Syphilis bei HIV‐Koinfektion

In recent years a rising incidence of syphilis has been observed, especially in the population of homosexual men. Because of altered sexual behavior in terms of increased promiscuity paralleled by decreased use of condoms and the fact that a syphilis infection increases the susceptibility to HIV coinfection, the incidence of HIV is also rising once again in this population. In patients with HIV coinfection, the course of syphilis is often atypical or dramatic. Stage‐specific features suggesting coinfection include prolonged primary ulcers persisting well into the secondary stage, numerous atypical cutaneous findings in the second stage and a rapid progression from stage to stage. The diagnosis of syphilis may be more difficult because of false positive or false negative serological findings in patients with HIV coinfection. Whether or not the CNS is more often involved is this patient group has not been established by prospective studies and remains controversial. However, WHO and CDC recommendations include evaluation of the CSF in HIV‐infected patients with either late syphilis or when the time course is unknown period. There is worldwide agreement on the therapy of syphilis in patients with HIV coinfection. Patients with early syphilis should be treated with 2.4 benzathine penicillin i.m. once or twice; patients with late syphilis, twice or three times. Patients presenting with clinical or serological signs of neurosyphilis require 18 – 24 million IU penicillin i.v. daily for at least 2 weeks.     

The combination of syphilis and HIV infection

Seven cases of a combined course of syphilis ad HIV infection are described. All the patients are men, homo- and bisexuals. No apparent clinical features of syphilis in these patients were detectable. Recommendations on the strategy of syphilis treatment in patients with HIV infection are given.     

Malignant syphilis in an HIV-infected patient

Patients with HIV infection may develop common diseases with atypical clinical features. HIV infection may change the classic clinical course of syphilis and increase the incidence of a subtype of secondary syphilis named malignant syphilis. A homosexual patient with HIV infection consulted us about a one-month history of general malaise and widespread cutaneous ulcerative lesions, some with thick hemorrhagic crusts. Serology for syphilis was positive at high titers. Based on clinical, histological and serological findings, a diagnosis of malignant syphilis was made and the patient started treatment with penicillin G benzathine with progressive resolution of lesions. Malignant syphilis is a rare subtype of secondary syphilis that presents special clinical and histological features and has been associated with several processes characterized by variable degrees of immunosuppression. It is necessary to take into account this entity among the possible diagnoses in HIV-infected patients with cutaneous lesions.     

Sífilis maligna,una presentación de sífilis a tener en cuenta

Malignant syphilis is an uncommon form of secondary syphilis associated with HIV infection. Clinically, it is characterized by necrotic nodules and generalized ulcerated lesions. We present 4 cases of malignant syphilis diagnosed after evaluating syphilis cases diagnosed at our hospital between 2012 and 2016. We describe the epidemiologic, clinical, histiopathologic, and serologic characteristics of malignant syphilis and explore its response to treatment and association with HIV infection. Although malignant syphilis is uncommon, there has been an increase in the number of cases published in recent years, particularly in young HIV-positive patients. Malignant syphilis must be contemplated in the differential diagnosis of HIV patients with ulcerated, necrotic lesions.     

HIV感染104例的皮肤性病临床特点分析

目的分析HIV感染伴发皮肤性病的临床特点。方法回顾分析2003年1月-2009年12月确诊HIV感染104例的临床资料。结果 104例中伴发梅毒75例,其中显性梅毒35例,隐性梅毒17例,梅毒复查中发现HIV感染23例;伴发淋病、淋病+衣原体、衣原体+尖锐湿疣、衣原体/支原体各1例;伴发皮肤黏膜疾病20例(27例次),其中带状疱疹8例,带状疱疹+隐性梅毒3例,湿疹4例,荨麻疹、银屑病、隐性梅毒+银屑病和+药物性皮炎各2例,药物性皮炎、皮肤红斑狼疮、须疮和痔疮各1例,其特点是皮肤损害范围广,临床症状重。伴发2或3种皮肤性病15例,5例无伴发皮肤性病。结论梅毒、梅毒复查者及重症皮肤性病进行HIV抗体检测,可发现和控制HIV感染。     

