帕金森病大鼠黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞的变化

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)发病中黑质小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的变化。方法采用立体定向术将神经毒素6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)注入大鼠右侧黑质和内侧前脑束内,制备大鼠PD模型。将制模成功的16只PD大鼠随机分为2周和8周模型组,另6只正常大鼠作为对照组。观察各组大鼠黑质致密带内多巴胺(DA)能神经元、OX-42(小胶质细胞的特异性标志物)及神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP,星形胶质细胞的特异性标志物)阳性细胞的分布和形态变化。结果 2周和8周模型组损毁侧黑质致密部DA能神经元较健侧显著减少(P0.01),损毁侧OX-42阳性细胞的数量较健侧明显增加(P0.01),形态呈"阿米巴状"。损毁侧GFAP阳性细胞数量较健侧明显增加(P0.01),突起变短,染色加深。2周模型组和8周模型组DA能神经元及两种胶质细胞的变化情况相似。结论 PD大鼠模型中存在着小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活,且两种胶质细胞的活化程度在PD发病过程中的不同时间无明显差别。     

硫辛酸对帕金森模型大鼠黑质内神经胶质细胞及多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的:探讨硫辛酸(LA)对帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠黑质内星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、小胶质细胞离子钙接头蛋白(Iba-l)、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达的影响。方法:130只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(颅内注射生理盐水)30只、模型组(颅内注射6-OHDA)100只。30只对照组大鼠术后4周再随机取20只作为假手术组;100只模型组大鼠4周后随机取80只成功模型再随机分为PD模型组和硫辛酸干预低、中、高剂量组,每组20只。模型组采用立体定位仪定向注射6-OHDA。对照组定向注射等体积的生理盐水。硫辛酸低、中、高剂量组于PD模型大鼠成功术后4周分别每日腹腔注射15、30、60 mg/kg,连续注射14 d。干预结束后取各组大鼠右侧中脑黑质采用Western Blot方法检测GFAP和Iba-l的表达,采用免疫组化方法检测黑质内TH的表达情况。结果:(1)与假手术组比较,PD模型组及硫辛酸干预低、中、高剂量组大鼠黑质内GFAP及Iba-1的表达均明显有所增加(P<0.05),但TH阳性细胞数则明显有所减少(P<0.01);(2)与PD模型组比较,硫辛酸干预低、中、高剂量组大鼠黑质内GFAP及Iba-1表达均明显减少(P<0.05),而TH阳性细胞数则明显增加(P<0.05);(3)与硫辛酸干预低剂量组比较,硫辛酸干预中、高剂量组大鼠黑质内GFAP及Iba-1表达均明显减少(P<0.05),而TH阳性细胞数则明显有所增加(P<0.01);(4)硫辛酸干预中、高剂量组间大鼠黑质内GFAP及Iba-1的表达虽无显著差异(P>0.05),但TH阳性细胞数则明显有所增加(P<0.05)。结论:硫辛酸通过抑制帕金森病模型大鼠黑质内星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的过度表达,保护多巴胺能神经元,该结果可为帕金森病的治疗提供新的思路。     

活化小胶质细胞致星形胶质细胞激活

目的探讨活化小胶质细胞培养液对星形胶质细胞的影响。方法 LPS激活原代培养小胶质细胞,采用活化的小胶质细胞条件培养液刺激星形胶质细胞,观察星形胶质细胞GFAP及IL-1β和TNFα的表达。结果 LPS刺激后,小胶质细胞OX42表达量上升,IL-1β和TNFα的表达量增高;小胶质细胞条件培养液可致星形胶质细胞激活,GFAP表达量上升,IL-1β和TNFα的表达量增加。结论活化小胶质细胞的条件培养液可致星形胶质细胞激活,激活的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞表达前炎症介质IL-1β和TNFα。     

神经病理性疼痛中星形胶质细胞被激活后的p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路

目的:探索神经性病理痛中星形胶质细胞被激活后的p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号转导通路.方法:SD大鼠分为坐骨神经慢性结扎模型组(CCI组)和假手术组(Sham组),并于术前ld和术后1、3、7、14d取第4～5腰段脊髓做石蜡切片,免疫荧光组织化学标记p38MAPK的表达,免疫荧光双标技术检测其与脊髓神经细胞之间的关系.结果:CCI组术后术侧脊髓背角p38MAPK免疫阳性细胞数量增多;p38MAPK平均荧光强度明显增高并在术后第7天显示为最高.p38MAPK和小胶质细胞在CCI组脊髓背角术侧的分布有较好的一致性.结论:在神经病理性疼痛巾,p38MAPK信号转导通路被激活但未参与星形胶质细胞的痛觉信号转导.     

