中国蒙古族13个族群的身体质量

目的 研究蒙古族13个族群身体质量，揭示蒙古族身体质量与经度、纬度、年平均温度、年龄的关系。 方法 采用随机采样的方法，遵循知情同意的原则，对蒙古族13个族群4410人（男1917，女2493）的身体质量及与身体质量有关的体质指标进行了测量。 结果 蒙古族13个族群男性身体质量均值在（57.3±8.1）～（81.6±12.7）kg，身体质量均值从大到小排列第1～3位依次是额济纳土尔扈特部、新疆察哈尔部、鄂尔多斯部，第11～13位依次是喀左县蒙古族、阜新蒙古族、云南蒙古族。13个族群女性身体质量均值在（51.6±7.6）～（67.7±12.6）kg之间，按照身体质量均值大小排序，第1～3位依次为额济纳土尔扈特部、巴尔虎部、新疆土尔扈特部，第11～13位依次为喀左县蒙古族、郭尔罗斯部、云南蒙古族。13个族群间、年龄组间身体质量差异均具有统计学意义。各个族群女性的脂肪质量均值大于男性；去脂质量均值男性大于女性。蒙古族男性、女性的身体质量、去脂质量均与经度、年平均温度成显著负相关，均与纬度成显著正相关。男性的身体质量与年龄无显著相关，女性则为显著正相关。男性、女性脂肪质量与纬度、年龄成显著正相关，与经度无显著相关，与年平均温度成显著负相关。蒙古族身体质量大于中国其他29个族群（11个北方族群，18个南方族群）。 结论 蒙古族身体质量值较大。     

中国城市汉族人身高、体质量与纬度的关系

目的:研究中国城市汉族人的身高、体质量与纬度的相关性。方法:根据随机采样原则,按照《人体测量方法》的规定,2009年~2013年在中国22个省共31个地区测量了10 451例城市汉族人的身高、体质量等20项指标值,并计算了7项指数和体脂率。结果:随纬度增加,男性、女性的头部、面部、躯干、下肢的高度值均增大,共同导致身高与纬度呈正相关。下肢全长增加的速度均超过身高增加的速度,北方汉族人的下肢占身高的比例大于南方汉族。随纬度增加,汉族城市人身体脂肪逐渐增多,胸腔、腹腔内脏器官和脂肪的体积增加、躯干宽度增大、躯干骨骼增重、臀部肌肉及脂肪增多;女性上臂、背部、腹部、小腿的皮下脂肪厚度呈线性增加,男性背部皮下脂肪厚度随纬度增加而呈线性增厚,男性大腿骨骼、女性上臂骨骼变得粗大,女性上臂肌肉逐渐发达,这些变化共同导致了体质量与纬度呈正相关。结论:汉族城市成年男性、女性的身高、体质量均与纬度呈正相关。     

中国蒙古族的身体肥胖指数

目的:研究蒙古族的身体肥胖指数及与经度、纬度、年平均温度、年龄、血压的相关性。方法:测量了蒙古族13个族群的身高、臀围、肱三头肌皮褶、肱二头皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂嵴上皮褶、血压、心率值,计算身体肥胖指数和体脂率,对蒙古族身体肥胖指数值进行了性别间、族群间的假设检验,对身体肥胖指数与经度、纬度、年平均温度、年龄、血压、体脂率进行了相关分析。结果:蒙古族13个族群中,身体肥胖指数值女性多大于男性,13个族群间身体肥胖指数值差异均具有统计学意义。男性、女性身体肥胖指数均与经度、年平均温度呈负相关,与纬度、年龄呈正相关。身体肥胖指数与血压呈正相关。蒙古族身体肥胖指数值大于中国汉族。结论:不同蒙古族族群间身体肥胖指数不同,身体肥胖指数与经度、纬度、年平均温度、年龄血压均相关。     

中国汉族人的上、下肢长度

目的:探讨汉族人身高、指距、上肢全长、身高指距指数、身高上肢长指数、身高下肢长指数、上下肢长指数值与纬度的关系。方法:按学术界统一的方法,统计中国22个省26952例汉族人(乡村男性8174例,乡村女性8327例,城市男性5048例,城市女性5403例)的身高等7项指标值和4项指数值。结果:随纬度增高,汉族人指距、上肢全长与纬度无相关,身高、下肢全长值呈线性增大。城市汉族男性、女性身高下肢长指数与纬度呈正相关。城市男性、乡村男性、城市女性身高指距指数、身高上肢长指数与纬度呈负相关。结论:中国从南方到北方,汉族的身高、下肢全长值均线性增大,但上肢长值并没有明显的增大。随纬度增高,从上下肢长指数来看,城市男性、乡村男性、城市女性逐渐呈现腿长臂短的特征。     

