原发性醛固酮增多症的临床分析

本文对10例原发性醛固酮增多症的临床分析中,肾上腺皮质单侧腺瘤8例,增生1例。一侧腺瘤合并对侧增生1例。10例均有高血压、低血钾、肾上腺定位检查阳性所见,24小时尿钾(8/10)增多、血浆醛固酮水平(6/6)增高,血浆肾素活性(4/6)受抑制。作者还重点对本症的早期诊断及治疗方法的选择进行了探讨。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断和鉴别诊断

原发性醛固酮增多症（简称原醛症）是１９５４年由ＣｏｎｎＪＷ首次报道的一种以高血压、低血钾、低血浆肾素活性及高醛固酮水平为主要特征的临床综合征，又称Ｃｏｎｎ综合征。原醛症的高血压在高血压人群中占０．５％～２％，发病年龄高峰为３０～５０岁，女性病人较男性稍多。近年来有的国外学者提出原醛症已成为继发性高血压中最常见的形式。１病因目前认为原醛症的病因主要有下述几种类型：１．１肾上腺皮质醛固酮分泌腺癌（ＡＰＡ）约占原醛症的７０～８０％，大多数为单个腺瘤，左侧较右侧多见。７０％的腺瘤见于女性。１．２肾上腺皮…     

醛固酮肾素定量比值筛查原发性醛固酮增多症的探讨

目的探讨醛固酮肾素定量比值(PAC/PRC以下简称AARR)筛查原发性醛固酮增多症(以下简称为原醛症)的价值。方法使用化学发光方法检测32例原醛症和88例原发性高血压患者立、卧位醛固酮和肾素浓度,计算醛固酮肾素浓度比值(AARR),构建AARR对原醛症的ROC曲线,确定AARR筛查原醛症的最佳切点。结果原醛症患者组立位肾素浓度为4.55(15.67)pg/ml,卧位为2.85(5.34)pg/ml,立位醛固酮浓度为213.70(237.38)pg/ml,卧位为207.52(137.90)pg/ml, 立位AARR为61.53(182.84),卧位为100.69(254.03)。原发性高血压患者组立位肾素浓度为6.80(11.90)pg/ml,卧位为4.79(8.36)pg/ml,立位醛固酮浓度为121.20(31.94)pg/ml,卧位为112.47(23.99)pg/ml,立位AARR为17.49(28.57),卧位为22.67(37.43)。立位AARR筛查原醛症的ROC曲线AUC为0.802,Youden’s指数提示最佳切点为54.40 pg/ml,灵敏度为0.719,特异度为0.852;卧位AARR筛查原醛症的ROC曲线AUC为0.848,最佳切点为64.18 pg/ml,灵敏度为0.750,特异度为0.818。卡方检验提示立、卧位AARR筛查原醛症的诊断效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论临床上采用醛固酮肾素定量比值对原发性醛固酮增多症进行筛查有一定的应用价值,且立、卧位AARR诊断效果相当。     

原发性醛固酮增多症100例临床报告

原发性醛固酮增多症(PA),简称原醛,是由于肾上腺皮质病变导致醛固酮分泌增多,负反馈抑制肾素分泌,临床常常表现为高血压、低血钾、高醛固酮、低肾素活性。约占所有高血压人群的1%[1],而在难治性高血压中可达20%[2,3]。醛固酮瘤(APA)和特发性醛固酮增多症(IHA)是PA最常见的两种亚型。以往很多高血压病患者因顽固性血压升高而被误诊为原发性高血压,常规给予降压药治疗,使得血压持久不降,最终致心脑血管疾病发生发展。近     

原发性醛固酮增多症诊治分析

目的 探讨原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析68例原发性醛固酮增多症患者的临床资料.结果 全部患者均有不同程度的低血钾,卧、立位血浆醛固酮平均值分别为(682±332)pmol/L、(881±406)pmol/L,29例患者尿醛固酮值升高,其中48例立位的醛固酮/肾素活性比值≥50.通过影像学检查62例为原发性醛固酮增多症腺瘤型,其余6例为双侧肾上腺增生;32例予以手术治疗,24例予以口服安体舒通治疗,经治疗后56例患者血压及血钾均有不同程度的恢复.结论 原发性醛固酮增多症主要通过影像学检查定位,血、尿醛固酮测定定性诊断.肾上腺腺瘤切除仍是当前的首选治疗方法,安体舒通也是重要的治疗手段.     

