Peplau人际关系理论在护理实践中的应用现状

阐述Peplau人际关系理论的核心内容,综述Peplau人际关系理论在国内外护理实践中的应用现状。     

The asthma experience: altered body image and non-compliance

• ? Asthma remains a frustrating and underestimated threat to health.
• ? Non-compliance with medication is a frequent problem, especially when asthma attacks arc difficult to predict, and amongst children and young adults.
• ? Non-compliance has been attributed to shortfalls in patient education. There may, however, be an attitudinal–altered image dimension to the problem.

     

Peplau人际关系模式在实习护生管理中的应用

目的探讨Peplau人际关系模式在实习护生管理中的应用效果。方法按照Peplau人际关系模式中认识期、确认期、进展期、解决期4个阶段对护生进行管理,并对实施与未实施人际关系模式护生实习成绩及护生对临床带教老师的评价进行对比。结果实施人际关系模式的护生实习成绩及护生对临床带教老师评价均高于未实施组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论Peplau人际关系模式的应用实现了临床带教工作的系统化、科学化、规范化,提高了实习护生的理论成绩、临床实践能力及临床带教老师的专业素质。     

Peplau and professionalism: the emergence of the paradigm of professionalization

We asked Dr Grayce Sills, a long-time collegue and friend of Dr Hildegard Peplau, to write a historical paper to assist in understanding the contributions of Dr Peplau to the professionalization of nursing. This historical reflection reveals insights into Dr Hildegard Peplau as a person, her leadership and her scholarly abilities. Dr Peplau's theorizing is largely inductive and based on keen observations of her clinical work and her environment. This insight into her inductive curiosity is further revealed in the papers that follow.     

乳腺癌术后患者自我形象与经验性回避的相关性研究

目的调查乳腺癌术后患者的自我形象与经验性回避状况,并探讨二者之间的相关性。方法采用乳腺癌患者生活质量测定量表、接纳与行动问卷对112例乳腺癌术后患者进行调查。结果乳腺癌术后患者自我形象得分为(77.01±16.86)分,经验性回避得分为(15.95±8.90)分。经验性回避、家庭人均月收入、复发或转移为乳腺癌术后患者自我形象的影响因素。结论医护人员应采取相应的心理干预措施,促进患者减少经验性回避行为,提高自我形象水平,同时积极治疗家庭人均月收入较低、复发或转移的患者。     

Interpersonal relations in nursing: a philosophical-ethical analysis of the work of Hildegard E. Peplau

Interpersonal relations in nursing: a philosophical-ethical analysis of the work of Hildegard E. Peplau ¶ Nursing typically has been viewed as a moral practice, for instance by new developments in the ethics of care. Nevertheless, many philosophical-ethical presuppositions of nursing theories remain to be clarified. This paper presents a philosophical-ethical analysis of the work of Hildegard E. Peplau. Analysis of the philosophical-ethical background of Peplau's works illuminates a view on nursing practice that is relevant today. Three main components are analysed more deeply, i.e. the professionalization of nursing, the philosophical underpinnings of Peplau's view on nursing science, and the nurse–patient relationship as the central event in nursing.     

The feasibility of psychometric measures for body image and lymphedema for routine practice

The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of the Male Genital Self‐Image Scale (MGSIS‐5) and Groin and Lower Limb Lymphedema questionnaire (G3L‐20) in a community sample of cisgender men aged 40 years and older. Psychometric measures can aid urologic practice by prompting patients to talk about aspects of their body that are either too sensitive or a natural part of aging. Importantly, reliable and valid measures can also contribute to an evidenced‐based‐practice‐based‐evidence cycle where they can establish the impact of changes recommended by research while using the results in turn to inform research. In this study, we examine two psychometric measures on the opposite ends of a psychological‐physical continuum; the MGSIS‐5 and the G3L‐20. A non‐experimental psychometric design was employed, administering the questionnaires online to a community sample of cisgender men aged 40 years old and above. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted. Thirty men completed the study; 14 aged 40 to 49, 14 aged 50 to 59 and 2 aged 60 to 69. The MGSIS‐5 and G3L‐20 show acceptable reliability and validity with one‐ and three‐component structures, respectively. The MGSIS‐5 and G3L‐20 show sufficient feasibility to justify the resources for studies with larger community samples and for pilot studies with clinical populations.     

