复配式粗杂粮对社区慢性病的干预效果评价

目的评价复配式粗杂粮对社区慢性病的干预效果,寻找慢性病社区防治的措施。方法从南京市鼓楼区三个社区中抽取45岁以上的中老人共731人进行高血压、高血糖、血脂异常等流行病学调查,整群抽出干预组(158人)和对照组(165人)。干预组给予粗杂粮干预和健康教育,对照组只给予健康教育,干预时间为1年。结果干预组的BMI、WHR、血压、血脂水平明显下降(P<0.05),超重/肥胖、高血压、血脂异常的患病率较干预前明显下降。结论复配式粗杂粮能够有效的控制社区慢性病的患病率。     

复配式粗杂粮改善脂代谢紊乱作用的实验研究

目的探讨由米面和复配式粗杂粮等不同构成的饲料对脂代谢紊乱大鼠的作用。方法40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为阴性对照组、高脂模型对照组、米面组和粗杂粮组;以相应饲料连续喂养10周,测定各组大鼠体重、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)等指标,同时做肝脏组织病理检查。结果与高脂模型对照组比较,粗杂粮组大鼠的血清TG、TC水平显著下降,HDL-C水平显著升高,肝脏脂肪变性程度显著减轻。结论复配式粗杂粮对脂代谢紊乱大鼠脂代谢具有较好的改善作用。其特有的化学组分及生物学特性是取得较好效果的重要原因。     

复配式粗杂粮对胰岛素抵抗大鼠LCN-2表达影响

目的 探讨全谷豆复配式粗杂粮对高脂膳食诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏和脂肪组织中载脂蛋白2(LCN-2)影响.方法 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为阴性对照组、高脂模型组、米面组和粗杂粮组,以相应饲料连续喂养8周,测定各组大鼠血清空腹血糖(FBG)和胰岛素(FINS)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);Westernblotting检测各组大鼠肝脏和脂肪组织中LCN-2和过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)蛋白表达.结果 与阴性对照组比较,高脂模型组和米面组血清FBG和FINS水平明显升高(P<0.05).高脂模型组和米面组HOMA-IR分别为(10.39±1.63)和(10.34±1.36),明显高于阴性对照组(6.85±1.33);与高脂模型组和米面组比较,粗杂粮组HOMA-IR(6.81±1.37)明显下降,粗杂粮组LCN-2在肝脏和脂肪组织中表达明显低于高脂模型组和米面组,PPAR-γ则相反.结论 全谷豆复配式粗杂粮可以激活胰岛素抵抗大鼠PPAR-γ蛋白,进而降低脂肪因子LCN-2表达,改善胰岛素敏感性.     

复配式粗杂粮对大鼠胰岛素抵抗及PPAR-γ表达的影响

目的掌握复配式粗杂粮对高脂饮食诱导的大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法40只SD大鼠随机分为阴性对照组(n=10)和高脂造模组(n=30),分别给予基础饲料和高脂饲料,6周后再将高脂造模组分为高脂模型对照组、米面组、粗杂粮组(n=10),提供相应饲料。继续喂养9周后,测定大鼠血糖和胰岛素水平,RT-PCR法测定脂肪组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)mRNA表达。结果6周高脂饮食后,高脂造模组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)明显升高,造模成功。粗杂粮组大鼠的体重和HOMA-IR显著低于高脂模型对照组和米面组,粗杂粮组PPAR-γmRNA的表达与其他3组比较明显增加(P0.05)。结论复配式粗杂粮能显著降低高脂饮食引起的胰岛素抵抗大鼠的血糖、胰岛素水平,改善胰岛素敏感性,其机制可能与增加PPAR-γ的表达有关。     

粗杂粮的“另类”吃法

如今，生活条件好了，精米细面吃得多了，不少人也想换换口味．尝尝粗杂粮。按人们的习惯，除大米和面粉外的粮食，统称为粗杂粮，如全谷类及杂豆．包括高粱、玉米、荞麦、燕麦、薏米，红小豆．绿豆，芸豆等。现在将薯类也包括其中。     

大豆发酵制品唐可肽对血糖生成指数的影响

目的测定大豆发酵制品唐可肽的血糖生成指数,并探讨唐可肽对于血糖生成指数以及血糖应答的影响。方法根据唐可肽碳水化合物的含量计算出相当于25g碳水化合物的唐可肽量,用25g葡萄糖为对照量,将受试者分为唐可肽组和葡萄糖组,每组10人,测定他们的空腹血糖后分别服用唐可肽和葡萄糖,测定2h内不同时点的血糖水平。根据Wolver方法计算食物的血糖生成指数(GI)值。结果测定了唐可肽血糖生成指数为54.86。结论唐可肽为低血糖生成指数值的食物。具有很好的降血糖、平稳血糖的作用。     