布洛芬对戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠星形胶质细胞的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量布洛芬对戊四氮(PTZ)点燃癫痫大鼠的影响及其作用机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为对照组、PTZ组和PTZ+布洛芬组(按布洛芬剂量分为4组),分别对其进行干预,观察记录各组大鼠行为学及脑电图变化,同时观测布洛芬的不良反应,采用免疫荧光染色及Western Blot检测GFAP的表达情况。结果:PTZ组与对照组相比,痫样发作和星形胶质细胞增生明显(P 0. 05); PTZ+布洛芬各组痫样发作和星形胶质细胞增生情况较PTZ组降低,且剂量越高抑制作用越明显(P 0. 05),但不良反应的发生也越多。结论:布洛芬可通过抑制星形胶质细胞增生影响癫痫发作,且剂量越高抑制作用越强,但其不良反应也随剂量的增加而增加。     

氯喹抑制体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活

目的研究氯喹对体外培养大鼠海马星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用,为癫痫的治疗提供实验依据。方法分离新生SD大鼠海马,体外培养星形胶质细胞,经纯化鉴定后分为:对照组、戊四氮(PTZ)组、氯喹干预组(25、50和75 mg/L),经相应处理后,分别用MTT法、免疫荧光、Western blot测定星形胶质细胞数量及活性、星形胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及CyclinD1的表达量。结果与对照组比较,PTZ可激活星形胶质细胞的增殖,使GFAP、CyclinD1的表达量增加(P<0.05);与PTZ组比较,氯喹阻滞了PTZ激活的星形胶质细胞的增殖(P<0.05);氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞异常增加的GFAP的表达;氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞的CyclinD1的表达量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,3种结果均显示75 mg/L氯喹对体外培养星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用较强,并可维持其在正常范围。结论氯喹具有抑制PTZ激活体外培养星形胶质细胞的作用,其可能通过抑制星形胶质细胞的增殖来发挥抗癫痫作用。     

腰段脊髓背角胶质细胞对内脏痛觉敏化反应的形态学研究

目的探察和证实胶质细胞对创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)所属内脏痛觉敏化反应的时程和形态特征。方法借助单次延长应激(SPS)方法构建内脏痛觉敏化模型,32只雄性SD大鼠被随机分成正常对照组、SPS术后1 d组、SPS术后7 d组、SPS术后14 d组,应用免疫组化、免疫印迹技术探测腰段脊髓背角星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞形态结构和蛋白水平的变化。结果免疫组化实验显示,正常脊髓灰质内明显可以探察到大量GFAP+的细胞,其形态呈星形胶质细胞的典型特征:即微小的胞体和细长的突起,其在脊髓灰质的分布不显示明显的区域特性。定量和比较资料显示,SPS不同时间组的GFAP+细胞密度均多于对照组,7 d组增加最显著。结果同时显示,GFAP~+胞体大小在7 d和14 d组均大于对照组,以7 d组的最大。正常脊髓灰质也明显可以探察到小胶质细胞(Iba1~+),其密度和胞体大小在SPS 1 d组和14 d组与对照组之间具有显著差异,且14 d组差异最为显著(P<0.05),但7 d组的变化不明显。免疫印迹实验显示,正常脊髓灰质背角可以明显探测到GFAP和Iba1蛋白。定量资料显示,SPS 7 d组和14 d组的GFAP蛋白水平均高于对照组,7 d组升高最显著。SPS不同时间点均可诱导Iba1~+蛋白的高表达,且以14 d组最显著。结论结果提示脊髓星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的形态结构和蛋白水平的变化可能牵涉到内脏痛觉敏化的病理过程。     

