产妇及新生儿血铅水平调查

目的了解佛山市产妇、新生儿血铅水平及其影响因素.方法采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法,于2003年6月～2004年2月,取本院产科产妇静脉血及其新生儿脐血588例,进行血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰水平测定,按妇幼保健管理卡内容,进行相关记录.结果产妇血铅水平0.424±0.170 μmol/L,Bpb≥0.483 μmol/L者占19.05%,新生儿脐血铅水平0.41 7±0.164μmol/L,铅中毒率为18.71%;母子血铅值显著正相关(r=0.861,P＜0.01),产妇血铅值与其血钙、铁值显著负相关(r=-0.267、-0.298,P＜0.05);城郊产妇及新生儿血铅水平显著高于城区.结论城郊产妇、新生儿血铅较高,血钙、锌、铁含量影响血铅水平.     

新生儿血铅水平及其相关影响因素的研究

目的:探讨我市新生儿血铅水平现状及其相关的影响因素。方法:2004年1～10月对我院产科出生的330例新生儿进行脐血血铅含量的测定,并对新生儿出生情况及产妇情况、家庭环境等相关因素进行问卷调查,采用回归分析,找出影响新生儿血铅水平的危险因素。结果:330例新生儿血铅水平均值为77.77±6.32μg/L,最小值为26μg/L,最大值为198μg/L,血铅≥100μg/L56例,与母亲血铅水平(93.19±58.45μg/L)呈正相关关系,r=0.96;与新生儿血铅水平有显著相关的因素是新生儿出生时情况(窒息、早产)、家庭住址、产妇职业及其血铅水平等,P<0.01。结论:本市新生儿平均血铅水平偏高,与环境因素存在显著相关。     

儿童血钙铁锌含量变化与铅中毒关系探讨

目的:探讨儿童血钙、铁、锌含量变化与铅中毒关系。方法:选择来院就诊的1082例1~12岁儿童为研究对象。按照铅中毒诊断标准(血铅≥100μg/L),将儿童分为铅中毒组和对照组。儿童血铅和钙、铁、锌的测定采用阳极溶出法。结果:铅中毒组血钙和锌水平(1.22±0.34 mmol/L和90.5±23.5μmol/L)均显著低于对照组(1.61±0.48 mmol/L和122.6±32.4μmol/L)(P<0.001),并且铅与钙和锌均存在显著负相关关系,与血浆铁无相关关系。结论:儿童钙、锌缺乏时易致铅中毒,这有助于指导儿童铅中毒的防治。     

新生儿脐带血铅铜锌水平与血细胞指数及铁代谢指标的关系

目的:了解新生儿脐带血铅、铜、锌水平与血细胞指数及铁代谢指标之间的关系。方法:采用横断面描述性研究方法,分别测定纳入研究的433名新生儿脐带血铅、铜、锌、铁水平,铁蛋白、血红蛋白浓度以及白细胞、红细胞计数,分析其相关性。结果:新生儿脐血铅、铜、锌以及铁浓度分别为4.8(2.9,8.1)μg/dl[中位数(P25,P75)],88.4(34.3,156.8)μg/dl,104.2(49.8,176.2)μg/dl和98.5(32.7,137.1)μg/dl。低血铅组新生儿脐血血锌以及血白细胞计数均显著低于高血铅组新生儿,而血清铁水平则显著高于高血铅组新生儿(P<0.05)。脐血血铅浓度与血铜、血锌浓度及白细胞水平成明显正相关(相关系数r分别为0.12,0.24及0.30,P均<0.05),而与血清铁成明显负相关(r=-0.25,P<0.05)。结论:孕期铅、铜等微量元素与胚胎期造血以及铁代谢密切相关。     

广州地区500例母乳铅与母血、脐血铅含量的相关性分析

目的:了解广州地区产妇母乳铅含量与母血、脐血铅含量之间的相关性。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对广州地区500例产妇抽取母血、脐血、母乳中铅含量进行测定,并进行三者之间的相关性分析。结果:母血铅含量为0~67.590μg/L,均值为(22.005±12.861)μg/L,脐血铅含量为0~69.370μg/L,均值(26.760±9.223)μg/L,母乳铅含量为0~80.420μg/L,均值为(4.474±8.760)μg/L,母血铅与脐血铅含量呈显著正相关(r=0.341,P=0.001),母乳中铅含量与母血中铅含量的相关性没有统计学意义(r=0.064,P=0.367),母乳中铅含量与脐血中铅含量的相关性没有统计学意义(r=0.001,P=0.995)。结论:母血铅含量与脐血铅含量成正相关,血铅可通过胎盘转运给胎儿,母乳中铅含量较母血中铅含量低,母乳喂养是安全的。     