脑脊液异常的102例梅毒并发HIV感染患者临床分析

目的:分析梅毒并发HIV感染患者的临床表现、颅脑核磁共振成像、实验室检查、治疗和预后。方法:收集该院2014年8月--2017年11月收治的102例脑脊液检查异常的梅毒患者,将其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:102例梅毒患者中男97例,女5例;平均发病年龄(45±3)岁。所有患者HIV初筛及确证试验均为阳性,确诊神经梅毒者51例,排除神经梅毒者51例。所有患者血清快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)及梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)均为阳性。脑脊液检查:35例RPR阳性,98例TPPA阳性,56例梅毒螺旋体(TP)-IgM试验为阳性,29例蛋白定量升高,10例WBC计数≥1.0×10^9/L。51例确诊神经梅毒患者中,一期及二期梅毒并发HIV发展为神经梅毒患者比例为14.7%,平均时间为9个月。结论:一期或二期梅毒并发HIV患者比早期梅毒未经治疗或未治疗彻底的患者更易引起神经梅毒,脑脊液TP-IgM阳性率较高,早期梅毒并发HIV感染患者建议行脑脊液TP-IgM检查。     

Unusual presentation of secondary syphilis in 2 HIV-1 positive patients

Due to diverse clinical and histopathological presentations, diagnosis of secondary syphilis can occasionally prove challenging. This is especially true in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Variable clinical presentations of secondary syphilis in HIV disease may result in an incorrect diagnosis and an inappropriate treatment regimen. Similarly, the histology of secondary syphilitic lesions may show considerable variation, depending on the clinical morphology of the eruption. We report 2 cases of secondary syphilis in HIV-1-infected patients with cutaneous lesions of variable clinical presentation and an unusual lymphoid infiltrate simulating mycosis fungoides.     

Syphilis und HIV-Infektion

The incidence of syphilis has increased dramatically in Germany since 2001. Homosexual men have been particularly afflicted. Several characteristic features should be taken into account in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV patients with concomitant syphilis. Since laboratory analyses are frequently unreliable, the experienced physician must pay special attention to the clinical picture. The stages in the clinical course of syphilis do not differ essentially between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. However, atypical and serious courses with rapid progression and CNS involvement are observed more frequently. Moreover, incorrect diagnoses are often reached. Treatment requires particular diligence. Penicillin is the agent of choice for all stages of syphilis in patients infected with HIV. Because the stages are often difficult to differentiate, the choice of which penicillin derivative should be administered is the subject of controversy. There is no safe alternative for patients allergic to penicillin.     

The great imitator revisited: the spectrum of atypical cutaneous manifestations of secondary syphilis

Syphilis is a well‐known sexually transmitted infection infamous for its protean cutaneous manifestations. Over the last decade, the rate of infection in the USA has risen, particularly among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals and certain ethnic groups. Although the primary chancre developing at the site of inoculation usually has typical and well‐characterized features, cutaneous manifestations of secondary syphilis span a wide spectrum and mimic those of other dermatoses. This may be particularly evident in patients with HIV. Such deviations from the expected typical papulosquamous eruption may present a diagnostic challenge and delay diagnosis and therapy. Given the increasing incidence of syphilis among the immunosuppressed patient population, recognition of atypical cutaneous manifestations is critical for adequate management. We review a range of cutaneous manifestations of secondary syphilis and the skin diseases it may mimic.     