中国蒙古族的身体密度

目的 探讨蒙古族13个族群的身体密度,揭示蒙古族身体密度性别间、族群间差异,探讨身体密度与经度、纬度、年平均温度、年龄的相关性。 方法 测量肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶厚度。按照日本长岭晋吉公式计算蒙古族13个族群的身体密度。 结果 蒙古族13个族群中,云南蒙古族身体密度值最大,额济纳土尔扈特部身体密度值最小。蒙古族身体密度族群间、性别间、年龄组间、4个地区间的差异均具有统计学意义。蒙古族男性女性身体密度均与经度、年龄成显著负相关。 结论 南方蒙古族身体密度值大于北方蒙古族,西部蒙古族身体密度大于东部蒙古族。     

中国北方、南方汉族头面部形态学特征的差异

目的将中国北方、南方汉族头面部形态学特征进行比较,探讨其差异性。方法 2009年至2012年测量了11 732例(男性5840例,女性5892例)北方汉族的头面部人体测量学指标,并将各指标均值与南方汉族资料进行差异统计学检验。结果与南方汉族相比,北方汉族头较宽、较高,两下颌角间较宽,两眼间距离较大,面较高,鼻背较高,鼻与红唇距离较大,耳大,但头较短,面较狭,鼻较短,唇较薄。与南方汉族相比,北方汉族男性头更圆、更高、更狭,面更狭,鼻更阔。北方汉族女性头面部特征与男性结果基本相同,不同的是,北方汉族女性比南方汉族鼻更狭些。结论遗传因素是影响头面部形态特征形成的主要因素。     

兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数特点及其与体成分的关系

目的调查分析兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数特点及其与体成分之间的关系,为该地区骨质疏松的预防和干预提供参考依据。方法采用超声骨密度仪及生物电阻抗分析仪测量2291例(男1021例,女1270例)兰州市汉族成人右足跟骨骨强度指数及体成分等相关指标,采用多元逐步回归法分析骨强度指数与体成分各指标之间的关系。结果兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数随年龄增长而持续降低,峰值骨量出现在20~30岁。其中男性20~30岁和50~60岁两个年龄段骨强度指数下降较快,而女性50岁后骨强度指数迅速下降;兰州市汉族男性各年龄组骨强度指数均高于同龄组女性。与采用相同方法测量其他民族、地区人群有关指标进行比较得知,兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数值和兰州汉族女性峰值骨量值均较低。多元线性回归分析显示,肌肉含量、皮下脂肪、身体质量指数与骨强度指数呈正相关,内脏脂肪与骨强度指数呈反比。结论兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数和兰州市汉族女性峰值骨量均处于较低水平,且峰值骨量出现的年龄较早,50岁以后女性是骨质疏松的危险人群;肌肉量、皮下脂肪量以及BMI是骨质疏松发病的保护性因素,而内脏脂肪量是骨质疏松发病的危险因素。     

布依族的人体组成成分分析

目的 :研究布依族人体组成成分现状与特点。方法 :随机抽取贵州黔西南布依族832例(男338例,女494例),采用生物电阻抗法进行人体组成成分测量。运用SPSS18.0统计软件对数据进行统计学处理。结果 :布依族男性、女性全身脂肪分布特点均为躯干脂肪率、下肢脂肪率高于上肢脂肪率,男性身高、体质量、总肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、内脏脂肪等级、四肢肌肉量和躯干肌肉量均高于女性,四肢脂肪率、总体脂率及身体质量指数(BMI)女性则明显高于男性。随年龄增长,身高、体质量、四肢脂肪率和肌肉量、总肌肉量、骨量、总能量代谢呈下降趋势,内脏脂肪等级增加。结论:贵州黔西南布依族男性、女性总体脂率、BMI值均在国际规定肥胖判定标准的正常范围,与云南布朗族、河南回族、辽宁喀喇沁左翼蒙古族、昆明汉族相比偏低,与海南黎族相近。     

宁夏大学生瘦体组织成分与基础代谢率的相关性分析*

目的：分析宁夏大学生7 项瘦体组织成分指标与基础代谢率（BMR）的相关性。方法：随机选取741 名在 校大学生（ 男性364 名,女性377 名）作为研究对象,采用InBody BSM370 体成分仪测试受试者体质量、身高、 身体总水分、细胞内液、细胞外液、蛋白含量、无机盐含量、骨骼肌含量、InBody 评分及BMR值的分布。应用 多元回归分析法研究各项瘦体组织成分指标与基础代谢率之间的相关关系,并计算出回归方程系数。结果：男性 大学生身高、体质量及各项体成分指标均显著高于女大学生;男性回族大学生除体质量、InBody 评分显著高于 男性汉族大学生外,其他指标在两者间均无显著性差异;女性回族大学生仅有InBody 评分显著高于女性汉族大 学生;多元线性回归分析显示,7 项瘦体组织指标在男、女大学生间均显示与BMR呈明显正相关;多元逐步回归 分析显示,身体内总水分、无机盐含量、蛋白质含量是宁夏大学生BMR的主要影响因素。此外,骨骼肌含量能 影响男性大学生BMR, 而女性大学生BMR则会受到细胞内液的影响。结论：宁夏大学生瘦体组织成分存在显著 性别差异。各项体成分指标均与BMR呈正相关,体成分指标高者,BMR更高。     

从体型认定摩梭人的民族身份归属

目的 摩梭人民族身份未定,通过研究摩梭人体型来分析其民族归属。 方法 在云南宁蒗县永宁乡共测量了386例（男179例,女207例）摩梭人体质数据,采用Heath-Carter人体测量法研究摩梭人的体型。 结果 摩梭人男性平均体型值为3.2-4.9-2.4,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型。女性平均体型值为5.0-4.8-1.6,属于内胚层-中胚层均衡体型。男性体型点的分布相对离散,女性体型点的分布相对集中。60岁以前,随年龄增长,女性脂肪、骨骼和肌肉越来越发达,身体线性度变小。体型位置距离比较,摩梭人体型与布依族最接近,与云南汉族和云南蒙古族较接近,与巴尔虎蒙古族距离较远。采用组间连接法对13个族群（8个南方少数民族、2个南方汉族,3个北方蒙古族）体型3个因子均值进行聚类分析,发现摩梭人体型具有南方族群体型特征,但摩梭人体型与多数南方族群略有不同。综合13个族群男性、女性内、中、外因子均值的比较结果,发现摩梭人身体脂肪含量逊于北方蒙古族和汉族,而高于7个南方少数民族,身体粗壮程度强于多数南方民族,但逊于北方蒙古族。 结论 摩梭人总体上具有南方族群的体型特征,但比多数南方族群身体更粗壮、脂肪更发达。不支持摩梭人是蒙古族一支的观点。     

The contributions of lean tissue mass and fat mass to bone geometric adaptation at the femoral neck in Chinese overweight adults

Background: Overweight or obese populations may have lower risk of osteoporotic fractures and higher bone mineral density (BMD), while bone strength is determined not only by bone material but also by bone structural parameters. Thus, the influence of body weight on bone geometry was examined in Chinese overweight adults.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore how total body lean mass (TBLM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) contribute to the variation of bone geometry at the femoral neck in Chinese overweight adults.

Subjects and methods: Bone geometric parameters including section modulus (Z), cross-sectional area (CSA), subperiosteal width (W), cortical thickness (CT) and buckling ratio (BR) were compared in 100 overweight (body mass index, BMI?≥?23) vs. 100 underweight subjects (BMI?≤?18.5) in Chinese female and male adults aged 20–44 years by multiple regression analyses.

Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that both TBLM and TBFM were significantly higher in overweight subjects than in underweight subjects. Meanwhile, significant differences in bone geometric parameters (except W) were also detected between the overweight and underweight groups after adjustment for age and height in both sexes (p?≤?0.001). Bone bending strength Z and axial strength CSA were 14% and 13% higher in females, as well as 18% and 20% higher in males in the overweight group than in the underweight group, respectively. The significant differences mentioned above were not observed when adjusted for TBLM, age, and height. TBLM seemed to be the strongest significant positive predictor of bone geometric parameters (p?<?0.001), with the exception of W in both sexes and BR in females, while TBFM did not contribute significantly to the bone geometric parameters (p?>?0.055 for both sexes).

Conclusion: Bone geometry may adapt primarily to mechanical load as represented by TBLM, but TBFM seemed to have no independent effect on bone geometry in Chinese overweight subjects.     

Fat mass and fat-free mass as indicators of body composition among Bengalee Muslim children

Background: The composition of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) are now considered to be important indicators of body composition.

Aim: This cross-sectional study determines the body composition using FM and FFM among children.

Subjects and methods: The study was conducted among 1248 children (619 boys; 629 girls) aged 5–12 years and belonging to the Bengalee Muslim population of West Bengal, India. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps and sub-scapular skin-folds were recorded and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Body composition was assessed using FM and FFM.

Results: The age-specific mean values of FM and FFM ranged from 1.93–3.07 kg (boys) and 1.91–3.62 kg (girls) and from 14.69–23.44 kg (boys) and 14.18–22.87 kg (girls), respectively. Statistically significant sex differences were observed in FM and FFM (p < 0.05). Age- and sex-specific smooth percentile curves were derived for BMI, FM and FFM using the L, M and S modelling approach for further evaluation of body composition.

Conclusion: These findings are important for future investigations in the field and in epidemiological and clinical settings so as to accurately identify risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using FM and FFM.     

Relative contribution of aging and menopause to changes in lean and fat mass in segmental regions

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the relative contribution of aging and menopause to the changes in lean and fat mass in segmental regions. Materials and methods: Subjects were 365 pre- and 201 postmenopausal Japanese women aged between 20 and 70 years old. Age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI, Wt/Ht²), age at menopause, years since menopause (YSM), and menopausal status were recorded. Lean and fat mass of the arms, trunk, legs, total body, and the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass amount (trunk–leg fat ratio) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Regional (arms, lumbar spine, pelvis, legs, and total body) bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by DEXA. Results: Total body lean mass and regional BMD decreased (P<0.001), while percentage of body fat, trunk fat mass, and trunk–leg fat ratio increased (P<0.001) with aging and after menopause. On multiple regression analyses, trunk and total body lean mass were inversely correlated with menopausal status (P<0.001 and 0.05, respectively) but not with age. Trunk fat mass, trunk–leg fat ratio, and percentage of body fat were positively correlated with age (P<0.01) but not with menopausal status. Regional BMD were more inversely correlated with menopausal status (P<0.001) than age. Conclusion: Decrease in lean mass and BMD are more menopause-related, while the shift toward upper body fat distribution and overall adiposity are more age-related. Lean tissue is similar to bone tissue from the viewpoint of more undergoing menopausal effect.     

Changes in body composition during post-menopausal hormone therapy: a 2 year prospective study

BACKGROUND: Post-menopausal hormone therapy (pHT) induces changes in both body composition and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: In 109 post-menopausal women beginning either tibolone 2.5 mg (n=29), tibolone 1.25 mg (n=42) or estradiol 2 mg plus norethisterone acetate 1 mg (E2 + NETA) (n=38), we assessed body composition, total and regional BMD by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin and the urinary excretion to type I collagen C-telopeptide (CTX) at baseline and after 2 years. RESULTS: At baseline, BMD at all sites correlated negatively with age and years since menopause, and positively with lean mass and fat mass (r=0.42, P<0.001 and r=0.26, P=0.006 at the total femur). During treatment, BMD increased at all sites (P<0.001), and serum BAP, osteocalcin, and urinary CTX decreased in all groups (P<0.001). Lean mass increased whereas android fat and android obesity index decreased. The increase in BMD at all sites correlated positively with changes of lean mass at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both fat mass and lean mass are related to BMD in post-menopausal women, the relationship being strongest with lean mass; an increase in lean mass and a change in distribution of body fat are observed during treatment with E2 + NETA and tibolone.     

Reference Values of Body Composition Indices: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Purpose

An increase in the prevalence of obesity has been observed in children and adolescents. As remarkable changes in body composition occur with growth during the adolescent period, it is important that changes in body composition be monitored. The purpose of this study was to propose reference percentile values for body composition indices including body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents in Korea.

Materials and Methods

This study was performed using data from the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Body composition data were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The percentile curves of body composition indices were constructed by the LMS method.

Results

A total of 2123 children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years were included in this study. We obtained the percentile curves for BMI and body composition indices.

Conclusion

The reference values for body composition from this study could help with assessing body composition in Korean adolescents.     

Gender differences in body fat of low- and high-body-mass children: relationship with body mass index

