艾滋病患者口咽念珠菌病的菌种分布及药物敏感性

目的 了解艾滋病患者口咽念珠菌(假丝酵母)病的菌种分布及对常用抗真菌药的敏感性,为其防治提供参考.方法 收集艾滋病合并口咽念珠菌患者口咽拭子标本,进行真菌分离和鉴定,并采用Rosco Neo-Sensitab纸片扩散法检测菌株对两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑及伊曲康唑的敏感性.结果 从50例患者共分离出65株念珠菌,其中最常见的是白念珠菌(77%),其次是热带念珠菌(8%)、光滑念珠菌(6%)、克柔念珠菌(3%)、近平滑念珠菌(3%)及季也蒙念珠菌(3%).所有菌株对两性霉素B均敏感,未发现自念珠菌对氟康唑耐药;非白念珠菌对氟康唑的耐药率为40%,非白念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑存在交叉耐药.结论 白念珠菌是引起艾滋病患者口咽念珠菌病的主要致病菌,且对氟康唑敏感;非白念珠菌在临床的检出率高,且对三唑类药物的耐药率高.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒相关性口腔念珠菌的药物敏感性分析

目的探讨HIV/AIDS病人口腔念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物的敏感性。方法采用微量液基稀释法,测定念珠菌对氟康唑、酮康唑、氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B共4种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性(MIC值)。结果60株HIV相关性念珠菌对上述4种药物敏感性的几何均数分别为0.871、0.050、0.179和0.329 mg·L~(-1);耐药率分别为2%、5%、3%和5%;白色念珠菌和非白色念珠菌对氟康唑和两性霉素B的耐药率差异均具有显著性;有1株光滑念株菌对氟康唑、酮康唑和两性霉素B同时耐药。结论上述4种临床常用抗真菌药物可选作HIV/AIDS病人口腔念珠菌病的治疗,但应注意某些菌株的耐药和交叉耐药现象,尤其是非白色念珠菌。     

浙江省人民医院2009～2011年真菌耐药性分析

目的了解临床真菌分离株耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法用ATB-F3法对浙江省人民医院2009年1月～2011年12月临床真菌分离株进行药敏实验。结果在4 398株临床分离真菌中,排名前3位的为白念珠菌(75.81%)、热带念珠菌(19.42%)、光滑念珠菌(1.55%);非白念珠菌的分离率有增加趋势。5种抗真菌药物对白念珠菌均有很高的敏感性(耐药率≤1.8%),但氟康唑和伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的耐药性有逐年增加趋势。对于热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌,3种唑类抗真菌药物已有较高的耐药率(7.4%～65.2%),两性霉素B及氟胞嘧啶耐药率较低(0%～7%)。结论对非白念珠菌感染应慎用唑类抗真菌药;两性霉素B和氟胞嘧啶对3种主要念珠菌均具有较高的敏感性。     

6428株念珠菌菌种分布及药敏分析

目的了解临床分离念珠菌的菌种分布及耐药谱,为合理使用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法对临床标本中分离的念珠菌采用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基或法国梅里埃微生物自动鉴定系统进行鉴定,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定菌株对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、二性霉素B的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果2005年至2006年共分离6428株念珠菌,最常见的菌种依次为白色念珠菌5075株(79.0%)、热带念珠菌599株(9.3%)、光滑念珠菌439株(6.8%)、近平滑念珠菌161株(2.5%)、克柔念珠菌76株(1.2%)。白色念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌对所测试的抗真菌药物均高度敏感(>96.0%),热带念珠菌对伊曲康唑敏感性比较低(77.6%),对5-氟胞嘧啶、二性霉素B、氟康唑敏感性均96.0%,光滑念珠菌对伊曲康唑、氟康唑敏感性分别为50.4%、76.6%,对5-氟胞嘧啶、二性霉素B均敏感,克柔念珠菌对伊曲康唑、氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶敏感性较差(<50.0%),对二性霉素B均敏感。结论临床分离的念珠菌以白色念珠菌为主,不同念珠菌菌种对常用抗真菌药物敏感性的差异有统计学意义,实验室应重视念珠菌菌种的鉴定。     