血糖生成指数教育对糖尿病病人膳食调整的影响

随着人们生活水平的提高,由于体力活动减少、能量摄入过多导致的代谢综合征患病率大大升高,糖尿病已成为一个严重的社会公共卫生问题[1]。目前膳食调整是糖尿病病人治疗效果的重要保证。随着科学研究的不断深入,有关糖尿病病人膳食选择的方法也在不断更新。1986年,加拿大的营养学     

食物血糖生成指数及其在慢性病防治中的意义

本文概述了食物血糖生成指数的概念，计算方法，与食物组分的关系，在预防和临床上的应用及现存的问题。     

中国成年人粗杂粮摄入水平对膳食营养素的贡献

目的探讨中国成年居民粗杂粮摄入水平及其对膳食营养素的贡献。方法利用2010~2012年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据进行分析。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法调查居民所有食物摄入情况,家庭调味品消费量采用"称重法"。样本:全国31个省150个县(区)18岁以上居民55529人。结果我国18~44岁成年人膳食中粗杂粮占到粮谷类摄入量的3.3%,45岁和60岁以上人群分别为4.3%和5.6%;高粗杂粮摄入水平,可增加粗杂粮对碳水化合物、膳食纤维、维生素B_1、镁、锌的贡献率,与低粗杂粮消费人群比,高粗杂粮消费人群对膳食纤维的贡献率增加了6~7倍,碳水化合物增加了5倍,维生素B_1增加了5倍,维生素B_2增加了2倍,尼克酸增加了3倍,镁增加了3~4倍,钾增加了1倍;在粗杂粮消费人群中,碳水化合物提供的能量所占比例随粗杂粮消费水平的升高而升高,脂肪提供的能量比例趋势相反。结论我国成年居民增加粗杂粮摄入,可提高膳食营养素摄入水平,调整优化膳食结构。     

吃了杂粮血糖为何降不下来

在糖尿病的总体治疗方案中，饮食控制是非常重要的一个方面。如果不能很好地控制饮食，即使使用降糖药物甚至胰岛素，也很难控制血糖达标；饮食控制好了，则有利于降低血糖。总体而言，杂粮的血糖指数明显低于白米饭，因此，很多临床医生往往在奉劝患者主食限量的同时，建议以杂粮部分代替精米细面。从理论上说，这会使病人餐后血糖升高速度减慢，升高幅度减小。     

Effect of redesigned Indian mixed meals on blood glucose and insulin levels in normal versus type 2 diabetic subjects–a comparative study

This study reports the glycemic as well as insulinemic response of seven types of Indian vegetarian mixed meals (MMs). Each of the seven MMs was given at weekly intervals to both normal and type 2 diabetic subjects on the same day to reduce variations in food preparations. In this Indian study, each MM consisted of five to six food items with a low glycemic index (GI) ranging from 28.98 to 46.12%, glycemic load ranging from 15.58 to 23.8 g and energy value (calculated) from each test meal ranging from 403 to 502 kcal. All the seven meals were found to have postprandial glycemic control in normal subjects which ranged from 86 to 102.4 mg%, and a good postprandial glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects which ranged from 132.8 to 148.4 mg%, and hence appropriate for routine consumption by diabetic subjects. The glycemic and insulinemic pattern of all these MMs was similar in normal and diabetic subjects. Sustained intake of such low GI MMs by diabetic can result in good glycemic control.     

餐后血糖应答反应的影响因素及其调控

血糖水平异常,是许多慢性病的常见特点和危险因素。血糖生成指数(GI)是反映碳水化合物餐后血糖应答水平的特征性指数。测定各类碳水化合物的血糖生成指数之后,用来指导人们的日常膳食,改善糖尿病人、心脑血管病病人和肥胖者等的健康状况,具有重要的意义。现有的证据表明,影响食物血糖应答的因素很多,包括食物本身所具有的各种特征和机体自身的状态等。对这些因素的认识,有助于更有效的推广和应用GI来指导人们的膳食,维护和改善人们,尤其是糖尿病和肥胖等慢性疾病患者的健康。本文综述了碳水化合物的消化吸收和利用过程中影响血糖应答的各种因素及其机理。     

Role of diet in blood glucose response and related health outcomes: summary of a meeting

Consumption of foods that elicit a marked glyce-mic response have been proposed as risk factors for obesity and insulin resistance. A group of experts from around the world participated in a discussion of scientific issues about the role of diet in blood glucose response and related health outcomes. The goal was to determine how diet can best be used to prevent rather than to treat disease. This was an informed discussion rather than a formal, evidence-based review. To resolve debate on this topic, well-controlled research with healthy individuals is needed .     