The primary objective of this study was to determine gender differences in total body fat mass (TBFM) and body fat distribution (subcutaneous fat mass, SFM; and internal fat mass, IFM) in a cross-sectional sample of 280 children. Measurements of the body composition of 141 boys and 139 girls, all apparently healthy and aged 3–6 years were made using bioelectrical impedance. Determinations of impedance were made using a four-terminal impedance analyzer (TP-95K; Toyo Physical, Fukuoka, Japan). Lean body mass (LBM) was calculated using a previously published equation [Goran MI, Kaskoun MC, Carpenter WH, Poehlman ET, Ravussin E, Fontvieikke A-M (1993) Estimating body composition of young children by using bioelectrical resistance. J Appl Physiol 75: 1776–1780]. SFM was calculated using a modification of the equation derived by Skerjl [Skerjl B, Brozek J, Hunt EE (1953) Subcutaneous fat and age changes in body build and body form in women. Am J Phys Anthrop 11: 577–580] and Davies [Davies PSW, Jones PRM, Norgan NG (1986) The distribution of subcutaneous and internal fat in man. Ann Hum Biol 13: 189–192]. The main modifications of the equation in the present study were the introduction of: (1) mean thickness of adipose tissue over body surface/2, and (2) skin mass. IFM was calculated as the difference between TBFM and SFM. The body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) was calculated from the formula: body mass/height². For each gender, the subjects in the lowest and highest 25th percentiles were designated as “low body mass” and “high body mass”, respectively. In the present study, no gender differences in absolute TBFM, SFM and IFM were observed in either of these groups. In contrast, gender differences in relative TBFM (%Fat) and SFM (SFM/mass) were evident in girls. However, the four subgroups were similar in terms of relative IFM (IFM/mass). The TBFM was independently related to SFM, IFM and %Fat in both genders after adjustment for BMI; however, there was no significant association of SFM with IFM after adjustment for BMI in any group. Even after adjustment for BMI, IFM was independently related to %Fat in both genders, although SFM was not independently related to %Fat in any group except low-body-mass boys. This study shows that relative TBFM and SFM are higher in high-body-mass groups and tend to be higher in girls than in boys, and that the higher %Fat in high-body-mass girls than in high-body-mass boys appears to be associated with internal adipose tissue deposits. External adipose tissue mass does not appear to be related to the higher %Fat levels in high-body-mass girls. In addition, subcutaneous fat mass appears to be higher in low-body-mass girls than in low-body-mass boys, although this observation needs confirmation using more valid measures of subcutaneous fat such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Accepted: 18 February 2000     

河南回族成人肌肉量、脂肪量、去脂体质量的身体节段性分布

目的:探讨河南回族成人的肌肉、脂肪、去脂体质量在身体躯干、四肢的分布规律。方法:采用生物电阻抗法测量河南回族成人的肌肉量、脂肪量、去脂体质量,进行统计学分析。结果:河南回族成人肌肉量、脂肪量、去脂体质量躯干分布多于四肢,且随年龄增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,肌肉量峰值为30~岁组;脂肪量峰值为40~岁组。肌肉量、去脂体质量均为右下肢左下肢右上肢左上肢,男性大于女性;脂肪量右下肢左下肢、右上肢左上肢,女性大于男性。结论:河南回族成人身体的肌肉量、脂肪量、去脂体质量存在较大的左右差异、性别差异和年龄差异。     

Reference charts of body proportion for Japanese girls and boys

Background:?Data from previous studies provided the mean values of body proportions for each age group of healthy Japanese children, but not the standard curves describing the distribution.

Aim:?The aim of the study was to construct a chart of body proportion of girls and boys in Japan.

Subjects and methods:?About 4% of the nationwide student population in Japan, more than 20?000 children per group of both boys and girls of all ages, was included randomly. The upper/lower ratio (ULR) was calculated from correlation tables containing stature and sitting height data reported in the Statistical Report on School Health and Hygiene. The subischial leg length was calculated by subtracting sitting height from stature.

Results:?The present study showed that Japanese boys (13.5–17.5 years old) were taller and had relatively longer legs than Japanese girls in the same age group, and that the median ULRs of Japanese girls and boys (5.5–17.5 years old) were larger than the average of Caucasian girls and boys reported previously. In boys, the percentile values reached the lowest at 13.5 years, then increased slightly. On the other hand, in girls, the percentile values remained constant after 11.5 years, which is different in boys in the present study and in other Caucasian populations obtained from several studies.

Conclusion:?The new chart provides useful information in the assessment of the body proportions of Japanese children.     

TNF gene polymorphisms in Graves’ disease: TNF-308 A/G meta-analysis

Background: The body mass index or BMI, mass/height², is used to predict fatness and health. It is an approximation to the Benn index, mass/height^p, where p (typically 1.1–2.5 for adult populations) makes the index uncorrelated with height. Mass/height³ is an index of body build that is independent of scale and statistics.

Aim: To explain why p varies and is less than three, show how statistical methods can distort perceptions of mass–height relationships, and clarify the nature of the BMI.

Methods: A hypothetical adult population is modelled statistically, with mass being approximately proportional to height³ and with neither variable determining the other. Values of p are calculated both for the model and for real adults.

Results: In both cases p increases with the correlation between mass and height. Both p and that correlation are usually lower for women than for men.

Conclusions: In adult populations mass must vary more nearly with height³ than with height², although, for reasons explained, conventional statistical techniques suggest otherwise. Nevertheless the BMI is a valid predictor of fatness from mass and height in adults and is properly divisible into fat mass and fat-free mass indices. The validity of the latter three indices for children is questionable.