以低钾周期性麻痹就诊的原发性醛固酮增多症1例

正原发性醛固酮增多症(以下简称原醛症)是由于肾上腺皮质增生或肿瘤而自主分泌过多醛固酮,临床表现为患者有高血压、钠潴留,因排钾增多而导致低钾血症。由于人们对其认识不足,常造成误诊和漏诊。原醛症过去认为是一种少见病,近年来利用血浆醛固酮与血浆肾素活性比值(ARR)从高血压人群中筛选原醛症,其发病率为5%~15%,是一种常见的继发性高血压~[1]。本科室2015年5月收治1例原醛症,表现为严     

白大衣高血压患者血浆肾素活性和血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平变化及意义

目的探讨白大衣高血压(white-coat hypertension,WCH)患者血浆肾素活性(plasma renin activity,PRA),血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)、醛固酮(aldosterone,ALD)水平变化及WCH与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的关系。方法 WCH患者150例为WCH组,轻中度原发性高血压患者161例为高血压组,同期体检健康者167例为对照组,比较3组诊室血压及24h平均血压;采用ELISA法检测3组血浆三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)水平;采用离子交换层析法检测3组糖化血红蛋白水平;采用化学发光免疫分析法检测3组卧位、立位血浆PRA及AngⅡ、ALD水平。结果WCH组诊室血压[(159±17)/(98±10)mm Hg]高于对照组[(123±16)/(78±12)mm Hg](P0.05),与高血压组[(154±11)/(99±10)mm Hg]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);WCH组24h平均血压[(119±20)/(78±10)mm Hg]低于高血压组[(138±10)/(86±12)mm Hg](P0.05),与对照组[(115±16)/(76±11)mm Hg]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组血浆TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、糖化血红蛋白水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);WCH组血浆PRA、AngⅡ、ALD水平[立位:(3.70±2.36)ng/(mL·h)、(87.89±40.86)ng/L、(325.49±124.56)ng/L,卧位:(3.08±2.21)ng/(mL·h)、(85.57±42.81)ng/L、(295.69±138.47)ng/L]均高于高血压组[立位:(2.56±2.18)ng/(mL·h)、(72.12±17.16)ng/L、(299.44±111.23)ng/L,卧位:(2.25±2.02)ng/(mL·h)、(73.68±19.08)ng/L、(279.57±121.68)ng/L]和对照组[立位:(1.87±1.37)ng/(mL·h)、(58.73±18.23)ng/L、(247.95±76.83)ng/L;卧位:(1.79±1.32)ng/(mL·h)、(59.68±20.43)ng/L、(251.57±77.69)ng/L],且高血压组高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 WCH患者血浆PRA及AngⅡ、ALD水平均增高,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统可能参与WCH发病机制的调节。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断和治疗

醛固酮增多症可分为原发性(原醛)和继发性(继醛)两大类。原醛是由于肾上腺皮质肿瘤或增生、醛固酮分泌过多,导致水钠潴留、体液容量扩张、从而抑制了肾素-血管紧张素系统(故又称为低肾素型醛固酮增多症);继醛是由于肾上腺外的因素使有效血容量降低、肾血流量减少等原因致肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统功能亢进,醛固酮分泌增多(又称为高肾素型醛固酮增多症)。本文重点讨论原醛。     

1例行生理盐水抑制试验患者观察护理

原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism，PA，简称原醛症)是由肾上腺皮质自主性分泌过多醛固酮引起的以高血压、低血钾及低肾素活性为主要特征的疾病,较原发性高血压(essentialhypertension，EH)更易发生心脑血管及肾脏等靶器官损害[1-2].生理盐水试验(saline infusion test，SIT)是国内外指南推荐的原醛症确诊试验之一,并建议盐水负荷后血浆醛固酮水平>10ng/dl(1ng/dl=27.7pmol/L)时可确诊原醛症,<5ng/dl则可以排除[[3-4].该试验对原醛症诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为95.4%和93.9%[5].但由于血容量急剧增加,会诱发高血压危象及心功能衰竭 [3].因此在试验过程中的观察护理显得尤为重要,我科于2018年1月收治1例高血压患者,予行生理盐水抑制试验,该患者在试验过程中出现血压大幅波动，经积极治疗护理顺利完成试验,未发生上述不良事件,试验结果确诊为原发性醛固酮增多症.现将护理体会报道如下：     