2018-2022年深圳市妇幼保健院分离真菌的分布及耐药情况分析

目的 调查分析南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院分离真菌的分布特点和药物敏感性情况,为妇幼真菌感染疾病的临床诊治、耐药性监测和流行病学研究提供参考。方法 回顾分析南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院2018年1月-2022年12月标本采集、真菌鉴定和抗真菌药敏试验的结果数据。结果 共分离真菌3 350株,前2位分别为白色念珠菌1 542株、光滑念珠菌223株。阳性标本以阴道分泌物/宫颈分泌物为主。妇科和产科分离到的真菌最多。白色念珠菌对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的5年耐药率分别为9.58%、4.12%,对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的5年敏感率分别为99.79%、98.01%,对氟康唑的历年敏感率有逐渐升高的态势。光滑念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌对两性霉素B及5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感率均为100.00%。克柔念珠菌对两性霉素B和伏立康唑100.00%敏感。结论 南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院分离真菌以念珠菌属为主,其中白色念珠菌最多。阴道分泌物/宫颈分泌物是主要真菌阳性分离标本。白色念珠菌对两性霉素B的耐药率最低、敏感率最高,对伊曲康唑的耐药率最高、敏感率最低。光滑念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌和克柔念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶均无耐药性。光滑念珠菌对伊曲康唑耐药率最高、敏感率最低。     

107株泌尿道侵袭性真菌感染菌种分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨侵袭性真菌引起的泌尿道感染菌种分布及其耐药状况,为临床抗真菌药物治疗提供依据.方法 采用柯玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及法国梅里埃API20CAux酵母菌鉴定系统,对107株泌尿道侵袭性真菌进行鉴定.药物敏感试验用丹麦Rosco纸片扩散法.结果 107株真菌中,白念珠菌60株(56.2%)、光滑念珠菌17株(15.9%)、热带念珠菌13株(12.1%)、近平滑念珠菌9株(8.4%)、克柔念珠菌8株(7.4%).5种抗真菌药物敏感率最高的是5-氟胞嘧啶(5-FC),平均为92.0%;氟康唑(FCA)对热带念珠菌和白念珠菌敏感率分别为100.0%和86.7%;两性霉素B(AmB)对5种念珠菌的敏感率平均为44.5%.结论 引起泌尿道真菌感染的主要是白念珠菌,5-FC对5种念珠菌有较好的抗菌活性.     

老年呼吸道真菌感染分布和药敏结果分析

目的了解我院老年人下呼吸道真菌感染和药敏测试情况。方法收集我院老年呼吸道标本980株,对其检出232株真菌进行5种常用抗真菌药的体外敏感性检测。结果通过痰涂片结合分离培养,菌种分布以白色念珠菌为主,占18.6%。对5种常用药物（氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净、两性霉素B）进行耐药性分析,发现除克柔念珠菌外,其他真菌对卡泊芬净、两性霉素B和唑类比较敏感,克柔念珠菌对氟康唑耐药。结论对痰标本进行涂片和培养,发现真菌感染仍以白色念珠菌为主,克柔念珠菌对氟康唑耐药。其他真菌对两性霉素B和唑类比较敏感,因此应重视真菌分离鉴定和药敏检测指导临床合理用药。     

外阴阴道念珠菌感染及其耐药性

目的了解女性外阴阴道真菌种类及其对药物的敏感性。方法回顾性分析1107例标本,对其中的258例阳性标本的菌株用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基鉴定,用Rosco纸片法对5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、两性霉素B、制霉菌素、咪康唑、克霉唑进行体外药物敏感性试验。结果 1107例临床标本共检出念株菌258株,阳性率为23.3%。其中,白念珠菌占82.6%,光滑念珠菌占6.6%,热带念珠菌占3.5%,克柔念珠菌占2.3%,其他念珠菌占5.0%。念珠菌对制霉菌素、两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感性较高,分别为97.3%、93.0%和88.0%;对咪康唑和氟康唑的耐药率较高,分别为50.4%和43.8%。结论不同菌种对药物的敏感性不同;对外阴阴道感染的念珠菌进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验对临床治疗有重要意义。     