Cutaneous Manifestations of Syphilis

After a marked decline in the number of syphilis cases in the context of AIDS prevention campaigns, a significant increase has been observed in states of the former Soviet Union since 1994. In recent years, outbreaks have also been reported in the US, Canada, and several European countries. The current epidemic in the US and in different parts of Europe has largely involved men who have sex with men, many of whom are infected with HIV. Since a misdiagnosis of syphilis can have serious consequences for the patient and also for pregnancies and newborns, clinicians should be aware of the many manifestations of syphilis and difficulties in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Younger clinicians in particular are no longer familiar with the diverse clinical symptoms and the complex diagnostics of syphilis. Patients co-infected with HIV may present with atypical clinical manifestations and laboratory test results. Furthermore, through its association with an increased risk of HIV infection, syphilis has acquired a new potential for morbidity and mortality, and the diagnosis of syphilis should be routinely considered in patients with uveitis, sudden deafness, aortic thoracic aneurysm, or pregnancy. Only a minority of syphilis infections are detected in the primary stage. This may be because of atypical locations and, occasionally, atypical morphology of the lesions; however, it may also be because of the difficulty of detecting the pathogen. In the secondary stage, which is clinically extremely diverse, the diagnosis is confirmed serologically. There is a need for increased awareness of the symptoms and signs of acute infections, together with a willingness to consider the diagnosis of syphilis in patients with vague symptoms. An increasing number of diagnostic tests (both specific and nonspecific) are now available. However, in the absence of clinical symptoms or in cases with a low titer or inconsistent test results, diagnosis of syphilis can be difficult or even impossible. Treatment and follow-up should follow current guidelines designed for the involved area. In this article, the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and their diagnostic and therapeutic management are described in detail.     

Active syphilis in HIV infection: a multicentre retrospective survey. The German AIDS Study Group (GASG).

OBJECTIVE: To study syphilis in HIV infection focusing on immunocompromised patients with an atypical or aggressive clinical course of syphilis, inappropriate serological reactions or an unreliable response to therapy. STUDY DESIGN: A multicentre retrospective chart review using a standardised questionnaire for all patients with active syphilis. SETTINGS: Thirteen dermatological and medical centres throughout Germany, all members of the German AIDS Study Group (GASG). PATIENTS: Clinical data of 11,368 HIV infected patients have been analysed for cases of active syphilis requiring treatment. Asymptotic patients with reactive serological parameters indicating latent syphilis without a need for treatment were excluded. RESULTS: Active syphilis was reported in 151 of 11,368 HIV infected patients (1.33%, range per centre 0.3%-5.1%). Most of the 151 syphilis patients were male (93%) and belonged to the homosexual or bisexual exposure category for HIV infection (79%); another 6% were iv drug users. Among the 151 syphilis patients primary syphilis was diagnosed in 17.2%, maculopapular secondary syphilis in 29.1%, ulcerating secondary syphilis in 7.3%, neurosyphilis in 16.6% and latent seropositive syphilis without clinical symptoms but serological abnormalities indicating active syphilis in 25.2%. A history of prior treatments for syphilis was reported in 50%. At the time of syphilis diagnosis 26.5% of the patients were in CDC stage II, 33.8% in stage III and 24.5% in stage IV of HIV disease (CDC classification 1987). CD4 cell count was lowest in those with ulcerating secondary syphilis (mean 307, SD 140/microliters) and neurosyphilis (351, SD 235/ microliters). The highest CD4 count was found in patients with early primary and early secondary syphilis (444, SD 163/microliters and 470, SD 355/microliters). Inappropriate serological response to syphilis infection was found in 81 of 151 patients (54%). Remarkable findings were false negative VDRL titres (11 patients with non primary syphilis), false negative TPHA (1) or 19S-IgM-FTA-ABS-tests (16), and strongly reactive VDRL (> or = 512, 8) or TPHA titres (> or = 10 240, 47). Treatment failures were reported in at least 6 of 151 cases (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Atypical clinical and serological courses of syphilis were observed in HIV infected patients. Ulcerating secondary syphilis with general symptoms ("malignant syphilis") was 60 times more frequent than in historic syphilis series. Neurosyphilis was found in one sixth of those with active syphilis. Therefore lumbar puncture should be considered a routine in coinfections with HIV and syphilis. Treatment efficacy should be monitored carefully.     

An unusual presentation of secondary syphilis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND--Syphilis has been reported to assume unusual clinical appearances and to exhibit unusual courses in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. We recently observed a distinct manifestation of syphilis in an HIV-infected patient with features not previously described. OBSERVATIONS--A 38-year-old HIV-seropositive homosexual man presented with fever, chills, malaise, and a cutaneous eruption consisting of indurated, shiny, erythematous plaques that were confluent on the face and scalp leading to alopecia and extreme tautness of the skin. Initial clinical diagnoses included lymphoreticular malignancy and infection. Although cultures yielded Staphylococcus aureus, a skin biopsy specimen was diagnostic of syphilis. CONCLUSIONS--This case demonstrates an unusual clinical manifestation of syphilis in a patient with HIV infection and emphasizes the importance of considering cutaneous secondary syphilis in the differential diagnosis of virtually any inflammatory cutaneous disorder in HIV-seropositive individuals.     

泉州地区孕前健康体检梅毒及艾滋病检出的调查研究

目的:分析泉州地区孕前健康体检育龄女性中梅毒和艾滋的检出情况及趋势,为临床对育龄女性的生育健康宣教提供参考,降低梅毒和艾滋对新生儿的传播风险,提高人口素质。方法:收集泉州地区妇产专科医院和综合医院从2012年1月至2015年1月进行孕前健康体检的育龄者56834人的体检报告,整理梅毒和艾滋病的检出率,详细了解梅毒和艾滋阳性受检者的性别、年龄、职业及其它健康相关信息并与梅毒和艾滋阴性患者进行对比分析,了解影响孕前人群感染梅毒、艾滋的相关因素;对梅毒和艾滋阳性受检者进行跟踪分析,了解受检者后续治理方式、受孕情况及新生儿感染情况。结果:56834例实施孕前体检受检者中共检出梅毒阳性4428例,感染率为7.79%,艾滋阳性668例,艾滋感染率1.16%,214例为梅毒和艾滋同时阳性。将梅毒和(或)艾滋阳性患者作为观察组,共5310例,阴性作为对照组共51524例,两组在性别、年龄、居住地、文化背景、职业、官方性传播知识培训率方面比较存在显著性差异(P<0.05),说明这些因素和孕前感染梅毒和(或)艾滋有相关性。多因素分析进一步表明,未经官方性传播知识培训孕前育龄人群感染梅毒和(或)艾滋的的危险性最大(OR=3.912),其余依次为居住地为农村(OR=3.235)、小学以下学历(OR=2.968)、务农(OR=1.981)。对3717例女性梅毒和(或)艾滋阳性患者进行跟踪随访,结果显示,3717例阳性受检者均采取了梅毒或艾滋治疗措施,其中2567例完成规范治疗后受孕,568例在治疗期间受孕,382例中途中断治疗受孕,200例未受孕。受孕的3517例女性中,3489例顺利产出新生儿,其中86例新生儿出现胎传梅毒,5例出现胎传艾滋。22例孕妇自行终止妊娠,6例孕妇流产。结论:临床应加强对育龄人群性传播疾病相关知识的宣传力度,提高孕前健康体检的覆盖率,进一步降低新生儿梅毒、艾滋感染率。     

HIV感染者53例皮肤黏膜疾病和性传播疾病的临床分布

目的探讨贺州市53例HIV感染者皮肤黏膜疾病及性传播疾病的病种分布、临床表现以及经性途径感染艾滋病变化的特点。方法回顾分析53例HIV感染者在门诊就诊期间皮肤黏膜及性传播疾病的种类、特征及实验室检查资料。结果 HIV感染者传播途径以性传播者占84.91%;皮肤黏膜损害复杂,以真菌、病毒感染等为主;疾病种类依次为性病、带状疱疹、湿疹、银屑病、泛发体癣等8种;有2种以上皮肤黏膜疾病者8例(15.09%);性传播疾病以早期梅毒为主13例(24.53%)。结论 HIV感染者皮肤黏膜损害以真菌、感染最多,性传播途径是HIV感染的主要途径之一,泛发的皮肤黏膜病变和合并性病感染可作为诊断HIV感染的依据之一。     

2004-2009年广西天峨县梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV疫情分析

目的了解天峨县近6年法定传染病中的梅毒、淋病、艾滋病(AIDS)和HIV阳性病例情况,分析其流行特征和规律,为制定防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法收集该县2004-2009年的法定传染病梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV阳性病例疫情资料,采用Excel软件进行统计分析。结果全县近6年报告梅毒、淋病、AIDS和HIV阳性病例共382例,人群发病率为36.38/10万,女性高于男性,其中梅毒98例,人群发病率为9.33/10万;淋病265例,人群发病率为25.24/10万;AIDS6例(死亡1例)、HIV阳性13例(死亡2例),人群发病率为1.81/10万。以上4种疾病高发年龄在25～34岁年龄组。农民发病人数占49.48%。4种疾病病例数近几年呈逐年上升趋势,特别是梅毒和HIV阳性病例上升较明显。结论该县梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV阳性病例不断增多,其防治任务仍然严峻。     