原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断与治疗现状

原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)是由于肾上腺皮质球状带病变致醛固酮分泌异常增加，导致水钠潴留，体液容量扩张而抑制肾素．血管紧张素系统，临床表现为特征性高血压、低血钾的征候群。1955年Conn首先报道，故又称为Conn综合征。原醛症所致的高血压在高血压患者中占0．4％～2．0％，发病年龄高峰为30～50岁，女性较男性多见。近年来国外有学者认为原醛症已经成为继发性高血压中最常见的原因，因此有必要给予足够的重视。     

社区医院常规体检中胸部CT对肾上腺疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨社区医院常规体检中肾上腺疾病的顺位排序,并评估胸部CT对肾上腺疾病的诊断价值。方法选取2018年5月至2019年5月我院常规胸部CT体检时发现肾上腺异常征象的90例患者作为研究对象,分析其一般资料、临床和生化资料以及胸部CT结果。对肾上腺CT征象异常疾病进行顺位排序,并进一步收集排序前两位疾病的病理诊断结果,在此基础上评估胸部CT对排序前两位肾上腺疾病的诊断价值。结果 90例肾上腺异常CT征象患者中,肾上腺结节增生48例,肾上腺皮质腺瘤34例,肾上腺钙化2例,肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤2例,其他各种因素造成影像假象4例,占比依次为53.3%、37.8%、2.2%、2.2%、4.4%,其中肾上腺结节增生与肾上腺皮质腺瘤所占比例最大。肾上腺皮质腺瘤经病理诊断为24例,CT诊断正确为21例,准确率为87.5%;肾上腺结节性增生经病理诊断为34例,CT诊断正确为31例,准确率为91.2%,CT对肾上腺结节性增生的诊断准确率略高于肾上腺皮质腺瘤(P>0.05)。结论社区医院常规体检中肾上腺疾病的顺位排序依次为肾上腺结节增生、肾上腺皮质腺瘤、肾上腺钙化、肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤,并且胸部CT对肾上腺结节增生、肾上腺皮质腺瘤的诊断准确率较高,常规体检中胸部CT对于肾上腺疾病的诊断具有积极意义。     

Adrenocortical carcinoma with fat inclusion: case report

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare tumor that arises from the adrenal cortex, with an estimated incidence of 0.5% to 2% per 1 million patients yearly. Although some fat content can be expected in hormonally active adrenocortical carcinomas, areas of 100% fat are extremely rare. We present a case of an adrenocortical carcinoma with a small focus of pure fat depicted on magnetic resonance imaging.     

儿童睾丸肾上腺残基瘤的超声诊断价值

目的探讨儿童睾丸肾上腺残基瘤(TART)的临床及超声表现,加深临床及超声医师对本病的认识。方法回顾分析先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(CAH)男性患儿中经手术病理及临床确诊的11例TART的临床资料、超声表现、实验室检查与影像学检查结果。结果 11例患儿中,5例睾丸体积正常(占45.45%),6例睾丸体积增大(54.55%);其中10例TART为双侧睾丸发病,1例单侧发病;10例双侧发病的患儿中,2例患儿每个睾丸内均有2个病灶,共25个病灶。25个病灶均位于睾丸门和(或)睾丸纵隔旁,呈均匀等低回声,边界均清晰,未见明显包膜回声;其中16个(占64%)直径>10mm的病灶形状不规则,呈长条形分叶状,9个(占36%)直径<10mm的病灶呈类圆形或者椭圆形;直径>5mm的病灶血流信号多较丰富,直径<5mm病灶则血流信号较少,部分仅见点条状血流信号。结论儿童TART多为双侧发病,超声具有特征性声像图表现,超声检查在CAH诊断及定期随访中具有重要意义。     

Isolated Adrenal Hematoma Presenting as Acute Right Upper Quadrant Pain

Background: Adrenal hematoma is an infrequent occurrence in the setting of adult trauma care. It is typically associated with diffuse abdominal injury, and its presence is commonly correlated with high injury severity and mortality. Objectives: To discuss the recognition of adrenal hematoma as a cause of right upper quadrant pain. Case Report: We present the case of a 23-year-old man who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute right upper quadrant pain after blunt trauma to the area; he was initially diagnosed with an abdominal contusion with an incidental adrenal adenoma. After experiencing continued pain for 2 days, the patient returned to the ED for re-evaluation. Subsequent imaging revealed that the adrenal mass had enlarged, and it was determined that this patient had suffered an acute adrenal hematoma. The lesion was determined to be self-limited and the patient was treated with supportive care. Follow-up images 8 weeks later revealed resolution of the hematoma and the patient reported complete resolution of symptoms. We also discuss adrenal hematoma in the trauma setting and explain that in our patient, given the clinical scenario and statistical evidence, an initial diagnosis of adrenal hematoma should be favored over abdominal contusion with incidental adenoma. Conclusion: We describe a case of a traumatic isolated adrenal hematoma that presents acutely as right upper quadrant pain. This unusual presentation highlights the need for recognition of the adrenal gland as a potential cause of right upper quadrant pain in the trauma setting.     

