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1.
Introduction
For a decade, the concept of irritability has known a renewed interest in infant and child psychopathology. Indeed, longitudinal follow-up studies clearly highlighted their predictive value — in the short, medium and long terms — of a broad field of behavioral disorders and emotion dysregulation. This dimensional and transnosographic approach of irritability, coupled with the latest neuroscience data, points out that irritability could be the equivalent of a psychopathological marker, covering both a neurobiological, cognitive and emotional component. It is a major challenge today to better understand the developmental sequence of severe chronic irritability and its predictive influence on the etiology of mental disorders from childhood to adulthood.Method
We briefly review here the latest current data on this topic.Results
The important point is that chronic and non-episodic irritability in children, associated with strong emotional sensitivity to negative events and frequent access of anger, could have a predictive value for progression to anxiety disorder or severe mood disorder but not to bipolar disorder as it was believed until now. The risk of developing a bipolar disorder would be more frequently correlated with the notion of transient and episodic irritability in a context of previous family history of bipolar disorder.Conclusion
Further studies are expected to narrow the discriminative validity of this notion of severe irritability and confirm or not its relevance as a major clinical criterion of Severe Mood Disorders in children and adolescents introduced in the last version of DSM (DSM-5). 相似文献2.
3.
M. Arns J.-M. Batail S. Bioulac M. Congedo C. Daudet D. Drapier T. Fovet R. Jardri M. Le-Van-Quyen F. Lotte D. Mehler J.-A. Micoulaud-Franchi D. Purper-Ouakil F. Vialatte 《L'Encéphale》2017,43(2):135-145
Objectives
Neurofeedback is a technique that aims to teach a subject to regulate a brain parameter measured by a technical interface to modulate his/her related brain and cognitive activities. However, the use of neurofeedback as a therapeutic tool for psychiatric disorders remains controversial. The aim of this review is to summarize and to comment the level of evidence of electroencephalogram (EEG) neurofeedback and real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback for therapeutic application in psychiatry.Method
Literature on neurofeedback and mental disorders but also on brain computer interfaces (BCI) used in the field of neurocognitive science has been considered by the group of expert of the Neurofeedback evaluation & training (NExT) section of the French Association of biological psychiatry and neuropsychopharmacology (AFPBN).Results
Results show a potential efficacy of EEG-neurofeedback in the treatment of attentional-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, even if this is still debated. For other mental disorders, there is too limited research to warrant the use of EEG-neurofeedback in clinical practice. Regarding fMRI neurofeedback, the level of evidence remains too weak, for now, to justify clinical use. The literature review highlights various unclear points, such as indications (psychiatric disorders, pathophysiologic rationale), protocols (brain signals targeted, learning characteristics) and techniques (EEG, fMRI, signal processing).Conclusion
The field of neurofeedback involves psychiatrists, neurophysiologists and researchers in the field of brain computer interfaces. Future studies should determine the criteria for optimizing neurofeedback sessions. A better understanding of the learning processes underpinning neurofeedback could be a key element to develop the use of this technique in clinical practice. 相似文献4.
D. Bailly 《L'Encéphale》2017,43(5):480-485
Objective
If abstinence from substance in adolescents may nowadays be regarded statistically as a deviant behavior, what is its significance from a developmental point of view? The aim of this article is to examine the mental health characteristics and the social integration of adolescent abstainers.Methods
A comprehensive literature review of epidemiological studies including data on adolescent abstainers was conducted.Results
Compared to the abundant literature devoted to adolescent substance abusers, few studies report data on adolescent abstainers. In addition, many methodological problems limit their interpretability and their comparison. However that may be, this body of work suggests that if abstinence may be due to something intrinsic about the individual (such as psychosocial adjustment difficulties, personality traits or gender), many other environmental factors (such as family background of temperance, cultural practices, upbringing or religion) may determine abstaining behavior. By this way, from a psychopathological angle, adolescent abstainers certainly constitute a more heterogeneous group than the adolescent substance abusers. Some of them are quite psychologically healthy, whereas others are more socially withdrawn and may suffer from emotional disorders.Conclusion
In terms of prevention, these data highlight the need for longitudinal prospective studies examining the psychosocial status of adolescent abstainers, their antecedents, their outcome and their motivations. 相似文献5.
Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder combines deficits in socio-communication, restricted, repetitive patterns but also disorders of self and cognitive impairments. Among them, people with ASD have autobiographical memory deficits as shown by several recent studies. Autobiographical memory is a critical function supporting socialization but it represents also an important support for the self as illustrated by the model of Self Memory System put forward by Conway. This cognitive model describes the reciprocal relationships between autobiographical memory and self and then provides a relevant theoretical framework to explore disorders of self by examining autobiographical memory deficits.Objective
To provide a review of autobiographical memory studies in adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual deficiency and to discuss the results in reference to Conway's model of self memory system.Method
The Medline database was analyzed up to February 2014, crossing the following items “autism, autistic, Asperger” and “episodic memories, autobiographical memory”.Results
Our results show that the semantic component of autobiographical memory is preserved, whereas episodic autobiographical memory is impaired in adults with ASD. These people generate fewer specific memories and less detailed memories of past events. Both episodic memory and future thinking are impaired, this reflecting an alteration of the sense of self, particularly a diminished temporally extended self-awareness. Moreover, memories relating to the self are also less specific and adults with ASD have more difficulty drawing meaning upon these events. Autobiographical memory deficits seem related to impaired Theory of Mind skills and executive dysfunction reported in this disorder.Conclusion
From a cognitive psychopathological perspective, autobiographical memory deficits found in adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual deficiency may account for alterations of both components of self (the working self and the conceptual self) as defined in the self memory system. Our results are also discussed in reference to the main cognitive theories of autism. 相似文献6.
Valentine Morin Antonella Bonafos Marc Masson François-Eric Vederine 《Annales médico-psychologiques》2017,175(10):929-932
Introduction
Psychiatric symptoms in patients suffering from chronic hydrocephalus raise specific etiological and therapeutical questions we will discuss in the following clinical case.Case
We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who presents chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus with intracranial hypertension. Ten years after being diagnosed with hydrocephalus, the patient experienced two episodes of delirium within fourteen months of each other.Discussion
Although the clinical picture points to schizophrenia, some elements suggest however that the psychotic symptoms occurred after chronic hydrocephalus. These observations are discussed in the light of existing literature about the links between psychiatric disorders and chronic hydrocephalus, and neuroimaging studies which show ventricular hypertrophy among patients suffering from schizophrenia.Conclusion
There is a close connection between hydrocephalus and psychotic symptoms. A better understanding of these ties could improve our knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. 相似文献7.
8.
Objective
The main objective of this paper is to undertake a literature review on the classification of the paranoia in contemporary American psychiatry.Method
The authors review two facets (“paranoid personality disorder” and “delusional disorder”) of paranoia, still present in the DSM-IV-TR, before their controversial disappearance from the new hybrid model of personality disorders in the DSM-5. The authors present delusional disorder, a clinical entity that is both singularly complex and too polymorphic to obtain any consensus in the scientific community. They then explore some effects of the emergence of the dimensional approach to mental disorders, leading on to the thorny issue of the differential diagnosis between paranoia and schizophrenia.Results
The emergence of the dimensional approach in a a-theoretical model that recuses the intrapsychic dynamics that organize the functioning of personality led the authors of the DSM-5 to consider paranoid personality as solely a personality trait, and not as a structural constitution.Discussion
Paradoxically, work in English-speaking countries has shown clinical differences between schizophrenia and paranoia, such as social adjustment and prognosis which are better for people with paranoia, although medication therapy and research are more problematic in this case.Conclusion
To improve the care, we think crucial to combine a dimensional approach with markers of intrapsychic functioning, including privileged defense mechanisms, avoiding the trap of the use of self-questionnaires which ultimately appeared inadequate. 相似文献9.
Fernando Lolas Stepke 《L'évolution Psychiatrique》2017,82(2):273-278
Aims
Medicine and psychiatry are communities of practice (professions, praxiologies) oriented to persons conceived as meta-narratives based on partial narratives.Method
This work will analyze the different aspects of the praxis, constituted by different narrative languages: the psychological, the behavioral and the experiential ones.Results
This psychophysiological triad permits the construction of the subject through his/her narrative identity (subjectuality, as distinct from subjectivity).Discussion
At the social level, disorder is expressed as discourses: subjective (illness), objective (disease) and interpersonal (sickness).Conclusion
Professional knowledge is the appropriate architecture of discourses with a social aim (e.g. curing, healing, teaching and protecting). 相似文献10.
