The effect of minimum luminal nutrition on bacterial translocation and atrophy of the jejunum during parenteral nutrition

In situations of catabolic stress, the gut becomes atrophic and may have diminished barrier function as evidenced by an increase in bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of minimum luminal nutrition during parenteral nutrition on the extent of jejunal atrophy and rate of bacterial translocation. Central venous lines were inserted into 30 rats before they underwent randomization to receive nutritional support with: (a) conventional parenteral nutrition; (b) conventional parenteral nutrition with 3 g/day of rat food (i.e., minimum luminal nutrition); or (c) rat food ad libitum. The rats were assessed after 10 days for nutritional status, extent of jejunal atrophy, caecal flora, as well as the extent of bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Rats in the rat food ad libitum group lost the smallest amount of weight and had the least amount of jejunal atrophy, yet had a similar rate of bacterial translocation as the parenterally nourished groups. When compared with the conventional parenteral nutrition group, the minimum luminal nutrition group had better preservation of the weight of the small bowel and its isolated mucosa (P < 0.01), but had a similar rate of bacterial translocation. Minimum luminal nutrition reduced the extent of atrophy of the gut but did not affect the incidence of bacterial translocation. It is inferred that there is no direct relationship between the extent of mucosal atrophy and incidence of bacterial translocation.     

Parenteral nutrition in Crohn's disease

A retrospective study of 50 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with Crohn's disease has been undertaken in order to assess the place of parenteral nutrition in our management of this disease. Following treatment, median weight, hemoglobin, and plasma albumin were the same in three treatment groups—parenteral nutrition (12), low-residue diet (9), and normal diet (29). Of 13 courses of parenteral nutrition used in 12 patients, 10 were for periods of less than 14 days (median four days). Most patients with nutritional problems associated with Crohn's disease can be treated successfully by one or other form of enteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition, if required, is usually only necessary for periods of less than two weeks, to support patients over a critical period in their illness. Occasionally prolonged parenteral nutrition is required for short-bowel syndrome or advanced fistulous disease. In these cases, training the patient to infuse himself with nutrients at home has much to recommend it. Based on a paper presented at the 1 st European Conference on Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Stockholm, September 2 to 5, 1979.     

Pilot study investigating the effect of enteral and parenteral nutrition on the gastrointestinal microbiome post-allogeneic transplantation

Nutrition support is frequently required post-allogeneic haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT); however, the impact of mode of feeding on the gastrointestinal microbiome has not been explored. This study aimed to determine if there is a difference in the microbiome between patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) post-allogeneic HPCT. Twenty-three patients received either early EN or PN when required. Stool samples were collected at 30 days post-transplant and analysed with shotgun metagenomic sequencing. There was no difference in microbial diversity between patients who received predominantly EN (n = 13) vs. PN (n = 10) however patients who received predominantly EN had greater abundance of Faecalibacterium (P < 0·001) and ruminococcus E bromii (P = 0·026). Patients who had minimal oral intake for a longer duration during provision of nutrition support had a different overall microbial profile (P = 0·044), lower microbial diversity (P = 0·004) and lower abundance of faecalibacterium prausnitzii_C (P = 0·030) and Blautia (P = 0·007) compared to patients with greater oral intake. Lower microbial diversity was found in patients who received additional beta lactam antibiotics (P = 0·042) or had a longer length of hospital stay (P = 0·019). Post-HPCT oral intake should be encouraged to maintain microbiota diversity and, if nutrition support is required, EN may promote a more optimal microbiota profile.     

胰腺癌术后肠内营养与肠外营养的Meta分析

[目的]系统评价胰腺癌切除术后肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)与肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)支持治疗的疗效.[方法]计算机检索国外Pubmed、西文生物医学期刊文献数据库,国内检索CNKI、维普和万方数据库,收集相关随机对照试验(randomized control trials,RCTs),并利用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析.[结果]共纳入6项研究,包括411例研究对象.EN组比PN组术后住院时间短(WMD=1.44; 95％ CI:-2.04、-0.83),术后并发症的发生率低(OR=0.66;95％CI:0.42、1.05).然而,术后营养指标白蛋白PN组高于EN组(WMD=4.41;95％CI:-7.55、-0.73),而2组间血红蛋白比较差异无统计学意义(WMD=0.58;95％CI:-5.62、6.78).[结论]EN支持胰腺癌术后患者能有效缩短患者住院时间,降低并发症的发生.胰腺癌术后EN是一种有效的营养支持方式.     