晚发性佝偻病与微量元素锌、铜、铁、钙的关系

目的 探讨晚发型佝偻病(晚佝)与锌、铜、铁钙的关系.方法 对39例晚佝和23例健康儿童进行血微量元素测定.结果 晚佝组低血锌、低血铁发生率显著高于健康组.晚佝组血清锌11.47±3.67μmol/L、血清铁14.04±5.72μmol/L,低于健康组,差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01).直线相关分析显示,血钙与锌、钙与铁、锌与铁间有相关性(r=0.349、0.332、0.316).结论 晚佝患儿存在着不同程度的缺锌、缺铁,且血钙、锌、铁之间里正相关关系.     

孕期及新生儿脐带血铅影响因素的相关性研究

目的 探讨新生儿脐带血铅与其母体血铅等元素的相关性及其影响因素.方法 抽取280例外来劳务孕妇为研究对象,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,测其孕早、中、晚期、分娩时血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰元素水平及其新生儿脐带血铅水平,并对产妇进行问卷调查.结果 280例新生儿脐血铅范围为3～151μg/L,血铅水平为38.6±19.5μg/L,几何均值35.9±2.8μg/L,新生儿脐血铅≥100μg/L者25例,占8.9%,新生儿脐血铅水平与母亲孕早、中、晚期及分娩时血铅水平显著正相关(r=0.351、 0.328、 0.639、 0.812,均 P<0.05);孕各期血铅均与对应期的血钙、血铁显著负相关;职业铅接触、邻近交通干线是危险因素,喝牛奶习惯为保护因素.结论 新生儿血铅水平与母亲血铅、环境因素和饮食习惯有关;防控新生儿铅毒损害,应采取职业保护、环境改善、营养干预等多方位进行.     

儿童血铅与胎儿期铅污染的关系

目的了解儿童血铅水平与胎儿期铅污染的关系。方法采集1～5岁儿童手指血和新生儿出生时的脐带血,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铅浓度。结果1122例儿童血铅平均为（0.42±0.15）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的儿童占27.54％;127例新生儿脐带血铅平均为（0.16±0.12）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的新生儿占0.79％。结论儿童血铅水平高主要是环境污染和生活行为引起,儿童在胎儿期血铅的本底水平已较高,所以预防儿童铅中毒应从孕妇做起。     

永康市孕妇血铅与其新生儿脐血铅相关性研究

目的:了解孕妇血铅及其新生儿脐血铅水平,了解两者相关性。方法:选取998例孕妇静脉血及其新生儿脐带血,采用阳极溶出伏安法进行血铅含量的测定。结果:孕妇血铅中毒率为2.91%,中位数为0.173μmol/L,新生儿中毒率为1.90%,中位数为0.138μmol/L,孕妇血铅与新生儿脐血铅含量呈对数正相关(P<0.05)。结论:孕妇血铅含量高低与其新生儿的血铅值呈对数正相关,母血铅高于脐血铅。     

佝偻病幼儿的血微量元素分析

为了明确婴幼儿佝偻病和血微量元素锌、铁、铜、钙、镁、铅水平的关系,以2003~2004年就诊的佝偻病婴幼儿120例为研究组,随机选择同一时期进行常规保健的健康婴幼儿100例为对照组,用等离子体原子发射光谱法对两组小儿进行了血锌、铁、铜、钙、镁、铅含量测定。结果表明,佝偻病组血锌(8.32±2.65)μmol/L,与对照组相比差异明显(P<0.05);血铁(9.60±2.45)μmol/L,血铅(0.42±0.14)μmol/L,与对照组相比差异明显(P<0.05)。可见佝偻病婴幼儿钙元素比较无明显差异且多伴有锌、铁缺乏和血铅偏高。     

Specific factors for prenatal lead exposure in the border area of China

The objectives of this study are to examine the prevalence of increased blood lead concentrations in mothers and their umbilical cords, and to identify risk factors for prenatal lead exposure in Kunming city, Yunnan province, China. The study was conducted at two obstetrics departments, and 100 peripartum women were enrolled. The mean blood lead concentrations of the mothers and the umbilical cords were 67.3microg/l and 53.1microg/l, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, maternal occupational exposure, maternal consumption of homemade dehydrated vegetables and maternal habitation period in Kunming city were significantly associated with an increase of umbilical cord blood lead concentration. In addition, logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of umbilical cord blood lead concentrations that possibly have adverse effects on brain development of newborns with each potential risk factor. Maternal frequent use of tableware with color patterns inside was significantly associated with higher cord blood lead concentration in addition to the three items in the multiple linear regression analysis. These points should be considered as specific recommendations for maternal and fetal lead exposure in this city.     

舟山海岛地区孕妇及新生儿内环境汞暴露现状调查研究

目的调查研究舟山地区孕妇及新生儿汞暴露现状,为相关防治措施的制定提供科学依据。方法选择2006年3月～2007年7月在舟山市妇幼保健医院分娩的舟山本地户籍孕妇及其新生儿作为本次研究对象,对孕妇尿、血、头发及其新生儿脐带血进行汞含量测定,并进行书面问卷调查。结果本研究共测定孕妇尿汞样2 190份,算术平均值为2.58μg/L;发汞3 109份,算术平均值为1.27 mg/kg;血汞3 337份,算术平均值为5.40μg/L;新生儿脐带血汞样本2 998份,算术平均值为7.71μg/L;获得孕妇尿汞、发汞、血汞及新生儿脐带血汞相对应样本及问卷1 554份,研究显示孕妇的尿汞值、发汞值、血汞值、新生儿脐血汞值存在关联性,其中孕妇血汞值与脐血汞值关联性最强（r=0.600,P〈0.01）,其他的相关系数均小于0.20。孕妇吃鱼次数与尿汞、血汞和新生儿脐带血汞水平相关。结论舟山地区孕妇尿、血和脐带血汞量与孕妇吃鱼次数有关,有很大比例的孕妇和新生儿有潜在的汞危害,需要进一步采取措施进行干预。     

妊娠中期母亲铁营养与3~5月龄婴儿缺铁性贫血关系的研究

目的 研究孕中期母亲铁营养状况与3~5月龄婴儿缺铁性贫血(iron-deficiency anemia,IDA)的关系,为预防儿童IDA的发生提供科学依据。方法 测定妊娠中期母亲和脐带血血清铁蛋白(serum ferritin,SF)和血常规,随访至婴儿3~5月龄,测定婴儿血常规,对血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)低于105 g/L的婴儿采集静脉血测定SF。比较妊娠中期母亲铁营养状况、脐带血SF和3～5月龄婴儿IDA的关系。结果 1) 3~5月婴儿IDA的发生率在孕中期铁缺乏组和正常组分别是12.9%和1.5%(χ²=4.62,P<0.05);2) 脐带血SF<75μg/L的发生率在孕中期铁缺乏组和正常组分别是25.8%和4.6%(χ²=9.6,P<0.05);3)3~5月龄婴儿IDA的发生率在脐带血SF<75 μg/L组是31.6%,脐带血SF≥75 μg/L组是2.8%(χ²=16.21,P<0.01)。结论 妊娠中期母亲轻度缺铁可减少胎儿期铁贮备,与早期婴儿IDA呈正相关。     

Placental transfer of heavy metals in normal pregnant Japanese women

To investigate the interrelation of heavy metals and the influence on next generation, total mercury and methylmercury, lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, zinc, and iron were determined in the maternal blood, placenta, umbilical cord, and umbilical cord blood. Samples were collected at delivery from 231 pregnant women who were living in the city of Nagoya, located in the central district of Japan, during 1974 and 1978. Total mercury and methylmercury, cadmium, and iron were higher in cord blood than in maternal blood, whereas copper and zinc were lower. Significant positive correlations were observed between maternal and cord blood with regard to total mercury and methylmercury, lead, cadmium, and manganese contents. Significant correlations were also observed between many pairs of metals, particularly in umbilical cord and its blood.     

Increased blood lead and decreased calcium levels during pregnancy: a prospective study of Swedish women living near a smelter.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to monitor blood lead in a northern Swedish cohort of mothers and children during pregnancy and at birth. METHODS: Blood lead was analyzed during pregnancy and in the umbilical cords of 290 women living near a smelter and in 194 control subjects. RESULTS: During pregnancy, there were statistically significant overall increases in blood lead concentrations by 20% and 15% in the smelter and reference areas, respectively. Mean maternal blood lead concentrations at delivery were 0.15 mumol/L (3.11 micrograms/dL) in the smelter area and 0.13 mumol/L (2.69 micrograms/dL) in the control area. Umbilical cord blood lead levels were 80% to 87% of the maternal levels. Blood lead levels were influenced by place of residence, employment at the smelter, smoking, and wine consumption. Maternal serum calcium levels decreased during pregnancy and were significantly lower than those of the newborns. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in blood lead concentrations was found during pregnancy, despite increased blood volume and unchanged or decreasing environmental lead levels. The mobilization of lead from bone during pregnancy may explain the increase.     

产妇和新生儿体内重金属水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解某地区产妇及新生儿血砷、汞和铅的水平,分析其相关影响因素。方法在某地区随机抽取A、B两所医院,选择2012年4—5月间住院分娩的产妇共226名,采集产妇静脉血和新生儿脐带血,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中砷、汞和铅的浓度,并对产妇进行问卷调查。结果 226对产妇和新生儿血铅浓度范围分别为2.65~67.00μg/L和4.05~70.89μg/L,均低于100μg/L的限值;A医院产妇和新生儿血砷平均浓度分别为1.20μg/L和1.23μg/L,均高于B医院(0.62μg/L和0.71μg/L),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),血汞和血铅浓度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);新生儿脐带血中砷、汞和铅浓度与产妇静脉血中同种元素浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.925、0.832和0.765;多重线性回归分析结果显示,家庭年收入越高,产妇及其新生儿血砷浓度越高(P0.05);产妇文化程度则对血铅水平有显著影响,文化程度越高,产妇及其新生儿血铅浓度越低(P0.05)。结论该地区产妇和新生儿体内砷、汞、铅暴露水平较低,但胎盘对重金属缺乏有效屏障作用,仍应采取有效措施减少产妇和新生儿重金属暴露。     

Correlation between blood mercury levels in mothers and newborns in Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil

This study evaluated transplacental mercury transfer by measuring Hg in blood samples of mothers and newborns (umbilical cord) in hospitals in the municipality (county) of Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil. Epidemiological and mercury exposure data were collected, besides clinical birth data. Mercury tests were performed by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A total of 1,510 women and an equal number of their newborns participated in the study. Mean blood mercury was 11.53 microg/L in mothers and 16.68 microg/L in newborns (umbilical cord). The highest Hg levels were in the 31-40-year maternal age group and their newborns, with 14.37 microg/L and 21.87 microg/L, respectively. However, in all age groups the mean mercury level was higher in newborns than in mothers. There was a strong positive correlation between Hg levels in newborns and mothers (r = 0.8019; p = 0.000), with a significant linear regression model (r = 0.5283; p = 0.000). The results highlight the importance of monitoring pregnant women exposed to mercury as part of public health surveillance.     

Relationship between the iron status of pregnant women and their newborns

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between iron nutritional status of pregnant women and their newborns using a combination of hematological and biochemical parameters for the diagnosis of iron deficiency. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jundiaí, Southeastern Brazil, in 2000. Venous blood samples collected from 95 pregnant women and from their umbilical cord and used for the determination of complete blood count, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, zinc protoporphyrin, and transferrin saturation. Women were classified into three groups: anemic, iron deficient and non-iron deficient. Statistical analysis included the Tukey-HSD test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Among pregnant women, 19% were anemic (97.9% mildly anemic and 2.1% moderately anemic) and 30.5% were iron deficient. No significant difference was seen in mean values of any parameter studied between newborns in the three groups (p>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed weak association between neonatal and maternal parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The iron nutritional status of pregnant women with iron deficiency or mild anemia does not seem to have a significant impact on the iron levels of their children.     

Serum selenium levels in Saudi new-borns

Selenium (Se) was measured in 300 umbilical cord blood samples collected from healthy pregnant women who live in Al-Kharj area in Saudi Arabia by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry with the hydride t-system. The selenium concentration found in the serum of 300 newborns was 40.847 ± 8.969 μpg/L. Preterm infants had significantly lower serum selenium concentrations than full-term infants (32 ± 8.029 μg/L versus 41.323 ± 8.784 μg/L). Significant positive correlations were found between selenium levels and birth weight. Results of this study suggest that low selenium levels of new-borns in Al-Kharj may reflect an inadequate maternal dietary intake.