The effect of substituting alternative grains in the diet on the nutritional profile of the gluten-free diet

Background:  The only treatment for coeliac disease is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Several studies have reported nutritional deficiencies in individuals on a gluten-free diet. The present study aimed to determine whether the nutritional profile of gluten-free diet could be improved through the use of alternative grains.
Methods:  A retrospective review of diet history records by a celiac specialist dietitian were used to establish a 'standard' gluten-free dietary pattern. An 'alternative' gluten-free dietary pattern was developed that substituted naturally gluten-free grains or gluten-free products made from 'alternative' flours (oats, high fibre gluten-free bread and quinoa) in the standard pattern. A paired t- test was performed to identify statistical significance between the 'alternative' and standard gluten-free dietary pattern.
Results:  Analysis of standard pattern indicated that 38% of meals and snacks contained no grain or starch choice. Of those meals that contained a grain or starch component, rice was the grain chosen 44% of the time. The inclusion of alternative grains or grain products provided a higher nutrient profile compared to the standard gluten-free dietary pattern ( P  = 0.002). Several nutrients; protein (20.6 g versus 11 g), iron (18.4 mg versus 1.4 mg), calcium (182 mg versus 0 mg) and fibre (12.7 g versus 5 g) were significantly increased by changing the grain or starch component in the dietary pattern. The B vitamin content (riboflavin, niacin and folate) was improved, although this was not statistically significant ( P  = 0.125).
Discussion:  The inclusion of alternative grain-based products increased the nutrient profile of the gluten-free dietary pattern significantly.     

A glucose reference curve is the optimum method to determine the glycemic glucose equivalent values of foods in humans

The glycemic index ranks carbohydrates in foods on the basis of the blood glucose response they produce for a given amount of carbohydrate. The glycemic glucose equivalents (GGEs) is the blood glucose response to a defined portion of food. The purpose of this study was to determine the best method by which to measure the GGE of a food; whether it can be estimated from 1 or 2 glucose references or if a range of glucose references should be measured. Twenty individuals without diabetes participated. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) from fasting to at least 120 minutes after consumption of 5 foods was determined. The iAUC for different glucose amounts was also determined and a standard glucose curve of glucose level against iAUC generated. The GGE of each food was estimated from iAUC of test food using the standard curve. The study found that using a glucose reference closest to the available carbohydrate content of the food gave a mean difference (95% confidence interval) in GGEs of 3.4 (2.0-4.8) g in comparison to the standard curve. Using a 50-g glucose reference gave a mean difference in GGEs of 5.2 (4.7-5.6) g and interpolating from 2 glucose references, 3.5 (1.9-5.2) g in comparison to the standard curve. In conclusion, the best method to determine the GGE value of a food is to use the standard glucose reference curve and estimate the response of the food directly from this.     

糖尿病病人膳食生糖效应与膳食纤维摄入的关系研究

目的通过对膳食血糖指数(DGI)和膳食血糖负荷(DGL)的评估,研究膳食生糖效应与膳食纤维的关系。方法采用食物称重记账法调查105名2型糖尿病病人的2个3日膳食摄入状况,根据食物血糖指数和膳食碳水化合物摄入量计算DGI和DGL,采用酶-重量法测定食物中总膳食纤维(TDF)、不可溶性膳食纤维(IDF)和可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量。结果调查对象的DGI值是62.9±6.8,DGL值是142.4±39.8,TDF、IDF和SDF的摄入量分别是(22.5±6.7)g/d,(16.1±5.5)g/d,(6.4±2.0)g/d。DGI与TDF的相关系数是-0.407(P<0.01)。与DGI最低五分位组的调查对象相比,DGI最高五分位组的调查对象蔬菜类食物摄入量减少了221.9g(P<0.01),TDF、IDF和SDF摄入量分别减少了6.5g、5.0g和1.4g(P值均<0.01),其中由蔬菜提供的膳食纤维减少量最多,谷类摄入量增加了68.0g(P<0.01)。结论DGI与膳食纤维摄入量呈负相关。富含蔬菜和膳食纤维的膳食可降低膳食生糖效应。     