老年重症肺炎病人肠内外营养治疗的效果观察

目的研究老年重症肺炎病人肠内和肠外营养支持的效果。方法将40例老年重症肺炎病人随机分为肠内营养（EN）组和肠外营养（PN）组,每组20例,在摄入同等热量和氮量的条件下比较。对比营养支持前后两组患者的血红蛋白、总蛋白、血清白蛋白、氮平衡、血脂等生化指标,每天观察相关并发症情况。结果EN组血清白蛋白、总蛋白、血红蛋白、氮平衡方面明显优于PN组（P〈0．05）,且并发症少。结论老年重症肺炎病人给予早期肠内营养支持,可改善病人营养状况,促进病人康复。     

食管癌术后早期肠内营养支持的疗效分析

目的分析食管癌患者术后早期进行肠内营养对患者免疫功能影响和应用效果。方法选取我院2017年1月至2019年6月收治的102例食管癌患者作为本次研究对象,将患者按随机数字法分为两组,每组患者均为51例。对其中一组食管癌患者使用早期肠内营养支持,设为研究组;另外一组患者进行标准的肠外营养支持,设定为对照组。对两组患者在术前1天(T0)、进行营养支持的第1天(T1)和1周时间(T2)的营养指标、细胞免疫指标以及体液免疫指标等情况做检测,记录检测数据并对比分析。结果两组患者T2时检测出的营养指标、细胞免疫指标以及体液免疫指标等水平都要高于T1。研究组患者T2时各项指标比对照组患者改善得更好,两组间对比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论早期肠内营养支持能够使食管癌患者营养指标、细胞免疫指标以及体液免疫等指标得到改善效果,值得临床大力推广。     

早期不同营养方式对老年呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效分析

目的评价早期不同营养方式对老年呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者的治疗效果的影响。方法将90例确诊的VAP患者随机分为肠内营养(EN)组(30例)和肠外营养(PN)组(30例)及对照组(30例)。在给予常规治疗的基础上,EN和PN组接受等氮等热量营养支持,而对照组仅给予常规流质饮食及静脉营养。比较各组营养支持2周后营养状态、临床有效率、撤机时间、住院天数及不良反应发生率的差异。结果各组患者营养支持后血清血红蛋白水平及臂肌围变化无明显差异(P0.05),但血清白蛋白和总蛋白水平有所升高,其中,EN组明显高于其他两组(P0.05),同时炎性指标则明显降低,EN组低于其他两组(P0.05),但是PN组与对照组间无统计学差异。EN组临床治疗有效率和脱机成功率明显高于PN组及对照组,机械通气时间和住院天数则明显低于PN组及对照组(P0.05),而PN组与对照组无差异,各组间不良反应发生率无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期营养支持可以提高VAP患者营养状态,其中EN效果最显著,更有助于改善VAP患者临床治疗效果。     

胃肠激素在早期肠内营养预防应激性溃疡的表达研究

目的 探讨胃肠激素在早期肠内营养预防应激性溃疡的作用.方法 将38例危重患者随机分为3组:A组13例,给予抑酸药物加早期(发病24 h内)肠内营养;B组13例,给予抑酸药物加延迟(发病72 h后)肠内营养;C组12例,单纯应用抑酸药物.于发病后5 d、2周时分别行胃镜检查,观察溃疡的发生情况;同时测定各组前列腺素(PGE-2)和胃泌素(GAS)、生长抑素(SS)的含量.结果 A组溃疡发生率及溃疡指数均明显低于B、C组(P<0.01),溃疡抑制率高于其他两组(P<0.01);A、B组2周后溃疡愈合率高于C组(P<0.05).与B、C组比较,A组胃黏膜中的PGE-2、GAS水平明显增高,SS水平明显降低(P<0.05);B、C组间亦有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 应用抑酸药物同时给予早期肠内营养治疗可能对应激性溃疡的发生有一定的预防作用.肠内营养可能通过调节胃肠激素含量起作用.     

