Klatskin tumors and Klatskin mimicking lesions of the biliary tree.

AIM: We report on the preoperative capability of imaging modalities and clinical assessment to differentiate between Klatskin tumors and Klatskin mimicking lesions of the biliary tree. Adenocarcinomas of the hepatic ducts (Klatskin tumors) mimic benign fibrosing cholangitis. Extensive resections carry a substantial risk but offer the only chance for cure in patients with a Klatskin tumor. METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent resection for suspicion of a malignant tumor of the hepatic hilum were reviewed. All patients underwent preoperative ultrasonography, computed tomography, ERCP and angiography. The patients were divided into a group of true Klatskin tumors and a group of benign Klatskin mimicking lesions. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of the resected specimens were malignant tumors, and six lesions showed only fibrosing cholangitis. Preoperative clinical presentation and imaging modalities were very similar between Klatskin tumors and fibrosing cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS: Management of obstruction of the liver hilum is dictated by the suspicion of malignancy. Complete removal of the tumor remains the therapeutic aim but clinical presentation and imaging modalities cannot help to differentiate between Klatskin tumors and Klatskin mimicking lesions prior to surgery.     

MRI对乳腺含粘液良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨磁共振成像对乳腺含黏液良、恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年12月至2021年02月经我院病理证实的乳腺含黏液肿瘤25例共26个病灶的术前MRI图像及临床病理资料,依据病理分为良性组及恶性组,比较良、恶性组的临床及MRI表现差异性。结果:25例患者共26个病灶纳入研究,良性肿瘤10例共10个病灶,恶性肿瘤15例共16个病灶。恶性组发病年龄高于良性组（P＜0.01）;病变的边缘多不规则,与良性组比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;而两组间肿块大小、形态、动态增强曲线类型及ADC值无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。恶性组出现由周围向中央填充式渐进性强化,而良性组未出现,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。恶性组T2WI上的低信号分隔纤细并在增强后图像显示不清（31.25%,5/16）,良性组T2WI上的低信号分隔增强后显示清晰（30.00%,3/10）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:乳腺含黏液的恶性肿瘤患者发病年龄较良性肿瘤大,边缘多不规则,以不均匀强化为主,出现由周围向中央填充渐进性强化方式,T2WI序列的低信号分隔于增强后显示不清为较特征性表现。     

超声造影在良恶性子宫肿瘤诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨超声造影在良恶性子宫肿瘤诊断方面的临床应用价值。方法采用低机械指数灰阶谐波超声造影技术,分析经手术及病理证实的62例子宫肿瘤的超声造影强化特点并行时间-强度曲线分析。结果病理诊断良性病变34例,恶性病变28例,超声造影诊断符合率为90.3%。子宫良、恶性肿瘤的超声造影强化方式及时间-强度曲线形态各具不同特征,造影参数中始增时间、达峰时间、峰值强度在子宫良、恶性肿瘤组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声造影能显示肿瘤血流灌注情况,可用于提高子宫肿瘤良恶性鉴别诊断。     

磁共振成像-弥散加权成像诊断良恶性卵巢肿瘤的临床价值

目的 探讨磁共振成像-弥散加权成像(MRI-DWI)诊断良恶性卵巢肿瘤的临床价值.方法 对经手术病理确诊为卵巢占位性病变的100例患者的MRI常规扫描参数及DWI图像表现进行分析.比较良恶性病变的病变最大径、表观扩散系数(ADC)值、肿瘤位置、边界、囊实性、囊壁/分隔、T1及T2信号均匀性,并进行Logis-tic回归...     

超声造影检查在乳腺BI-RADS 4类的乳腺肿块良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:探讨超声造影检查在常规超声诊断为乳腺BI-RADS 4类的乳腺肿块良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:对2016年7月至2017年10月在西安交通大学第一附属医院门诊就诊并经常规超声诊断为乳腺BI-RADS 4类的76例患者共76个乳腺肿块进行超声造影检查,以穿刺活检或手术切除病理结果为金标准建立诊断试验分析。结果:最终病理证实良性病变53例（良性组）,恶性病变23例（恶性组）。超声造影特点如形态不规则、边界不清晰、有穿入或扭曲血管、对比剂不均匀性增强、内部有充盈缺损及造影后面积较二维增大在恶性组的比例显著高于良性组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。超声造影诊断乳腺BI-RADS 4类病灶良恶性鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为96%、85%和88%。结论:良恶性乳腺肿块的超声造影特征明显不同,超声造影可以有效鉴别BI-RADS 4类乳腺病灶的良恶性,有望提高穿刺活检的恶性检出率。     

Current possibilities of radiodiagnosis in liver tumors

The report deals with potential of present-day techniques for radiological imaging, differential diagnosis and working out of modalities of treatment for primary and metastatic hepatic tumors. Results of complex examination (ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET using fluorine -18 FDG) of patients with benign and malignant tumors are discussed. Sensitivity and specificity of each procedure have been identified to be used in diagnosis of large-size tumors.     

Current status of body MR imaging: fast MR imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging

The recent technical advances in fast MR imaging have greatly enhanced the clinical value of MR imaging of the body. Advances in T₁-weighted images have enabled the acquisition of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, which is currently central to hepatic MR imaging for detection and characterization of liver tumors and is also useful for the evaluation of myometrial invasion in uterine cor-pus cancer. Advances in rapid T₂-weighted MR imaging with single-shot fast spin-echo images have enabled MR cholangiopancreatography and MR urography. Application of respiratory triggering can also provide T₂-weighted images of high quality. Cine MR imaging utilizing ultrafast MR sequences enables the assessment of the respiratory motion of the lung for evaluating thoracic wall invasion by tumors. Diffusion-weighted images can provide excellent tissue contrast based on molecular diffusion and have the potential to demonstrate malignant tumors. Quantitative measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient values may also be valuable in distinguishing malignancies from benign lesions.     

Brain tumor resection guided by intraoperative computed tomography

Intraoperative computed tomography (CT) with a dedicated, therapeutic scanner facilitated resection of intracranial tumors in nine patients. Major benefits of intraoperative CT included exact, multiplanar lesion localization, maximal surgical resection and immediate recognition of potential intraoperative complications such as intracranial hemorrhage. Three cases are presented in detail to demonstrate the surgical technique. No complications related to the use of intraoperative imaging occurred. Although total resection of malignant brain neoplasms remained an unrealized goal, intraoperative CT increased the surgical accessibility of malignant and benign lesions located in critical areas of the brain.     

Endoscopic approach to the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic tumor

Because of the aging of the population, prevalence of medical checkups, and advances in imaging studies, the number of pancreatic cystic lesions detected has increased. Once these lesions are detected, neoplastic cysts should be differentiated from non-neoplastic cysts. Furthermore, because of the malignant potential of some neoplastic pancreatic cysts, further differentiation between benign and malignant cysts should be made regardless of their size. Although endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has a very high diagnostic performance for pancreatic cystic lesions among the various imaging modalities, EUS findings alone are insufficient for the differentiation of pancreatic cysts and diagnosis of malignancy. In addition, cytology by EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has a high specificity but a low sensitivity for diagnosing malignancy in pancreatic cystic tumors. The levels of amylase, lipase, and tumor markers in pancreatic cystic fluid are considered auxiliary parameters for diagnosis of benign and malignant cysts, and a definitive diagnosis of malignancy using these parameters is difficult. Thus, in addition to EUS, cytology by EUS-FNA, and cystic fluid analysis, new techniques based on EUS-guided through-the-needle imaging, such as confocal laser endomicroscopy and cystoscopy, have been explored in recent years.     