社区老年人血糖水平与MMSE得分关系

目的 探讨不同血糖水平对老年人简单智能量表(minimental state examination,MMSE)得分影响,为预防老年人认知功能下降提供科学依据.方法 于2003年对贵州省贵阳市老年人空腹血糖及MMSE得分进行调查,2008年进行随访;分析基线、随访时不同血糖水平与MMSE得分的关系,以及不同血糖值与随访期间MMSE得分下降的关系.结果 单因素方差分析结果表明,不同性别、年龄、文化程度、血糖不同水平的MMES得分差异有统计学意义;基线时血糖正常者MMSE得分29,空腹血糖受损(IFG)者为28.5,糖尿病者(DM)为28,3组之间差异有统计学意义;随访时血糖正常者MMSE得分27,IFG者为27,糖尿病者(DM)为26,3组之间差异有统计学意义;随访期间不同血糖水平的MMSE得分下降无统计学意义(χ²=2.28,P<0.05);以基线和随访时MMSE得分、MMES得分下降为因变量进行多重线性分析,老年人空腹血糖值有统计学意义.结论 老年人的空腹血糖值异常增高可导致老年人认知功能下降.     

Assessment of Glycemic Response to Model Breakfasts Varying in Glycemic Index (GI) in 5–7-Year-Old School Children

Reduced Glycemic Index (GI) of breakfast has been linked to improved cognitive performance in both children and adult populations across the morning. However, few studies have profiled the post-prandial glycemic response (PPGR) in younger children. The aim of this study was to assess PPGR to breakfast interventions differing in GI in healthy children aged 5–7 years. Eleven subjects completed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial, receiving three equicaloric test beverages (260 kcal) consisting of 125 mL semi-skimmed milk and 50 g sugar (either glucose, sucrose, or isomaltulose). On a fourth occasion, the sucrose beverage was delivered as intermittent supply. PPGR was measured over 180 min using Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). The incremental area under the curve (3h-iAUC) was highest for the glucose beverage, followed by intermittent sucrose (−21%, p = 0.288), sucrose (−27%, p = 0.139), and isomaltulose (−48%, p = 0.018). The isomaltulose beverage induced the smallest Cmax (7.8 mmol/L vs. >9.2 mmol/L for others) and the longest duration with moderate glucose level, between baseline value and 7.8 mmol/L (150 vs. <115 min for others). These results confirm that substituting mid-high GI sugars (e.g., sucrose and glucose) with low GI sugars (e.g., isomaltulose) during breakfast are a viable strategy for sustained energy release and glycemic response during the morning even in younger children.     

Influence of Diet and Lifestyle on the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and on Perinatal Results

GDM is a multifactorial disease, so there is controversy regarding the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. We speculate whether lifestyle and eating habits influenced the appearance and pathogenesis of GDM. To explore this issue, the aim of the present study was to analyze maternal diet and lifestyle characteristics in early pregnancy and their influence on the development of GDM. The study included 103 pregnant women who completed a questionnaire on nutritional knowledge, lifestyle and eating habits. Perinatal and biochemical outcomes as well as pregestational lifestyle and eating habits were compared between normoglycemic women and those who developed GDM. The results obtained showed that women who developed GDM had erroneous knowledge regarding nutrition. Consumption of white bread (p = 0.018), added sugars (p = 0.037), legumes (p = 0.025), fish (p = 0.014), butter (p = 0.010) and the performance of less physical activity (p = 0.024) correlated with glucose intolerance in pregnant women. In conclusion, we found a relationship between dietary and lifestyle habits at the beginning of pregnancy and the later diagnosis of GDM.     

贵州野生多汁乳菇营养成分分析

多汁乳菇 ( Lactarius volemus Fr) ,别名奶浆菌、牛奶菌、奶汁菰、饭汤菇。夏秋季于针叶林或针阔混交林中地上散生或群生。子实体脆香可口 ,在贵州是较受人们喜爱且产量较高的野生食用菌。据报道[1 ] ,多汁乳菇富含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、维生素等多种营养素 ;有抗癌活性 ,提取物对肉瘤 S-1 80和艾氏腹水癌均有抑制作用。　　为此 ,本研究对贵州的野生多汁乳菇进行了主要化学成分、矿物元素和氨基酸等营养成分分析 ,旨在为多汁乳菇开发利用提供科学依据。1　材　料　与　方　法1 .1　样品收集和处理　　 1 998年 6～ 1 2月在贵阳市菜市场购…