第四军医大学人体解剖学国家级精品资源共享课建设体会

<正>精品资源共享课建设是国家精品开放课程建设项目的重要组成部分~([1-2])。根据教高[2011]8号文件"教育部关于国家精品开放课程建设的实施意见"和教高[2012]2号文件"教育部办公厅关于印发《精品资源共享课建设工作实施办法》的通知",本教研室于2012年12月开始启动《人体解剖学》资源共享课建设,历经24个月的全面建设和精心完善,不仅于2013年6月成功     

以遗体捐献为主的医学人文教育在乡村医师专业解剖学教学中的探索与实践

正2019年教育部~([1])提出深入挖掘各类课程和教学方式中的思想政治教育元素,构建更高水平人才培养体系。医学思政教育是医学教育的重要组成部分,担负着培养医学生人文素养,提升医学人文精神的重要职责~([2])。根据我国卫生部"新型农村合作医疗"的建设发展规划,对乡村医生职业素养提出了较高要求。乡村医师是离基层人民最近的医务工作者,乡村医师专业学生的培养工作必须从专业和思想两方面体现。解剖学作为乡村医师专业学生入校接触的第一门医学基础课,教学环境特殊,其最重要的媒介就是尸体标本,而尸     

人体解剖学器官系统整合课程模式教学中的实践与思考

<正>1952年,美国西余大学就探讨了以器官系统为基础的多学科整合课程教学~([1-3])。20世纪90年代,美国在许多院校推行以器官系统为基础整合课程教学改革~([1-2])。国内医学整合课程改革始于2000年~([2-4]),在2000年,华中科大同济医学院开始实施基础课程整合和临床课程整合~([2-4])。本校于2013年,通过开设卓越创新班(简称课改班)的形式,开始探索以器官系统为中心     

扶贫区高等职业院校学生心理健康教育课程教学需求分析

<正>近年来,高等职业院校学生心理健康问题日益突出,心理健康教育引起越来越多高等职业院校工作者的重视~([1])。根据教育部2011年印发的《普通高等学校学生心理健康教育课程教学基本要求》(教思政厅〔2011〕5号)的要求,高等职业院校与本科院校一起开设"心理健康教育"课程。高等职业院校学生作为一个特殊的群体,置身于社会变迁中,不可避免地会面临适应与发生展的严峻挑战~([2])。有必要对高等职业学生     

实物拍照实验报告模式对组织学与胚胎学实验教学效果的影响

<正>组织学与胚胎学是重要的桥梁课程~([1]),实验教学是其关键环节,学生必须通过实验课上的切片观察得到感性认识,再结合理论所学掌握知识点~([2])。为提高实验教学效果,近年来,学者尝试了多种方法如立体教学~([3])、思维导图~([4])、构建知识体系~([5])、翻转课堂~([6])、PBL结合"三比法~([7])"、传统绘图联合结构填图~([2,8])等。传统的实验报告采用绘图形式,而学生所绘图与真实镜下图像存在程度不等的偏差,故学生对知识点的掌握     

性别对组织学与胚胎学翻转课堂效果影响的分析

<正>组织学与胚胎学是一门重要基础医学课程,为提高教学效果,该课程经历多年教学改革,但仍改变不了先教后学的填鸭式传统教学模式的束缚~([1])。翻转课堂,这种源于美国的新教学模式颠倒了传统方式,学生带着课前预习时遇到的疑问,通过师生或学生间的讨论~([2]),完成知识内化。翻转课堂已在生理学~([3])、病原生物学及免疫学~([4])、病理学~([5])等课程进行了探索,受到学生的认可~([6])。须利华~([7])调查非英语专业大学生对大学英语翻转课堂的态度时表明性别不影响学生对翻转课     

器官系统教学模式下的解剖学课程教学模式的探索

正建立在生物医学模式下的以疾病为中心的课程体系,应用了100余年,已经不能适应今天的医学生培养的要求~([1])。教育部和国家卫计委联合实施的卓越医师培养计划,正积极推动着临床医学专业教学理念、教学模式、教学方法的全面改革。以学生为中心、以自主学习为引导、早临床、多临床、反复临床的教学理念已得到推广和普及~([2])。许多医学院校已开设教改班,试行多学科整合课程模式教学改革~([3-4])。在此背景下,本校于2013年首次在五年制本科开设卓越医生班,整合基础医学和生物学     

免疫学研究生创新培养探索

<正>提高自主创新能力、培育创新型人才是实现创新驱动发展、实现"两个一百年"建设目标的关键。研究生教育改革是国家培育各类创新型青年人才、推动国家科技源头创新的关键环节之一,也是国家中长期高等教育改革的重要目标~([1])。免疫学是研究机体免疫系统功能与结构的实践科学~([2])。作为当今发展最为迅速的生命科学前沿学科,免疫学也是生命科学与现代医学的桥梁与支     

人体解剖学开放性实践教学的探索与实践

人体解剖学是实践性强的课程,实物标本观察是学好解剖学的有效方法之一,但限于标本的来源和实验员缺乏等实际情况,探索实践教学新形式成为各医学院校面临的共性问题.在这里简介如何将开放模式~([1])引入人体解剖学实践教学,仅供参考.     

人体的奥秘通识教育核心课程建设的探讨与思考

正高校通识教育课程以培养高素质专门人才为前提,强调大学生接受专业教育的同时,开展通识教育个性化的实践路径~([1]),重视总结和传播,获得全面发展为其教学目的。通识教育核心课程作为实施通识教育教学目标的主要途径,已逐渐被我国很多高校应用到本科教育教学中,构建和加强在课程定位、课程体系及评价制度方面的建设~([2-3])。重视通识教育的生活化,从关注心智的陶冶转变为公民的养成~([4])。目前,国内为数不多的高校     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...