宝石能谱CT在胸膜原发肿瘤诊断中的价值初探

目的：探讨宝石能谱CT在胸膜原发肿瘤术前诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析19例胸膜原发肿瘤患者的临床病历资料、CT图像特征和能谱参数,包括不同keV水平下的CT值,碘、水浓度及良恶性病变的能谱曲线斜率等,并进行统计学分析。结果恶性病变8例：恶性胸膜孤立性纤维性肿瘤（SFTP）3例,胸膜间皮瘤3例,滑膜肉瘤2例;良性病变11例：神经鞘瘤9例,良性SFTP 1例,脂肪瘤1例。恶性与良性肿瘤（除外脂肪瘤）能谱参数比较,恶性肿瘤平均碘浓度及平均水浓度为（14.05±8.82）g/L、（1027.32±8.64）,良性肿瘤平均碘浓度及平均水浓度为（6.38±5.33）g/L、（1016.44±11.94）;恶性肿瘤能谱曲线斜率为（1.40±0.70）,良性肿瘤能谱曲线斜率为（0.85±0.54）;40~110 keV条件下恶性肿瘤CT值大于良性肿瘤,且差异具有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。结论不同病理类型的胸膜原发肿瘤具有一定的能谱CT特征,CT图像和能谱参数的结合对胸膜原发肿瘤良恶性的判断具有一定的价值。     

高阶扩散加权成像技术在肝结节良恶性鉴别诊断中应用的研究进展

传统的扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)方法能够通过探测水分子在生物组织中的扩散运动状态，间接获取组织细胞的异常增殖信息，在肿瘤的良恶性鉴别中被广泛应用。但DWI忽视了单位体素内水分子在毛细血管内的伪扩散运动和肿瘤细胞的异质性，因此，其检测结果不能准确反映肿瘤组织的病理改变。鉴于此，一些高阶DWI方法，包括体素内不相干运动（intravoxel incoherent motion，IVIM）成像、扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)和延展指数成像等被提出。这些高阶成像方法在原DWI的基础上，通过进一步挖掘水分子在单位体素内的运动特征，分别从血流灌注和肿瘤异质性等方面扩展了原DWI方法的探测范围，为肿瘤的良恶性鉴别提供了更加丰富的参考依据。肝结节作为一种高发肿瘤，常伴有复杂的血供和异质性特征，并严重威胁人类的健康与生命。对肝结节的准确鉴别不仅有助于临床医生采取恰当的治疗手段，而且能显著改善患者预后。鉴于高阶DWI方法的诊断优势，其在肝结节的临床诊断中发挥了重要作用。本文系统地探讨了三种高阶DWI方法IVIM、DKI和延展指数成像方法对肝结节良恶性鉴别的诊断价值。     

乳腺MRI动态增强对良恶性病变的鉴别价值

Objective  

The aim of the study was to discuss the diagnostic value of dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in distinguishing malignant tumors of breast from benign lesions.     

Advancement of the imaging for hepatic malignancies

The development of CT and MR imaging technology represents a significant advancement. On CT imaging,the advent of multi-detector row CT (MDCT) scanners enables an increase in both scanning speed and spatial resolution. Multiphasic dynamic study is useful for the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) which are demonstrated as hyperattenuated lesions during the hepatic arterial phase. Many investigators assess the optimal timing for detection of HCCs by using the evolving MDCT, and have demonstrated the high detection rate for HCCs. Thanks to the increase in spatial resolution along the z-axis,we are now able to generate high-quality CT angiography and multiplanar reformations without complicated interpolation steps. These CT angiography and MPR images of patients with malignant hepatic tumors (e.g., HCCs, cholangiocellular carcinomas) are very useful for preoperative evaluation. On the other hand, the development of MR fast imaging techniques allows rapid breath-hold, whole-liver imaging. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) is a liver-specific particulate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent that is taken up by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver. SPIOenhanced MR imaging is useful for the detection of hepatic metastases. The advent of parallel imaging techniques improves the quality of images obtained with diffusion weighted (DW) imaging of the liver. DW imaging demonstrates high accuracy in the detection of hepatic metastases. Recently, in Japan, positron emission tomography (PET)-CT has also been employed for evaluation of hepatic metastases.     

Imaging tumor vascularization for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in western women. Current screening and diagnostic imaging modalities, like x-ray mammography and ultrasonography, focus on morphological changes of breast tissue. However, these techniques still miss some cancers and often falsely detect cancer. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting the disease can probably be improved by focusing on the consequences of tumor angiogenesis: the increased microvessel density with altered vascular characteristics. In this review, various techniques for imaging breast tumor vasculature are discussed. Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is the most-used imaging modality in this field. It has a proven high sensitivity, but a low specificity and cannot be applied in all women. Moreover, it has problems with detecting ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). On the contrary, contrast enhanced digital mammography can detect DCIS, but requires the use of ionizing radiation. Contrast enhanced ultrasound provides real-time information about true intravascular blood volume and flow. However, this technique still has difficulties with discriminating benign from malignant tissue. Moreover, these three imaging modalities all require the injection of contrast agents. Two relatively new techniques that do not use external contrast agents are diffuse optical imaging and photoacoustic imaging. Both visualize the increased concentration of hemoglobin in malignant tissue and thereby provide a high intrinsic contrast.     

Role of Superb Microvascular Imaging in Differentiating Between Malignant and Benign Solid Breast Masses

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in breast lesions.Materials and MethodsEighty-five solid breast lesions were studied with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), power Doppler imaging (PDI), monochromatic SMI (mSMI), and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). The penetrating vessels (PVs) and microvascular morphologic and distribution features of the breast tumors were evaluated for each modality.ResultsThe diagnostic accuracies of CDFI, PDI, mSMI, and CEUS were calculated and compared. Surgical pathologic analysis showed 47 benign and 38 malignant lesions. Compared with CDFI and PDI, mSMI and CEUS detected more PVs in breast lesions. The microvascular architecture showed significant differences between benign and malignant lesions. Benign lesions mainly displayed avascular, line-like, and branch-like patterns, and malignant lesions tended to display root hair-like and crab claw-like patterns. mSMI and CEUS identified more root hair-like and crab claw-like patterns in malignant lesions than CDFI and PDI. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of mSMI findings in diagnosing malignancy based on PVs and vascular patterns were both higher than those of CDFI and PDI.ConclusionsmSMI is equal to CEUS and superior to CDFI and PDI in identifying microvascular and discriminating malignant and benign breast masses.     

Delayed Tc-99m-PMT imaging in the specific diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

The results of Tc-99m-PMT imaging on 100 patients with various malignant and benign hepatic diseases verified histologically (73 hepatocellular carcinoma, 3 liver cell adenoma, 1 cholangiocarcinoma, 5 metastatic liver carcinoma, 2 liver cyst, 12 hemangioma, 1 fatty degeneration, 1 liver regeneration, 1 postoperative liver fibrosis and 1 liver cirrhosis) are reported. All lesions appeared as decreased radioactivity or "cold" defect region on early Tc-99m-PMT imaging, rendering it valuable for the diagnosis of tumor localization. In 92 (95.8%) of the 96 patients with various hepatic tumors and 25 (86.2%) of the 29 patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma (less than 5 cm), the tumors were localized by early Tc-99m-PMT imaging. In 14 of the 73 patients with established hepatocellular carcinoma, the tumors gave greater radioactivity than that of the surrounding liver tissues, whereas in 31 patients the radioactivity of the tumor equalled the normal liver on delayed Tc-99m-PMT imaging (positive rate 61.6%). There was no significant difference between the positive rates of serum AFP level and the tumor size shown by delayed Tc-99m-PMT imaging in hepatocellular carcinomas. The radioactivity in 3 liver cell adenoma patients was similar to the gallbladder. No false positive result was seen in the other malignant and benign hepatic tumors. This study indicates that delayed Tc-99m-PMT imaging is highly specific in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Diffusion Weighted Imaging Can Distinguish Benign from Malignant Mediastinal Tumors and Mass Lesions: Comparison with Positron Emission Tomography

