL-16, TARC, and periostin levels were significantly higher in patients with AERD compared with those of patients with ARwA. Correlation analysis of mediator levels in AERD revealed a possible role of IL-16 and TARC in eosinophil recruitment and activation.Conclusion
IL-16, TARC, and periostin distinguish between patients with AERD and those with ARwA. These mediators, taken together rather than individually, may comprise good specific nasal markers in patients with AERD. The effects of IL-16 and TARC on TH1, TH2, and T-regulatory cell functions in AERD cannot be disregarded. 相似文献17.
Philipp Badorrek Meike Müller Wolfgang Koch Jens M. Hohlfeld Norbert Krug 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(3):290-297
Background
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease that causes cellular influx and mediator release in the nose. These inflammatory changes might be used as nasal biomarkers to assess the efficacy of novel anti-allergic treatments.Objective
To assess the specificity and reproducibility of nasal biomarkers in patients with allergic rhinitis after grass pollen exposure in an allergen challenge chamber.Methods
In a monocenter pilot study, 15 patients with allergic rhinitis and 19 healthy individuals underwent two 4-hour Dactylis glomerate pollen challenges in the challenge chamber with an interval of 21 days. Before challenge, on exit, and after 2 and 22 hours, a nasal lavage was performed and nasal secretions were collected on filter paper to determine a wide panel of cells and mediators. Furthermore, total nasal symptom score, nasal flow, and nasal nitric oxide were measured.Results
Pollen exposure significantly increased eosinophil, interleukin (IL) 5, IL-6, IL-13, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β levels in allergic patients but not in healthy individuals. The effect could be reproduced for eosinophils, IL-5, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β after the second allergen challenge. By contrast, the IL-13 levels were higher and eotaxin levels first increased after repetitive allergen challenge. There was no correlation between total nasal symptom score and elevated cell or cytokine levels. Nasal nitric oxide levels were nonspecifically elevated in both patients with allergy and healthy controls.Conclusion
A subset of cellular and soluble biomarkers in nasal lavage and secretion reveals specificity and reproducibility in patients with allergic rhinitis. These can be used to measure the immunologic efficacy of antiallergic treatments in an allergen challenge chamber. Carryover effects attributable to priming must be considered when designing cross-over studies.18.
Objective
To review the use of pollen for the production of allergen extracts to diagnose and treat allergic diseases, examine the associated regulations, and highlight candidate areas for improvement.Data Sources
A PubMed search was performed using focused keywords combined with a review of regulatory documents and industry guidelines.Study Selections
The information obtained through literature, documents, and industry was scrutinized and used with personal experience and expertise to write this article.Results
Both genetic and environmental factors affect the allergenic composition of pollen because it is a biologically active pharmaceutical ingredient obtained from nature. The potential effect of airborne contaminants in pollen requires major attention but can be properly addressed through careful collection practices, combined with a proper interpretation of the data on purity obtained for each pollen lot. The regulations associated with pollen used to manufacture allergen extracts in the United States and Europe and the numbers of pollen allergen extracts commercially available in both areas of the world differ. A critical parameter to select the appropriate extracts for diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy is to understand the phenomenon of cross-reactivity among pollen families, genera, and species.Conclusion
Physicians should be aware of the factors responsible for the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen allergen extracts and the associated regulations to produce suitable extracts to diagnose and treat allergic diseases. Collaboration and cooperation among allergen manufacturing companies and regulatory agencies are necessary. 相似文献19.
Linda Jones Herbert Priya Mehta Hemant Sharma 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(3):345-350
Background
Food allergies are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. Balancing allergen avoidance with the promotion of healthy eating behaviors can be challenging for families.Objective
To characterize mealtime behaviors among parents of young children with food allergy.Methods
Seventy-four parents of young children with food allergies (≤7 years of age) completed measures of mealtime behavior, perceptions of food allergy risk and severity, pediatric parenting stress, and food allergy–related quality of life. Mealtime behavior reports were compared with published data regarding typically developing children, young children with type 1 diabetes, and children with diagnosed feeding disorders (with or without related medical factors).Results
Parents of young children with food allergies reported frequent mealtime concerns. Specifically, they reported significantly more mealtime behavioral concerns than typically developing peers, comparable mealtime behavioral concerns to young children with type 1 diabetes, and significantly fewer mealtime behavioral concerns than children with diagnosed feeding disorders. Parental mealtime concerns were positively correlated with other parent perceptions of food allergy, such as risk of allergen exposure, illness-related parenting stress, and food allergy–related quality of life.Conclusion
Young children with food allergy and their parents are more likely to exhibit mealtime behavioral concerns than typically developing peers and their parents. Future research should investigate the effect of food allergies and maladaptive mealtime behaviors on children's nutrition to provide clinical guidelines for parents who may benefit from psychosocial and/or nutritional support. 相似文献20.
William H. Coe Leslie Redmond Jeanine M. Parisi Janice V. Bowie Elizabeth Y. Liu Tin Yee Ng Alberta M.A. Onyuka Marcia Cort Lawrence J. Cheskin 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(2):79-85