Isabel V. Fernández Julieta De Battista Laurent Bauer Alejandro Dagfal 《L'évolution Psychiatrique》2017,82(1):228-239
Objective
While psychiatry has never been defined as guaranteeing the law, its purpose socially and historically has been defined as protecting society from its most intolerable by-products. We will see how the evolution in the treatment of insanity in France and its influence on Argentinian psychiatry has brought us today to very different and even opposite situations in the area of mental health policies in these two countries.Method
We studied evolution and change in mental health policies in these two countries, focusing on the last two mental health laws.Results
The new laws and their attempted application aim to homogenise psychiatric care, and above all to comply with patients’ rights and requirements of transparency in the information provided to them.Discussion
In France, the current situation seems to be tending towards a judiciary and legalist approach to mental health, the issue being how to respond to the new demands for control and security. Across the Atlantic, Argentina, where the European heritage has always been acknowledged, seems to be in the opposite situation.Conclusion
Mental health policies reflect the contemporary debate on the role of psychiatric institutions and the place of insanity in the social fabric. 相似文献11.
Alexandra Bernard Almudena Sanahuja Sarah Bydlowski Tarek Serrier 《Annales médico-psychologiques》2017,175(4):345-352
Introduction
Obesity in adolescents remains little studied. Our clinical observations within center treatment of obesity in Franche-Comté, and inventory of various theories supporting a psychological origin of obesity with integrative spirit of research, led us to study capacities of emotional awareness and attachment representations compared to a control group.Objective
In reference to developmental theory of alexithymia and clinical observations of Hilde Bruch, investigate the possible link between capacities of emotional awareness and representations and security of the bond of parent child attachment, among obese adolescents, that lead to hyperphagic behavior.Method
Seventeen obese adolescents, and 21 controls were tested. Participants completed the Level Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS); the Inventory of parent and peer Attachment (IPPA), and the Relationships Scale Questionnaire (RSQ).Results
The group of obese adolescents presents a level of emotional awareness significantly lower than the control group. The results of this study show a peculiarity regarding the quality of parent child attachment. There seems to be an imbalance between the security of maternal bonding and paternal bonding perceived by the young obese. RSQ results support the hypothesis that those adolescents are at the margins of security from the perspective of attachment.Discussion
The results support the interest of psychological treatments of obesity in the adolescent, by the implementation of therapy in the field of emotional regulation and family therapy. 相似文献12.
Jean Garrabé 《L'évolution Psychiatrique》2017,82(1):17-37
Aims
This work set out to search for texts in the French psychiatric literature of the 20th century referring to the phenomenological approach to psychopathology mainly developed at the time by German authors.Method
The method used was based on the analysis of texts on this subject published in the course of the 20th century in the main French psychiatric journals, in particular Évolution Psychiatrique, from 1925.Results
The guiding threads for pure phenomenology set out by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl before the first World War influenced the work of several French psychiatrists in the period between the two World Wars, in particular Eugène Minkowski, as well as the work of subsequent generations.Discussion
The work published by Minkowski was, in turn, to have an impact on the history of psychopathology and psychiatry in France after the Second World War, in particular with the work by Arthur Tatossian and his followers, and the philosopher Paul Ricoeur.Conclusion
Thus, from the perusal of this corpus, we will retrace the successive stages of the introduction of phenomenology in psychiatry, in particular via the relations established in the course of the century between French and German-language psychiatric writings, in order to present the state of the question internationally at the start of 2016. 相似文献13.