Enteral and parenteral nutrition in the care of patients with short-bowel syndrome

Short-bowel syndrome is a challenging entity for the gastroenterologist, requiring integration of medical, nutritional, surgical and psychological therapies. Treatment must be based on the patient's age, remaining gastrointestinal anatomy, baseline nutritional status and underlying general health as well as the numerous complications which may arise. This chapter reviews physiological alterations that occur with short-bowel syndrome and how therapies can be tailored to most adequately meet the needs of these patients. Emphasis on early stages of therapy to enhance intestinal adaptation is focused on as management during this time has a significant impact on the long-term outcome of these patients.     

肠内和肠外营养支持在老年重症肺炎病人中的应用

目的研究老年重症肺炎病人肠内和肠外营养支持效果。方法对呼吸重症监护病房38例老年重症肺炎病人的营养支持情况进行分析，其中肠内营养支持组20例，完全肠外营养支持组18例，摄入同等热量和同等氮量，营养支持时间〉10d。结果经肠内营养支持后，血红蛋白、白蛋白和血清前白蛋白明显升高（P〈0．05），免疫球蛋白显著升高（P〈0．01）；而完全肠外营养支持后，各指标差异无显著性。结论老年重症肺炎病人救治中，根据病人的不同情况，选择合适的营养支持方式，肠内营养有更好的代谢效应及营养效果，并能改善病人的免疫功能。     

Influence of glutamine and branched chain amino acids on the jejunal atrophy associated with parenteral nutrition

Infusions of conventional parenteral nutrients (CPN) are associated with gut atrophy. This may be due to the absence of glutamine in such solutions. Although glutamine is a preferred gut nutrient, it is excluded from CPN because it is unstable at room temperature. This problem may be circumvented either directly by the infusion of fresh solutions of glutamine, or indirectly by the infusion of branched chain amino acids (BCAA). We evaluated the effect of infusing either glutamine, BCAA, or glutamine plus BCAA-enriched CPN on the rat jejunum. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomized to receive 6 days of either conventional parenteral nutrition (CPN), CPN plus 1.5% glutamine (GLN), CPN plus 2% BCAA (BCAA), CPN plus 0.8% BCAA and 1.0% glutamine (GLN/BCAA), or a normal oral diet (Chow). Standardized segments of jejunum were then removed for assessment. Compared with the CPN group, both the GLN/BCAA and the BCAA groups had greater mucosal weights (P less than 0.05) and mucosal protein concentrations (P less than 0.05), the GLN/BCAA group had greater jejunal weights (P less than 0.05), and the GLN group had an increased jejunal weight (P less than 0.05) and a higher crypt cell production rate (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the infusion of glutamine or BCAA-enriched parenteral nutrition improves jejunal morphology compared with conventional parenteral nutrition.     

The clinical significance and rational evaluation of early nutritional support insevere head-injured patients

AIM To evaluate the clinical significance of early nutrition support in severe head-injured patients.METHODS One hundred and forty cases (GCS≤8) were randomly divided into 5 groups: each one had 28cases with similar data in age, sex, GCS or prognosis (P>0.05, x2= 0.43). Group A were given earlyparenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN); group B were given early PN and EN after 1 week;group C were given PN only for more than 2 weeks; group D were given early PN only and group E weregiven traditional delayed EN. The clinical nutritional data, the rate of complication and the progrosis wereobserved and statistical comparison (t test and Chi-square test) was made.RESULTS The severe head-injured patients could get nourishment from different ways at early stage.Groups A and B had better outcomes and their clinical data such as blood glucose, blood total goblin, bloodalbumin, lymphocyte amount were superior to that of groups D and E (P<0.05, t = 2.12) and were thesame as that of group C (P>0.05, t = 0.98), the rate of complication and the prognosis of patients werebetter than that of the other groups. Group C had similar nutritional data in early stage, but had higher rateof complication and infection after 2 weeks than group A or B ( P<0.01, x2 = 7.38). Group A had lowerrate of gastric hemorrhage.CONCLUSION Early rational nutritional support had significant effect in the severe head-injured patients.The nutritional support of early PN and EN could afford nourishment, protect and improve the gastroentericfunction, reduce the rate of complication. So it is a rational nutritional support.     