念珠菌的分离鉴定及其耐药性分析

目的了解近年来临床标本中分离的念珠菌种类及耐药状况。方法采用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基以及生物梅里埃试剂盒API20CAUX进行鉴定分类,ATBFUNGUS药敏板进行药敏试验。结果2007年1月至2009年5月共分离出280株念珠菌。其中,白色念珠菌173株占61.8%;热带念珠菌48株占17.1%;光滑念珠菌29株占10.4%;近平滑念珠菌10株占3.6%;克柔念珠菌9株占3.2%;季也蒙念珠菌5株占1.8%;皱褶念珠菌4株占1.4%;葡萄牙念珠菌2株占0.7%。药敏结果显示：两性霉素B和制霉菌素敏感率高,分别为96.4%、95.7%;5-氟胞嘧啶敏感率为82.5%;咪康唑、益康唑、酮康唑敏感率分别为50.4%、62.8%、59.3%。结论临床念珠菌属感染中以白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌较常见。临床常用抗真菌药物呈现不同程度的耐药性,尤其是唑类药物耐药率较高,两性霉素B和制霉菌素对念珠菌耐药率较低。     

女性阴道念珠菌感染状况及耐药性分析

目的探讨女性阴道念珠菌感染状况及对抗真菌药物耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法对临床标本分离出的念珠菌采用法国科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基和全自动微生物鉴定系统VITEK-32鉴定菌种,采用真菌ATB Fungus 3进行药物敏感试验。结果 21551例女性阴道分泌物标本检出2715株念珠菌,检出率12.60%。2715株念珠菌中白色念珠菌1950株占71.82%、光滑念珠菌437株占16.10%,热带念珠菌160株占5.89%,克柔念珠菌118株占4.35%,其他念珠菌50株占1.84%。在5种抗真菌药物中,耐药率最高的是伊曲康唑平均耐药率为27.16%,氟康唑平均耐药率9.62%,伏立康唑平均耐药率5.39%,而两性霉素及5-氟胞嘧啶几乎全部敏感。结论女性阴道念珠菌感染以白色念珠菌为主,对抗真菌药物有不同程度耐药,应加强对念珠菌的检测和耐药性监测,指导临床合理用药。     

Antifungal resistance in Candida spp. isolated in Italy between 2002 and 2005 from children and adults

The activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole and voriconazole was tested in vitro against 618 clinical Candida spp. isolates, using the broth microdilution or the disk diffusion method (voriconazole). Amphotericin B and voriconazole were the most potent antifungal agents assayed (100% of susceptible strains). Resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was detected in three (0.7%) and 11 (2.7%) isolates of Candida albicans and in four (3.7%) isolates of Candida glabrata. Flucytosine intermediate, resistant strains, or both, were observed in C. albicans (0.3% and 0.7%), C. glabrata (2.8% intermediate) and C. tropicalis (15.2% and 15.2%). C. krusei was the least susceptible species to azoles. No statistically significant differences in the rates of resistant isolates depending on site of infection and age of the patient were observed, with the exception of C. albicans and itraconazole (higher percentage of resistance in children). At present, acquired antifungal resistance represents an uncommon finding in most Candida spp. circulating in Northern Italy.     

In vitro susceptibility testing of Candida and Aspergillus spp. to voriconazole and other antifungal agents using Etest: results of a French multicentre study

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antifungal agent voriconazole were determined using the Etest and compared with those of amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole using 1986 clinical isolates of Candida spp. Voriconazole MICs were also compared with those of amphotericin B and itraconazole using 391 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Voriconazole was found to have more potent activity and lower MIC values than amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. kefyr. Against C. glabrata and C. krusei, voriconazole was more active than either of the other two azole antifungals but had similar activity to amphotericin B. For species of Aspergillus, MIC values of voriconazole were lower than those of amphotericin B and itraconazole against A. fumigatus and A. flavus, and were similar to those of amphotericin B against A. niger. Against A. terreus, MIC values for voriconazole and itraconazole were similar. A. terreus is known to be resistant to amphotericin B, and this was reflected in higher MIC values compared with those of voriconazole and itraconazole. Voriconazole therefore compares very favourably with other antifungal agents against a large number of clinical isolates of Candida and Aspergillus spp.     

Activity of voriconazole against Candida albicans and Candida krusei isolated since 1984

With the recent dramatic rise in fluconazole use, there has been an increase in Candida species resistant to that agent. This has led to the clinical development of newer triazoles such as voriconazole that have greater potency and a broader spectrum of activity. We therefore hypothesized that fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and Candida krusei would be susceptible to voriconazole. Susceptibility testing was performed on 205 isolates of C. albicans collected from 1984 to 1995, and on C. albicans and C. krusei that were identified as fluconazole resistant since 1995. The anti fungal agents used were amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. Three C. albicans and 26 C. krusei isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >/=20 mg/l and were defined as fluconazole resistant. Of these, 28 isolates were susceptible to 2 mg/l) but all were susceptible to 相似文献   

In vitro susceptibility of Candida species isolated from cancer patients to some antifungal agents

This study was undertaken to study the resistance of Candida species isolated from oropharyngeal swabs of cancer patients to ketoconazole (KET), fluconazole (FLU), amphotericin B (AmpB), and flucytosine (FCU). The most common species identified was C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. famata, C. krusei, C. kefyr, and C. gulliermondii. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antifungal agents was evaluated by RPMI 1640 medium with microdilution method. There were no C. albicans strains resistant to KET, FLU and AmpB. All Candida isolates were found highly susceptible to AmpB (MIC AmpB < 1 microg/ml), followed by KET (MIC KET < or =8 microg/ml), FLU (MIC FLU < or =8 microg/ml) and FCU (MIC FCU < or =4 microg/ml). The main conclusion of this study is that prophylactic therapy planned according to typing and antifungal susceptibility will contribute to the prevention of invasive fungal infections in immunosuppressied oncology patients.     

In vitro interactions of anidulafungin with azole antifungals, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine against Candida species

Anidulafungin, an echinocandin, is in late stage development for the treatment of fungal infections. We investigated the activity of anidulafungin in combination with other antifungal agents (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine) against four isolates each of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis, and two isolates of Candida krusei using a macrobroth chequerboard method with interactions evaluated by fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). Additive activity (FICI > 0.5 to 1) or indifference (FICI > 1 to < 4) was observed in 85 of 90 interactions of anidulafungin with another antifungal agent. Synergy with itraconazole (FICIor=4), a drug rarely used systemically, was noted for four strains of C. tropicalis. The combination of anidulafungin and amphotericin B demonstrated additive activity for each of the 18 isolates of Candida tested. These results suggest additional studies are warranted, for example in animal models, to evaluate further the potential of combination antifungal therapy with anidulafungin for Candida infections.     

念珠菌性包皮龟头炎分离菌种鉴定及药敏测定

目的 了解2009年至2011年念珠菌包皮龟头炎念珠菌种类及其对抗真菌药物的敏感性,以便指导临床用药.方法 用沾有无菌生理盐水的无菌拭子反复转动擦拭包皮和龟头的炎症部位,所得拭子立即接种于沙保罗氏琼脂培养基,待培养基上长出酵母菌菌落后,挑取该菌落于科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基培养.对分离的念珠菌用ROSCO纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验.结果 2009年至2011年共分离出507株念珠菌,其中白色念珠菌439株(86.59％),光滑念珠菌33株(6.51％),热带念珠菌28( 5.52％),克柔氏念珠菌3株(0.59％),其他念珠菌4株(0.79％);白色念珠菌对两性霉素B、克霉唑、5-氟尿嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑的敏感率分别为100％、87.1％、88.9％、86.7％、69.9％,耐药率分别为0％、1.3％、3.8％、6.4％、6.7％.结论 白色念珠菌是念珠菌性包皮龟头炎的主要分离菌株,其次是光滑念珠菌;白色念珠菌体外药敏显示,其对两性霉素B、克霉唑、5-氟尿嘧啶、氟康唑有很高的敏感性,对伊曲康唑敏感性较低,同时也显示其对氟康唑、伊曲康唑有相对较高的耐药率.     

In vitro antifungal activity of a novel lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against various fungal pathogens

The antifungal activities of FK463 against various pathogenic fungi were tested by standard broth microdilution methods, and compared with the activities of five currently available antifungal agents; viz., fluconazole (FLCZ), itraconazole, miconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine. Fourteen clinical isolates of Candida albicans categorized as FLCZ susceptible, FLCZ susceptible-dose dependent and FLCZ resistant were similarly susceptible to FK463 with geometric (GM) MIC values of 0.010, 0.011 and 0.015 microg/ml, respectively. All of 17 clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus were inhibited by FK463 at 0.0078 microg/ml or lower concentrations. The antifungal activity of FK463 against a wider range of medically important yeasts and filamentous fungi were studied using stock fungal strains. While Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Fusarium, Pseudallescheria and Alternaria species or zygomycetes were scarcely or not inhibited by 16 microg/ml of FK463, two Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata), as well as all species of Aspergillus, Paecilomyces and Penicillium, were highly susceptible with GM-MICs of < or = 0.008 microg/ml. The other fungal species including several non-albicans Candida were less susceptible with GM-MICs ranging between 0.016 and 2 microg/ml. MICs of the reference drugs were within the range thus previously reported. These results suggest that FK463 be of use in the treatment of serious fungal infections.     

Activity of voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B in vitro against 1763 yeasts from 472 patients in the voriconazole phase III clinical studies

The susceptibility of 1763 yeast isolates (from 22 species and seven genera) was tested using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A2 microdilution methodology. Candida spp. predominated (97.1%), mainly C. albicans (51.4%), C. glabrata (16.4%) and C. tropicalis (13.7%), followed by Trichosporon spp. (1.1%) and Cryptococcus neoformans (1.0%). Most isolates came from blood/catheters (72.0%) or the oesophagus/oropharynx (11.3%). The voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B MIC90 values (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the isolates) for all isolates were 1.0, 2.0, 64 and 1.0 microg/mL, respectively. Voriconazole MICs correlated with those for fluconazole (r = 0.91) and itraconazole (r = 0.90). Only 109 isolates (6.2%) had voriconazole MICs > or = 4.0 microg/mL; all were C. albicans, C. glabrata or C. tropicalis resistant to itraconazole (and most to fluconazole). Isolates from 22 patients with amphotericin MICs > or = 2.0 microg/mL (range 2.0-16.0 microg/mL) were also cross-resistant to one or more of the triazoles. Patients (n = 34) with voriconazole-resistant isolates showed a 56% response to voriconazole therapy, and those patients (n = 261) with susceptible isolates showed a 71% response. Twenty-three voriconazole-treated patients had baseline resistant isolates, in eight patients voriconazole resistance developed during therapy and in three patients a different resistant species arose during therapy. Thus, voriconazole MICs correlate with those of fluconazole and itraconazole and may predict clinical outcome.     

Novel triazole antifungal agents

The risk of opportunistic infections is greatly increased in patients who are immunocompromised due to AIDS, cancer chemotherapy and organ or bone marrow transplantation. Candida albicans is often associated with serious systemic fungal infections, however other Candida species such as Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata, as well as Cryptococcus neoformans and filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, have also emerged as clinically significant fungal pathogens. Two triazole antifungal agents, fluconazole and itraconazole, were introduced over a decade ago and since then have been used extensively for the prophylaxis and treatment of a variety of fungal infections. Although both drugs are effective and have their place in therapy, limitations regarding the utility of these agents do exist. For example, fluconazole is not effective for the prophylaxis or treatment of Aspergillus species and has limited activity against C. krusei and C. glabrata. The use of itraconazole has been limited secondary to concerns regarding unpredictable bioavailability. The rising incidence of fungal infections and the reported increase of non-albicans candidal infections noted over the past two decades highlight the need for new antifungal agents with improved spectra of activity. Several new triazole agents are in various phases of preclinical and clinical trials and may be available for human use in the near future. Three such agents voriconazole, posaconazole and ravuconazole are reviewed and compared with existing agents.