罗格列酮预处理对凝血酶激活的小胶质细胞PPARγ、Nrf2及HO-1表达的影响

 目的: 采用凝血酶激活新生大鼠神经胶质细胞,观察罗格列酮预处理对小胶质细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf-2)及血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)表达的影响。方法: 用新生SD大鼠的脑组织,体外培养原代小胶质细胞14 d左右分离收集细胞,分为:正常对照组、凝血酶刺激组、罗格列酮干预组(罗格列酮+凝血酶组)和维甲酸干预组(维甲酸+凝血酶组)进行实验。分别采用免疫组化染色、real-time PCR和Western blot检测PPARγ、Nrf2和HO-1的表达并进行统计分析。结果: 免疫组化染色显示,与对照组比较,刺激组、罗格列酮+凝血酶组及维甲酸+凝血酶组的PPARγ、Nrf2和HO-1染色细胞数均增多。Real-time PCR结果显示罗格列酮+凝血酶组PPARγ、Nrf2及HO-1的mRNA表达均显著高于刺激组、对照组及维甲酸+凝血酶组(P<0.01),维甲酸+凝血酶组Nrf2及HO-1的mRNA表达均较刺激组和罗格列酮+凝血酶组降低(P<0.01)。Western blot结果显示,罗格列酮+凝血酶组PPARγ、Nrf2及HO-1的蛋白表达也明显高于刺激组、对照组及维甲酸+凝血酶组(P<0.01),维甲酸+凝血酶组Nrf2及HO-1的蛋白表达均较刺激组和罗格列酮+凝血酶组降低(P<0.01)。结论: 罗格列酮预处理后可增加凝血酶激活的小胶质细胞PPARγ、Nrf2及HO-1的表达,通过维甲酸预处理抑制Nrf2的表达后,其下游基因HO-1表达也受影响,说明PPARγ抗氧化作用可能是通过Nrf2调控下游基因实现的。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰骨髓基质干细胞移植脑出血大鼠 神经营养因子的表达

背景：研究证实,细胞移植和神经营养因子相结合治疗脑损伤能促进大鼠神经功能的恢复。 目的：观察移植胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞对大鼠脑出血后神经营养因子表达的影响。 方法：通过脑立体定位仪向SD大鼠脑尾壳核注射胶原酶和肝素建立脑出血动物模型,将48只模型鼠随机分为3组,骨髓基质干细胞组、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子/骨髓基质干细胞组和对照组于建模后第3天在脑出血部位分别移植骨髓基质干细胞、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子/骨髓基质干细胞以及生理盐水。 结果与结论：与对照组和骨髓基质干细胞组相比,胶质细胞源性神经营养因子/骨髓基质干细胞组大鼠神经功能恢复更好;与对照组相比,移植后1,2周其他2组各神经营养因子表达均显著增加(P < 0.05)。提示胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞移植治疗脑出血大鼠比单纯骨髓基质干细胞有更好的神经保护作用。     

大鼠脊髓损伤后星形胶质细胞特异性表达Gc的研究

用免疫组织化学方法观察了脊髓的星形胶质细胞在损伤后出现的抗原性改变并对其改变的意义进行了探讨。实验选用Wistar大鼠 2 0只。实验组 10只 ,对脊髓 T1 0 节段进行完全横断 ;对照组 10只 ,只进行 T1 0 椎板切除术 ,不损伤脊髓。在术后第 1、3、5、7、14 d分别对 2 0只大鼠灌流固定 ,并取出 3 cm长手术段脊髓。用 anti-Galactocerebrosides( anti-Gc)和 anti-glial fibrillaryacidic protein( anti-GFAP)抗体对脊髓进行标记。结果表明 :脊髓损伤后第 7d,增生肥大的星形胶质细胞可以同时被 anti-GF AP和 anti-Gc标记 (荧光双标 )。此抗原表型改变至术后 14 d依然显现。被双标的星形胶质细胞在形态上与成熟的正常胶质细胞基本相同 ,而少突胶质细胞只为 anti-Gc单独标记。对照组脊髓星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞只为 anti-GFAP、anti-Gc分别标记。本实验结果提示 :大鼠脊髓受损后 ,星形胶质细胞出现 GFAP和 Gc二种抗原表型。此结果首次表明成熟哺乳动物脊髓损伤后星形胶质细胞也可出现类似少突胶质细胞特异性抗原抗体改变。这可能是星形胶质细胞对脊髓创伤的一种特异性反应。这种变化可为探索脊髓损伤区域微环境的变化对脊髓损伤修复的影响提供新的线索     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.