原发醛固酮增多症亚型实验室检验结果分析

目的分析原发醛固酮增多症不同亚型的实验室检查结果差异。方法 92例原发醛固酮增多症患者,依据术后组织病理结果分为肾上腺腺瘤组（76例）和肾上腺增生组（16例）,比较2组血钾、血钠、血醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮肾素比值。结果增生组血钾水平（（3.78±0.38）mmol/L）高于腺瘤组（（3.34±0.66）mmol/L）（P〈0.05）,血钠、血醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮肾素比值（（143.61±2.45）mmol/L、13.5（6.8,245.0）ng/（L·h）、（0.66±0.72）mg/L、（36.90±23.37）ng/L、170.0（7.7,9 450.0））与腺瘤组（（144.53±3.16）mmol/L、21.2（2.1,375.0）ng/（L·h）、（0.62±1.23）mg/L、（33.84±24.51）ng/L、111.0（2.1,6 820.0））比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论原发醛固酮增多症肾上腺腺瘤和肾上腺增生患者临床表现相似,术前检测血钾有助于亚型判定。     

131例肾上腺肿瘤诊治体会

【目的】提高肾上腺肿瘤的诊断和治疗水平。【方法】总结1995-2004年收治的131例肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献复习对其诊治进行讨论。【结果】131例中有功能肿瘤109例（83．0％）,其中恶性肿瘤2例（1．9％）,无功能肿瘤22例（17％）,其中恶性肿瘤2例（9．0％）,23例肾上腺偶发瘤中发现嗜铬细胞瘤4例。本组行肿瘤切除91例,手术探查2例,手术死亡率为0、76％。【结论】肾上腺肿瘤的诊断依靠内分泌检测、B超和CT检查。功能性肿瘤和体积大的无功能肿瘤应行手术治疗。     

Adrenal Dysfunction in Hemodynamically Unstable Patients in the Emergency Department

OBJECTIVE: Adrenal failure, a treatable condition, can have catastrophic consequences if unrecognized in critically ill ED patients. The authors' objective was to prospectively study adrenal function in a case series of hemodynamically unstable (high-risk) patients from a large, urban ED over a 12-month period. METHODS: In a prospective manner, critically ill adult patients presenting to the ED were enrolled when presenting with a mean arterial blood pressure < or =60 mm Hg requiring vasopressor therapy for more than one hour after receiving fluid resuscitation (central venous pressure of 12-15 mm Hg or a minimum of 40 mL/kg of crystalloid). Patients were excluded if presenting with hemorrhage, trauma, or AIDS, or if steroids were used within the previous six months. An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test was performed and serum cortisol was measured. Treatment for adrenal insufficiency was not instituted. RESULTS: A total of 57 consecutive patients were studied. Of these, eight (14%) had baseline serum cortisol concentrations of <20 microg/dL (<552 nmol/L), which was considered adrenal insufficiency (AI). Three additional patients (5%) had subnormal 60-minute post-ACTH-stimulation cortisol responses (<30 microg/dL) and a delta cortisol < or =9 microg/dL, which is the difference between the baseline and 60-minute levels. This is functional hypoadrenalism (FH). There were no laboratory abnormalities that distinguished patients with AI or FH from those with preserved adrenal function (PAF). Rates of survival to discharge did not differ between the AI group (7 of 8) and PAF patients (21 of 46; p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal dysfunction is common in high-risk ED patients. Overall, it has a frequency of 19% among a homogeneous population of hemodynamically unstable vasopressor-dependent patients. The effect of physiologic glucocorticoid replacement in this setting remains to be determined.     

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage: an overlooked cause of hypotension

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage resulting in acute adrenal insufficiency is a rare complication of anticoagulant therapy. We present the case of a patient who came to the Emergency Department with unsuspected adrenal insufficiency, followed by a second visit within 1 month with shock, to demonstrate the importance of early detection and treatment.     

Incidental intra‐adrenal splenule

Splenules can be found in the adrenals and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas.