8F双腔球囊导管行子宫输卵管造影临床观察

目的比较8F球囊导管与传统子宫通液管（直径12F）行子宫输卵管造影的优缺点。方法将972例传统通液管造影与1 109例8F球囊导管造影的效果及并发症进行比较。结果 8F球囊导管头进入宫腔例数多于传统通液导管（P〈0.05）;传统通液管造影组在人流综合反应（1、2、3、4级）发生率、置管时间及阴道出血率均明显高于8F球囊导管组（P〈0.01）,而8F球囊组出现造影剂外溢高于传统组（P〈0.05）。结论采用8F球囊导管行输卵管造影可明显减少患者并发症,是一种可靠、安全、有效的子宫输卵管造影导管。     

两种迟缓液化精液处理方法对人工授精妊娠率的影响

目的比较糜蛋白酶液化的精液与1 ml针筒反复抽吸液化的精液经梯度联合上游法处理后行宫腔内人工授精（IUI）妊娠率的高低。方法选择2006至2008年在我院不孕不育科诊断为精液迟缓液化症患者77例,行128个IUI周期,糜蛋白酶液化精液35例（A组）,行64个IUI周期;1 ml针筒反复抽吸使精液液化42例（B组）,行72个IUI周期。2组精液液化后均用梯度联合上游法处理,将处理好的精子悬液行IUI。结果糜蛋白酶液化精液组的IUI的周期妊娠率（PRP）为23.11%,针筒反复抽吸使精液液化组的IUI的PRP为21.49%,2组妊娠率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论两种方法均能有效治疗精液迟缓症所致的不孕。     

回顾性分析丈夫精子情况与宫腔内夫精人工授精临床妊娠率的关系

目的对宫腔内夫精人工授精夫妇的丈夫精子资料进行回顾性分析,观察不同精子情况与临床妊娠率的关系。方法选择2004年²012年因不孕症在中山市博爱医院生殖医学中心进行宫腔内人工授精(IUI)治疗的夫妇1646对共3178个周期。根据丈夫精子分为畸形精子症、畸弱精子症、弱精子症、少精子症、少弱精子症、少弱畸精子症、精浆异常、正常精液8组。观察总结临床妊娠率与丈夫精子情况的关系。结果总体IUI临床妊娠率为12.4%(394/3178)。8组丈夫精子情况与临床妊娠率均无明显关系。结论 IUI临床妊娠率受多种因素影响,与丈夫精子情况无明显相关性。     

精子形态对宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的影响

目的探讨正常形态精子比率对宫腔内人工授精(IUI)临床妊娠率的影响。方法回顾分析328个周期宫腔内人工授精临床资料,根据男方精子形态学检查结果分为三组:正常形态精子百分率≥4%、2%~4%、2%,比较各组间精液处理前后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数以及IUI临床妊娠率。结果处理前精子浓度、活力及前向运动精子总数各组间比较无显著性差异(P0.05),处理后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数各组间比较有显著性差异(P0.05),≥4%、2%~4%、2%各组临床妊娠率分别为19.5%、17.9%、2.6%,有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论正常形态精子比率影响IUI临床妊娠率,正常形态精子百分率≥2%可获得较满意的临床妊娠率。     

两种精液优化方法分析结果比较

目的　探讨使用PureSperm精子优化液实施宫腔内人工授精 (IUI)的最佳方法。方法　选用在门诊就诊的适应于IUI的不孕症患者 1 5 1人 ,随机分 2组 ,每组分 84与 6 7人 ,采用传统梯度法与改良法 ,优化处理精液 ,观察处理前、后精子的密度、成活率、活动力 ,以及妊娠率。结果　两种方法在处理前、后无显著性意义 (P>0 0 5 ) ;在妊娠方面有明显差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　使用PureSperm优化液处理精液时 ,采用改良法是一种经济、省时、简便而又有效的方法     

盆腔因素对夫精人工授精成功率的影响

目的通过研究盆腔因素对夫精人工授精妊娠成功率的影响,探讨如何提高夫精宫腔内人工授精（IUI）的成功率。方法将317对不孕夫妇600周期IUI分为双侧输卵管通畅和单侧输卵管通畅2组,分别统计1次IUI妊娠率、2次IUI妊娠率、总的妊娠率,并对2组中女方年龄、不孕年限、男方的因素进行比较。结果2组中女方年龄、不孕年限、男方因素进行比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;双侧输卵管通畅的1次IUI及总的妊娠率比单侧输卵管通畅的妊娠率高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2次IUI妊娠率较1次IUI妊娠率低,并在双侧输卵管通畅时差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论女方盆腔情况异常,增加IUI次数并不能提高妊娠率。对于多次IUI不成功者（2次及2次以上）,特别是单侧输卵管通畅者,应进行腹腔镜检查以排除盆腔病变,术后再行IUI或及时行体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）可提高妊娠率。     

55例宫腔内人工授精的临床分析

目的探讨采用宫腔内人工授精（AIH／IUI）治疗不孕症的可行性。方法丈夫精液采用上游法对55例不孕症患者实施宫腔内人工授精。结果共行76周期,临床妊娠12例,临床妊娠率21．82％,周期妊娠率15．79％。结论宫腔内人工授精对于宫颈因素、免疫因素、男性因素（如精液液化不良、少精、弱精等）及原因不明所致不孕有较好的治疗效果。夫精宫腔内人工授精是一种安全、可靠、操作简便且有明显疗效的助孕技术。     

正常形态前向运动精子总数对IUI临床周期妊娠率的影响

目的 探讨宫腔内人工授精（IUI）时,精子参数对IUI临床妊娠结局的影响.方法 回顾性分析本院生殖中心2010年7月～2013年3月380周期IUI的临床资料,统计精子形态、前向运动精子总数及正常形态前向运动精子总数对IUI临床妊娠率的影响.结果 380周期精液处理后正常形态精子百分率＜4％组与4％～15％组和≥15％组比较,其临床妊娠率分别为0、10.0％、11.8％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;380周期精液处理后前向运动精子总数＜10×106组与≥10×106组比较,临床妊娠率分别为9.1％、10.6％,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;380周期精液处理后正常形态前向运动精子总数＜0.4×106组与0.4×106～1.5×106组和≥1.5×106组比较,临床妊娠率分别为2.0％、17.5％、11.1％.,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 精液处理后正常形态精子百分率对IUI临床妊娠率影响明显,当正常形态≥4％时,可获得较稳定的临床妊娠率,临床妊娠率不会随着正常形态率的进一步增高而明显增高;精液处理后正常形态前向运动精子总数对IUI临床妊娠率有一定的影响,当正常形态前向运动精子总数≥0.4×106时可获得较稳定的临床妊娠率,临床妊娠率亦不会随着正常形态前向运动精子总数的进一步增多而增高,反而有下降趋势.     

双相培养液和单相培养液优化处理精液后对夫精人工授精妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨双相培养液和单相培养液在宫腔内人工授精的精液优化处理过程中对精子各项参数和妊娠结局的影响.方法 回顾性分析1283例行夫精人工授精患者的2319个周期的临床资料.其中,精液优化处理过程中单相培养液组(HTF组,1322个周期)采用人输卵管液培养液,双相培养液组(MHM组,997个周期)采用完全多功能处理液.比...     

上游法优化处理精液宫腔内人工授精84例

目的：探讨84例不孕症患者采用上游法优化处理精液宫腔内人工授精(IUI)97个周期的治疗效果。方法：对84例多年不孕的患者，主要病因为男性不育；少弱精、精液液化不良、免疫性不良、不明原因性不育，给予促排卵治疗，采用体外排精，上游法优化处理精液，行宫腔内人工授精。结果：治疗84例97个周期，妊娠15例，总妊娠率17．86％，周期妊娠率15．46％。结论：上游法优化处理精液宫腔内人工授精对治疗不孕症有较好疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.