COPD急性呼衰期肠内外营养支持的研究

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并急性呼吸衰竭患者行机械通气支持治疗时给予早期肠内营养的优点。方法:32例机械通气患者随机分成早期肠内营养(EN)组和早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)组，在摄入同等热量、同等氮量的条件下对营养及免疫指标、严重感染发生率、感染持续时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、临床营养及相关费用等指标进行比较，研究期为10天。结果：EN组及TPN组给予营养支持治疗后的营养及免疫指标均高于营养支持治疗前；营养支持治疗后EN组营养及免疫指标均高于TPN组；严重感染发生率、感染持续时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、临床营养及相关费用均低于TPN组。结论：慢性呼吸衰竭急性加重期患者行机械通气支持治疗时早期给予高脂低糖肠内营养疗法(EN)较早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)能更好地提供营养，提高免疫力，减少并发症，缩短机械通气的时间，降低临床营养及相关费用，值得推广。     

Post-feeding hyperammonaemia in patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and liver cirrhosis: role of small intestinal ammonia release and route of nutrient administration

BACKGROUND: Hyperammonaemia is a pathogenetic factor for hepatic encephalopathy that may be augmented after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Experimental data suggest that hyperammonaemia may be caused to a large extent by metabolism of small intestinal enterocytes rather than colonic bacteria. AIMS: To evaluate if ammonia release and glutamine metabolism by small intestinal mucosa contribute to hyperammonaemia in vivo in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Using TIPS to examine mesenteric venous blood, we measured mesenteric venous-arterial concentration differences in ammonia and glutamine in patients with liver cirrhosis before, during, and after enteral (n = 8) or parenteral (n = 8) isonitrogenous infusion of a glutamine containing amino acid solution. RESULTS: During enteral nutrient infusion, ammonia release increased rapidly compared with the post-absorptive state (65 (58-73) v. 107 (95-119) micromol/l after 15 min; mean (95% confidence interval)) in contrast with parenteral infusion (50 (41-59) v. 62 (47-77) micromol/l). This resulted in a higher portal ammonia load (29 (21-36) v. 14 (8-21) mmol/l/240 minutes) and a higher degree of systemic hyperammonaemia (14 (11-17) v. 9 (6-12) mmol/l/240 minutes) during enteral than parenteral infusion. The mesenteric venous-arterial concentration difference in glutamine changed from net uptake to release at the end of the enteral infusion period (-100 (-58 to -141) v. 31 (-47-110) micromol/l) with no change during parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that small intestinal metabolism contributes to post-feeding hyperammonaemia in patients with cirrhosis. When artificial nutrition is required, parenteral nutrition may be superior to enteral nutrition in patients with portosystemic shunting because of the lower degree of systemic hyperammonaemia.     

肠内营养对梗阻性黄疸幼鼠肠屏障功能损害的保护作用

目的探讨肠内营养对梗阻性黄疸(OJ)幼鼠肠屏障损害的保护作用。方法48只Wistar幼鼠随机分为正常对照组,假手术组,OJ组和OJ+能全素组。OJ+能全素组给予肠内营养10d,总热量为610kJ/(kg.d),氮量1.0g/(kg.d)。实验结束时检测其血清内毒素(LPS)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平,取腹腔液做细菌培养。结果OJ组血清LPS、TNF-α、IL-6水平显著高于正常对照组和假手术组,LPS、TNF-α水平显著高于OJ+能全素组,OJ+能全素组上述指标与正常对照组和假手术组间差异无显著性。对照组细菌培养阳性1例(1/12)、假手术组2例(2/10)、OJ组7例(7/8)、OJ+能全素组4例(4/8),OJ组与对照组、假手术组相比,P<0.05,差异有显著性。结论肠内营养有助于减轻OJ幼鼠肠屏障功能的损害。     