M. Rothärmel M.-F. Poirier G. Levacon F. Kazour S. Bleher D. Gastal S. Lazareth P. Lebain M. Olari R. Oukebdane C.-E. Rengade J. Themines M. Abbar S. Dollfus A. Gassiot S. Haouzir D. Januel B. Millet O. Guillin 《L'Encéphale》2017,43(5):409-415
Background
Violence is a common issue in psychiatry and has multiple determiners. The aim of this study is to assess the psychotic inpatients’ violence in association with the violence of the neighborhood from which the patients are drawn and to estimate the impact of this environmental factor with regard to other factors.Method
A prospective multicenter study was led in nine French cities. Eligible patients were psychotic involuntary patients hospitalized in the cities’ psychiatric wards. During their treatments, any kind of aggressive behavior by the patients has been reported by the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS).Results
From June 2010 to May 2011, 95 patients have been included. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients were violent during their hospitalizations. In a bivariate analysis, inpatient violence was significantly associated with different factors: male gender, patient violence history, substance abuse, manic or mixed disorder, the symptoms severity measured by the BPRS, the insight degree and the city crime rate. In a multivariate analysis, the only significant factors associated with the patients’ violence were substance abuse, the symptoms severity and the crime rates from the different patients’ cities.Conclusion
These results suggest that violence within the psychotic patients’ neighborhood could represent a risk of violence during their treatments. 相似文献14.
Introduction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and challenging childhood neurobehavioral disorders. ADHD may have behavioral consequences and involvements in minor and serious crimes. Our work aims to establish links between ADHD and forensic psychiatry.Methods
A review of international scientific literature concerning the relationship between ADHD and forensic psychiatry was conducted using the PudMed electronic database. We used the Mesh terms: “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” and “forensic psychiatry”. We also used the “related articles” function of PubMed, the bibliography of selected articles and the Google Scholar database to identify possible additional papers.Results
The prevalence of ADHD in prison populations may vary but remain higher than those found in the general population. Violence committed by a person with ADHD seems to be against other persons rather than property offences. Reactive-impulsive violence seems to be more prevalent than pro-active instrumental violence. The existence of ADHD does not appear as a risk factor of recidivism. The violence risk may be increased by the occurrence of comorbidities as conduct disorders and mental deficiency. There may exist a preferential association between ADHD and antisocial personality disorder or substance abuse which both increase the risk of violence.Discussion
To put in perspective forensic psychiatry and ADHD allowed us to identify typology of violence, epidemiological aspect of ADHD in a prison environment and comorbidities involved in the risk of violence. This research permits to precise elements of prevention, diagnosis and assistance in the management of violent behaviour in ADHD and in expert practice. 相似文献15.
Background
Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder are often misdiagnosed to have bipolar disorder and conversely. Indeed, a number of characteristics common to both disorders could explain this problem: emotional instability as well as impulsivity represent confounding factors and contribute to the risk of misdiagnosis. However, it appears that these characteristics manifest themselves in different ways according to the pathology. The aim of the study is to show differences between affective lability, emotional intensity and impulsivity dimensions. The clinical aim is to refine bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder diagnosis, to improve psychological care for these patients in the long-term.Method
We compared the emotional and impulsive dimensions in two groups of patients: a group of 21 patients with bipolar disorder and a group of 19 patients with borderline personality disorder. Tools: ALS, a self-report questionnaire to evaluate affective lability, AIM, a self-report questionnaire to see affective intensity, and UPPS, a self-report questionnaire to measure impulsivity according to several dimensions.Results
The results indicate that borderline patients scored significantly higher than bipolar patients at the ALS and AIM scales. Regarding the UPPS, borderline patients scored significantly higher than bipolar patients for the dimensions “lack of premeditation” and “lack of perseverance”; however, bipolar patients had significantly higher scores than borderline patients for the dimension “negative emergency”.Conclusion
This study shows that bipolar disorder and borderline personality can be differentiated thanks to emotional dimensions as well as different dimensions of impulsivity: borderline patients appear to have an affective lability and intensity more important than bipolar patients; it also appears that impulsivity manifests itself differently according to the disorder. 相似文献16.
Carlos Salavera Pablo Usán José Luis Antoñanzas Pilar Teruel Orosia Lucha 《Annales médico-psychologiques》2017,175(4):353-357
Objective
Analyze the relation between both these variables (affects and personality).Method
To evaluate the relation between affects and personality, 652 university students were evaluated, through questionnaires PANAS (affects) and ZKPQ-50-CC (personality).Results
The results showed how males presented higher levels of impulsiveness, activity, sociability and aggressiveness, and no differences in handling affects were found. Those people who used positive affects more showed higher levels of activity, sociability and impulsiveness. Personality influenced affects for three of its factors, Anxiety, Activity and Aggressiveness, and was a good predictor of affects. Anxiety also strongly influenced the prognosis of negative affects.Conclusions
We conclude that our research data provide evidence for a relation between both these study variables. 相似文献17.