Background: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) makes it possible to detect malignanttumors based on the diffusion of water molecules. It is uncertain whether DWI is more useful than positronemission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) for distinguishing benign from malignant mediastinaltumors and mass lesions. Materials and Methods: Sixteen malignant mediastinal tumors (thymomas 7, thymiccancers 3, malignant lymphomas 3, malignant germ cell tumors 2, and thymic carcinoid 1) and 12 benignmediastinal tumors or mass lesions were assessed in this study. DWI and PET-CT were performed before biopsyor surgery. Results: The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value (1.51±0.46 ×10-3mm2/sec) of malignantmediastinal tumors was significantly lower than that (2.96±0.86 ×10-3mm2/sec) of benign mediastinal tumors andmass lesions (P<0.0001). Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) (11.30±11.22) of malignant mediastinaltumors was significantly higher than that (2.53±3.92) of benign mediastinal tumors and mass lesions (P=0.0159).Using the optimal cutoff value (OCV) 2.21×10-3mm2/sec for ADC and 2.93 for SUVmax, the sensitivity (100%) byDWI was not significantly higher than that (93.8%) by PET-CT for malignant mediastinal tumors. The specificity(83.3%) by DWI was not significantly higher than that (66.7%) for benign mediastinal tumors and mass lesions.The accuracy (92.9%) by DWI was not significantly higher than that (82.1%) by PET-CT for mediastinal tumorsand mass lesions. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between diagnostic capability of DWI andthat of PET-CT for distinguishing mediastinal tumors and mass lesions. DWI is useful in distinguishing benignfrom malignant mediastinal tumors and mass lesions.     

Rare Benign Tumors of the Liver: Still Rare?

Background

Benign liver tumors are common. They do not spread to other areas of the body, and they usually do not pose a serious health risk. In fact, in most cases, benign liver tumors are not diagnosed because patients are asymptomatic. When they are detected, it’s usually because the person has had medical imaging tests, such as an ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for another condition.

Materials and methods

A search of the literature was made using cancer literature and the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) database for the following keywords: “hepatic benign tumors”, “hepatic cystic tumors”, “polycystic liver disease”, “liver macroregenerative nodules”, “hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma”, “hepatic angiomyolipoma”, “biliary cystadenoma”, and “nodular regenerative hyperplasia”.

Discussion and conclusion

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in some areas of the world; there is an increasing incidence worldwide. Approximately 750,000 new cases are reported per year. More than 75 % of cases occur in the Asia-Pacific region, largely in association with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The incidence of HCC is increasing in the USA and Europe because of the increased incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Unlike the liver HCC, benign tumors are less frequent. However, they represent a chapter always more interesting of liver disease. In fact, a careful differential diagnosis with the forms of malignant tumor is often required in such a way so as to direct the patient to the correct therapy. In conclusion, many of these tumors present with typical features in various imaging studies. On occasions, biopsies are required, and/or surgical removal is needed. In the majority of cases of benign hepatic tumors, no treatment is indicated. The main indication for treatment is the presence of significant clinical symptoms or suspicion of malignancy or fear of malignant transformation.     

超微血管成像在肾脏实性肿物诊断中的应用价值

  目的  通过与能量多普勒成像（power Doppler imaging，PDI）对比，探讨超微血管成像（superb microvascular imaging，SMI）技术在肾脏实性肿物诊断中的应用价值。  方法  回顾性分析2016年10月至2017年3月47例天津医科大学肿瘤医院经超声检查发现的肾脏实性肿物并行PDI及SMI检查的患者资料，共48个病灶，术后病理检查结果中良性病变10个、恶性病变38个。采用Adler法分析肿物的血流分级、分布模式、形态，及周边有、无环状血流，评价PDI及SMI对于肾脏实性肿物的诊断效能。  结果  PDI检测显示，肾脏良、恶性肿物的血流分级、分布模式、形态进行比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）；良、恶性肿物周边有、无环状血流进行比较，差异具有统计意义（P < 0.05）。SMI检测显示，肾脏良、恶性肿物的血流分级、分布模式、形态，及周边有、无环状血流进行比较，差异均具有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。PDI诊断的敏感性、特异性、ROC曲线下面积分别为71.05%、70.00%、0.705；SMI诊断的敏感性、特异性、ROC曲线下面积分别为89.47%、90.00%、0.897。PDI与SMI诊断效能比较差异具有统计学意义（P= 0.025）。  结论  SMI较PDI能够更准确评价血流分级、描绘血流分布模式及形态，并且周边环状血流显示率更高，提高肾脏肿物良、恶性鉴别诊断的准确性。