Luminal fermentation and colonocyte metabolism in a rat model of enteral nutrition

Large intestinal fermentation and nutrient metabolism in colonocytes were investigated in a rat model of enteral feeding. Male Wistar rats (240–280 g) were submitted to 7 or 14 days of treatment: intragastric feeding (elemental formula) versus oral feeding (isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet, containing 5% purified cellulose) in the control group. Fermentation products and bacterial populations were analyzed in cecal contents. Colonic cells were isolated and tested for their capacities to metabolize [1-¹⁴C] butyrate and [U-¹⁴C]glutamine. After 7 days of enteral nutrition, short-chain fatty acid concentrations represented 52% of those measured in the control group, but colonocyte metabolism remained unchanged. After 14 days of enteral nutrition, short-chain fatty acid concentrations were still decreasing, although bacterial counts remained unchanged. In parallel, ammonia and lactate concentrations were significantly increased. The capacities to utilize butyrate and glutamine in colonocytes were only slightly affected. However, there was a dramatic increase in the ratio of -OH-butyrate to acetoacetate fluxes, suggesting a more reduced redox mitochondrial state associated with enteral feeding.     

营养支持对机械通气患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响

目的探讨不同营养支持途径对机械通气患者的营养状况和免疫功能的影响。方法选择2008年7月至2010年12月入住我院重症监护病房（ICU）机械通气危重症患者48例,随机分为全肠外营养（TPN）组和肠内营养（EN）组,并对两组患者营养支持前和10 d后各项营养指标及免疫球蛋白变化、机械通气时间及并发症等进行比较分析。结果 10 d后,EN组患者与治疗前比较血清总蛋白（PT）、ALB、PA和HB水平明显上升（P〈0.05）,TPN组病人也较治疗前有所上升（P〉0.05）;与TPN组比较上述指标上升更明显（P〈0.05）;EN组免疫指标：IgA、IgM较营养支持前明显升高,与TPN组比较P〈0.05;EN组与TPN组比较,机械通气时间缩短,腹泻、肺部感染、导管相关感染、上消化道出血、肝功能损害、高血糖等并发症明显降低,均P〈0.05。结论肠内营养支持可以改善机械通气危重症患者的营养状况和免疫功能,促进患者康复。     

Small intestinal mucosal immunity and morphometry in luminal overgrowth of indigenous gut flora

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the separate effects of indigenous oropharyngeal- and colonic-type flora on small intestinal mucosal immunity and morphometry in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). METHODS: A duodenal aspirate and random biopsies of underlying mucosa were obtained from 52 adult subjects (age range, 18-90 yr; median, 60 yr) without disorders that may otherwise disturb small intestinal histology or mucosal immunity. Villus height, crypt depth, villus/crypt ratios, counts of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria total mononuclear cells, IgA, IgM, and IgG plasma cells, mast cells, and B and T lymphocytes were determined in relation to the presence or absence of SIBO and the nature of the overgrowth flora in all subjects. CD4+ve and CD8+ve T-cell counts were determined in 24 subjects. RESULTS: SIBO was present in 26 of 52 (50%) subjects. Overgrowth flora included colonic-type bacteria in 20 subjects and oropharyngeal-type flora alone in 6 subjects. Lamina propria IgA plasma cell counts were significantly increased in subjects with SIBO, irrespective of whether the overgrowth flora comprised oropharyngeal-type flora alone or included colonic-type bacteria. Neither villus height, crypt depth, villus/crypt ratios, nor total or other mononuclear cell counts in lamina propria differed significantly between subjects with and without SIBO, irrespective of the nature of the overgrowth flora. IEL counts were significantly higher than in culture-negative subjects only when the overgrowth flora included colonic-type bacteria. Even then, IEL counts were within a range currently considered normal. A significant, inverse correlation between advancing age and IEL counts became apparent after adjusting for the effect of SIBO of colonic-type flora. CONCLUSIONS: SIBO of oropharyngeal- and colonic-type flora are associated with differing disturbances of local duodenal mucosa. Nonetheless, these would not be readily apparent during routine histological assessment. Old age independently influences duodenal IEL counts.