M.-N. Babinet C. Rigard É. Peyroux A.-R. Dragomir I. Plotton H. Lejeune C. Demily 《L'Encéphale》2017,43(5):423-428
Introduction
The Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition characterized by an X supernumerary sex chromosome in males. The syndrome is frequently associated with cognitive impairment. Indeed, the different areas of the executive sphere can be affected such as inhibition, cognitive flexibility but also attentional and visual-spatial domain. Social cognition disorders, predominantly on emotional recognition processes, have also been documented. In addition, the syndrome may be associated with psychiatric symptoms.Material and method
Our study aims to characterize of the various components of social cognition in the SK: facial emotional recognition, theory of mind and attributional style. For this two groups (SK group versus control group) of participants (n = 16) matched for age and sociocultural level were recruited. Participants with intellectual disabilities, psychiatric or neurological disorders were excluded. Three social cognition tests were available: the TREF, the MASC, the AIHQ. Neurocognitive functions were assessed by the fNart, the subtest “logical memory” of the MEM-III, the subtests of the two VOSP battery, the d2, the TMT and the Stroop test.Results
The SK group had specific social cognition disorders in comparison to the control group. Two emotions in particular were less well recognized: fear and contempt. In addition, the SK group had significantly lower results in theory of mind. Regarding the hostile attribution bias, no significant difference was found. Finally, the results showed correlations between specific attentional disorders and facial emotional recognition.Discussion–conclusion
Our study emphasizes social cognition disorders in SK. These disorders could be considered as a phenotypic trait in the syndrome. The interest of better characterizing the cognitive phenotype of genetic disorders that can affect the neurodevelopment is to offer specific cognitive remediation strategies. 相似文献18.
Objectives
This clinical study is about phantom pregnancy in Haiti, a condition known as “pèdisyon” in Haitian Creole culture. It aims to highlight issues relating to socio-cultural and religious beliefs and the cleavages they cause in the psyche.Method
Through a clinical case, this reflection was based on a clinical care system implemented by a non-governmental organization involved with women in Haiti after the earthquake of January 12, 2010.Results
Three aspects of this issue are evidenced: the real psychic distress of phantom pregnancy; the desire for children and the related imaginary constructions; the meaning and the benefits for the woman concerned.Discussion
The woman's body appears both as the substrate for the projection of suffering and as the substrate of cultural and religious beliefs making it possible to cope with this suffering.Conclusion
It appears that to be effective, support for these women should take into account all these aspects in order to allow the patient to reconnect with her subjectivity. 相似文献19.
Introduction
Substance related disorders are more prevalent in emergency services than in the general population, about 20% of individuals in emergency care test positive for alcohol. Emergency services are strategic places to identify alcohol misuse. Attitudes to individuals presenting substance related disorders are important in developing therapeutic relationships and applying interventions.Objective
This study explores the attitudes of an emergency staff to these individuals across a range of roles, and evolution in face of an addictology care improvement.Method
Data were gathered from an emergency service sample from the emergency department of a general hospital in Morlaix (France). We used a short questionnaire, adapted from previous similar French studies.Results
Twenty-five persons answered the first questionnaire and 18 the second. A self-administrated attitudes questionnaire showed its interest in our study and helped us to identify attitudes and to initiate a reflection on behaviours in emergency care. Moreover, it helped to change attitudes towards individuals presenting substance related disorders. The daily setting of an addictive disorders specialized unit in emergency changed the point of view on addictive disorders of both physicians and nurses. We showed differences in addictive related disorders prevalence perception among patients attending emergency care between the two evaluations. But we also showed that physicians and nurses stressed that it was more difficult to ask patients in emergency care on the second evaluation, after and despite a daily addictive disorders specialized setting. We showed several limits in emergency staff care relationship with patients with substance related disorders. They identified difficulties to talk about addictive disorders, especially in younger and older patients. Regarding literature, we discuss our study limits and different ways of improving addictology care in emergency services. 相似文献20.
D. Bailly 《L'Encéphale》2017,43(3):254-258