Pressure ulcer care in Spain: nurses' knowledge and clinical practice

AIM: This paper is a report of a study to determine: (a) Spanish nurses' level of knowledge of existing guidelines for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, (b) the level of implementation of this knowledge in clinical practice and (c) the professional and educational factors that influence knowledge and practice. BACKGROUND: Improvement in pressure ulcer care depends both on the dissemination of knowledge and on its implementation in clinical practice. Studies carried out in several countries have demonstrated gaps in knowledge about recommendations for pressure ulcer care and deficiencies in their implementation. METHODS: A survey was carried out between September 2001 and June 2002, targeting a cluster randomized sample of 2006 Registered Nurses and Licensed Practice Nurses working at hospitals, primary healthcare centres and elder care centres in Andalusia (Spain). RESULTS: The response rate was 36.9% (n = 740). The level of knowledge of prevention interventions was 79.1%, while that of treatment interventions was 75.9%. The levels of implementation in clinical practice were notably lower: 68.1% for prevention, and 65.3% for treatment. Nurses holding a university degree obtained higher scores, and those who had received specific education in pressure ulcer care obtained higher scores both for knowledge and clinical practice. Taking part in research projects also improved knowledge implementation. CONCLUSION: Although most of the recommendations on pressure ulcer care found in guidelines are well known by nurses, there is a group of interventions about which they have insufficient knowledge and low implementation rates.     

Altered body image: a fear-avoidance model of psycho-social difficulties following disfigurement

Altered body image is a potential and actual source of considerable distress, particularly following facial disfigurement, and social functioning is reported as a major area of difficulty by sufferers. However, the area of facial disfigurement has received comparatively little attention from researchers in health care. Two current models of disturbed body image are examined, and it is contended that both require development in order to be of use in responding to the difficulties experienced by disfigured people. A fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception, which has clear treatment implications, is described, and it is shown how this model may be modified to offer a framework for the understanding and treatment of the psycho-social difficulties of disfigured people. In particular, it is suggested that the avoidance present following disfigurement is phobic in nature, and special attention is given to the roles of avoidance and confrontation in mediating these difficulties. Implications for intervention and the shortcomings of the model are described.     

A comparison of body image,self-esteem and social support in total mastectomy and breast-conserving therapy in Turkish women

As weil as the medical outcomes of two distinct operations, namely total mastectomy and breast-conserving therapy, their impact on the psychic structureing of the patient may differ. A group of 40 woman with who had undergone mastectomy were therefore compared with another 40 with who had received breast-conserving therapy, with regard to the variables of body image, self-esteem and social support. The women who underwent breast-conserving therapy had a more positive body image (P<0.001). The two groups showed a negligble difference with respect to self-esteem and social support (P>0.05). A negative correlation was found between body image and social support (P<0.05). Patients with total mastectomy therefore do have a more negative body image than patients receiving breast-conserving therapy. Self-esteem and social support in the postoperative period in two groups are comparable.     

Being fat versus thinking fat: Relationships with body image,eating behaviors,and well-being

The majority of females and about one-fourth of men who are objectively normal weight perceive themselves to be overweight. The purpose of this investigation was to examine specific psychological differences between persons as a function of their weight self-classifications with actual weight controlled and vice versa. Subjects were sampled from a nationwide survey. Study 1 compared normal-weight subjects self-classified as overweight with age- and weight-matched subjects who were self-classified as normal weight (n's = 198 females and 130 males) on facets of body image, eating/dieting behaviors, and psychosocial well-being. Relative to controls, self-classified overweight subjects of both sexes reported a less adaptive body image in several respects, and more frequent binge eating and dietary restraint to lose weight, as well as poorer well-being. Study 2 included only self-classified overweight subjects and compared those who were actually overweight with normal-weight controls (n's = 112 females and 106 males). Actually being overweight produced only a few group differences, particularly for females, beyond those of the overweight self-classification. Research directions and clinical implications are discussed.The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Timothy A. Brown and the helpful contributions of Louis H. Janda, Robin J. Lewis, and Barbara A. Winstead.     

Mastectomy, body image and therapeutic massage: a qualitative study of women's experience

Despite the wealth of literature concerning the impact of breast loss on a woman's body image, sexual and psychological adjustment, there have been few studies within the medical and nursing literature directly quoting a woman's private perspective; how in her words she experiences her changed body. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence-based interventions for addressing the problem of altered body image (ABI); healthcare professionals often feel at a loss in knowing how to help women cope (Hopwood & Maguire 1988). In this study in-depth interviews were undertaken to explore three women's experiences of breast loss with particular focus on body image issues; a second phase piloted a massage intervention as a means of helping them adjust to living with their changed body image. Listening to their experience, in combination with the therapeutic massage, allowed deep access and insight into the nature of the women's trauma. The experiences of the three women in this study suggest there may be a group of women whose needs are overlooked and who, despite their prosthesis and reassurances that they are disease-free, opt to conceal the problems they have in living with a changed image. The availability of a body-centred therapy might help with certain aspects of adjustment as revealed by this study.     

数字人体热红外图像特征和人体表面三维重构

在数字人体理论和模型研究基础上,开展了数字人体热红外图像特征和人体表面三维重构研究。主要内容有数字人体热红外技术的特点与优势、数字人体热红外图像实验研究、数字人体三维重建原理与步骤等。数字人体热红外图像特征和人体表面三维重构是数字人体研究及应用的一个重要组成部分,具有广阔的应用前景。