梅毒及其与HIV合并感染的免疫机制研究

梅毒不同的临床表现多取决于细胞免疫的强度和持续时间,巨噬细胞、CD4+T淋巴细胞、CD8+T淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞均在梅毒感染的细胞免疫中起重要作用.而与HIV合并感染更是增加了其免疫机制的复杂性和临床表现的多形性.在与HIV合并感染的二期梅毒中,Th1、Th17型细胞免疫增强,而Th2型细胞免疫的改变目前尚不确切.梅毒与HIV合并感染时两者的免疫机制、病程以及疗效均可能发生影响,因此,有必要进行梅毒患者的HIV筛查和HIV感染者的梅毒筛查,以便获得及时有效的治疗.     

初发性生殖器疱疹患者的临床特征及复发因素分析

目的 分析单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)所致的初发性生殖器疱疹(GH)患者的临床特征及复发的影响因素.方法 选取2015年1月至2019年12月广州医科大学附属市八医院皮肤性病科门诊确诊的189例初发性GH患者作为研究对象,对其临床资料、实验室检查结果进行回顾性分析,对临床特征和可能影响其复发的因素进行相关性分析.结果...     

Syphilis and HIV infection

The management of an HIV-infected patient with syphilis is an evolving and difficult area of clinical medicine. Many such patients initially present with dermatologic problems, and the practicing dermatologist must be alert to the variety of presentations syphilis may take in these patients. The role of biopsy with immunofluorescent or Warthin-Starry silver staining is often crucial in correctly diagnosing confusing cases. The treatment of early syphilis in HIV-infected patients may need to be more intensive than has previously been recommended, because the immunosuppression induced by HIV can accelerate the pace of the infection and increase the risk of progression to neurosyphilis. After treatment, careful and frequent follow-up is essential so that the often irreversible consequences of late syphilis can be avoided.     

43例HIV合并梅毒感染临床及脑脊液分析

目的：分析HIV合并梅毒的临床表现及实验室特征。方法：回顾性分析2014年3月至2017年7月在我院皮肤科进行腰穿的HIV合并梅毒感染的43例患者的人口学特点、临床表现及实验室检查。结果：43例患者中男39例,女4例,中位年龄为31.5岁。有3例（7.0%）符合神经梅毒诊断（脑脊液表现为白细胞≥20/μL并伴有脑脊液RPR阳性）。这3例患者均为二期梅毒,临床表现均为眼部症状,CD4均＜350个/μL,血清RPR均≥1:32。结论：在HIV合并梅毒感染时,神经梅毒尤其好发于血清RPR≥1:32,CD4＜350个/μL的二期梅毒患者。     

A consequence of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM): neurosyphilis in Los Angeles, 2001-2004

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology and clinical findings of neurosyphilis (NS) cases diagnosed during the current syphilis epidemic occurring predominantly among men who have sex with men. METHODS: Syphilis cases reported to the health department were reviewed for diagnosis of NS, cerebrospinal fluid venereal disease research laboratory results, and/or treatment for NS. RESULTS: During 2001-2004, 7083 cases of syphilis were diagnosed in Los Angeles. One hundred nine cases of confirmed or probable NS occurring among persons aged 19 to 65 years were identified during this period (1.5%). Symptomatic NS was present in 1.2% of reported syphilis cases (86 of 7083). NS cases were inclusive of 71 (65%) men who have sex with men. Forty-two (49%) of the symptomatic NS cases occurred during secondary (N = 28) or early latent (N = 14) syphilis. Sixty-eight percent (N = 74) of the NS cases were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. The estimated incidence of symptomatic NS among HIV-infected persons with early syphilis was 2.1% as compared with 0.6% among HIV-negative persons. CONCLUSION: Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for NS among patients with syphilis, particularly those with HIV infection.