EIAV减毒疫苗免疫后马外周血单个核细胞中IFN-γ的转录

目的:探讨马传染性贫血病毒(Equineinfectiousa-nemiavirus,EIAV)驴白细胞减毒疫苗(DLV)免疫马后,外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中IFN-γmRNA转录水平与免疫保护应答的关系,揭示DLV的免疫保护机制。方法:应用分子克隆及实时定量RT-PCR技术,建立马PBMC中IFN-γmRNA转录水平的定量检测方法,在不同时间点定期观察4组(疫苗免疫组、阴性对照组、强毒株阳性对照组及EIAV自然感染组)12匹马PBMC中IFN-γmRNA的转录水平及分布特征,同时监测体温变化等指标。疫苗株免疫动物8个月后,用EIAV强毒株攻击,观察攻击前后IFN-γmRNA转录水平的变化。结果:疫苗免疫马在免疫期内,PBMC中IFN-γmRNA转录的量显著高于阴性对照组及自然感染组(P<0.01)。免疫后用EIAV强毒株攻击,IFN-γ转录的量继续升高,4匹免疫马均获得完全保护;强毒株阳性对照组IFN-γmRNA转录的量随疾病的进展波动,发热期明显下降。结论:本研究首次证明,EIAV减毒疫苗可诱导马PBMC中IFN-γ基因高效转录,其转录水平与DLV的免疫保护密切相关。此结果在分子水平为阐明DLV的免疫保护机制提供了新的实验依据。     

EIAV减毒疫苗诱导的特异性细胞免疫应答

目的：研究马传染性贫血病毒（EIAV）减毒疫苗株接种动物体内诱导的细胞免疫学反应方法：选用健康没有EIAV感染的马，接种EIAV减毒疫苗株DLV，运用流式细胞术检测疫苗株诱导的马外周血单核细胞（PBMC）中CD4和CD8阳性淋巴细胞数量的变化，以及^3H测定特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应和^51Cr释放实验测定淋巴细胞杀伤反应：结果：EIAV减毒疫苗株DLV免疫动物后，能够引起CD8^＋细胞明显增加．免疫马PBMC在EIAV刺激下．引起EIAV特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应（SI≥3），并能检测出EIAV特异性CTL活性，靶细胞杀伤百分率高于30％：结论：EIAV减毒疫苗株DLV免疫动物能够引起特异性EIAV细胞免疫反应，极有可能参与宿主的保护免疫作用。     

EIAV减毒疫苗减毒机制及免疫研究进展

马传染性贫血病(EIA)是由逆转录病毒科慢病毒属的马传染性贫血病毒(equine infectious anemia virus,EIAV)引起的马属动物传染病。以重复发生的病毒血症以及发热,贫血,水肿,血小板减少症和消瘦等临床症状为特点。我国科学家自主研制的EIAV弱毒疫苗是世界上惟一大规模成功应用的     

喘可治注射液对人外周血单个核细胞Th1/Th2细胞因子谱的影响

目的：通过研究喘可治注射液对人外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）Th1／Th2细胞因子谱的影响，探讨喘可治注射液的免疫调节作用机制。方法：以流式微球分析（CBA）法检测不同处理情况下，人外周血单个核细胞分泌Th1（IFN-γTNF-α、IL-2）和Th2（IL4、IL-6、IL-10）细胞因子水平。结果：健康人PBMCs体外培养12小时后，上清中细胞因子主要为TNF-α和IL-6，喘可治使Th1和Th2细胞因子全面升高；喘可治对PDB加离子霉素诱导的PBMCs分泌Th1和Th2细胞因子具有抑制作用，并能抑制流感病人异常升高的INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10分泌。结论：喘可治注射液上调健康人PBMCs分泌TH1和Th2细胞因子，对异常活化的PBMCs分泌的Th1和Th2细胞因子则具有下调作用。     

CFSE检测马传染性贫血病毒疫苗免疫马T细胞增殖方法的建立

目的:以流式细胞术(FCM)检测马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)抗原特异性的T淋巴细胞增殖.方法:将新鲜分离的马外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)进行CFSE 染色, 经纯化病毒体外刺激并培养5 d后, 进行T淋巴细胞亚型标记, 检测特异性增殖的CD4 和CD8 细胞比例.结果:对马PBMC的染色浓度、特异性刺激物的种类及反应时间等条件进行了优化.可对马外周血抗原特异性T淋巴细胞不同亚型的增殖水平进行定量评价 .结论:FCM检测方法为研究马传染性贫血病毒疫苗免疫保护机制提供了一个有效的手段; 该法也可以为其他病毒的免疫学研究提供借鉴.     

肾综合征出血热病毒对人外周血单个核细胞产生细胞因子的影响

目的研究肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒对人外周血单个核细胞(PMBC)产生细胞因子的影响。方法用HFRS病毒A69株及脂多糖(LPS)单独或联合作用于PMBC,于作用后12、24、48、72、96h分别收集培养上清液,用ELISA法检测上清液中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的含量,实验数据用方差分析处理。结果病毒感染和LPS能使PBMC分泌TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ能力增强。感染后12h,TNF-α和IFN-γ开始升高,于感染后24h达高峰,然后开始下降;而IL-6水平于感染后72h达高峰,然后开始下降。HFRS病毒与LPS联合作用显著提高病毒诱导PBMC分泌TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的能力。结论HFRS病毒能提高PBMC分泌TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的能力,LPS可增强病毒诱导PBMC分泌细胞因子的能力,在HFRS病毒感染过程中合并细菌感染可能调节细胞因子介导的疾病进程,细胞因子在HFRS病毒的致病与免疫过程中可能起重要作用。     

马传染性贫血病毒基因表达调节机制的研究进展

马传染性贫血病毒(equineinfectiousanemiavirus, EIAV)与HIV同属于逆转录病毒亚科慢病毒属, EIAVLTR被认为是影响病毒复制效率和决定病毒细胞嗜性的重要因素。在LTRU3区的增强子和启动子区域存在大量部分重叠的转录因子结合基序, 对病毒的复制起正负调节作用。但LTR并不是决定EIAV基因表达调节的唯一因素, 病毒自身编码的小分子蛋白Tat、Rev等均对病毒的复制水平有重要影响。我们对EIAV的基因表达调节机制进展做一概述。1　EIAVLTR高变异区主要集中在增强子区域EIAV长末端重复序列 (longterminalrepeat, LTR)较其它…     

EIAV弱毒疫苗株和强毒株诱导的特异性体液免疫应答差别

目的:通过研究EIAV弱毒疫苗株和强毒株在诱导多种特异性抗体方面的差异,初步探讨特异性体液免疫应答在EIAV弱毒疫苗株保护性免疫中的作用.方法:试验马匹根据接种毒株分为疫苗组和强毒隐性感染组,应用ELISA方法对血清中病毒囊膜蛋白Env和衣壳蛋白P26结合抗体的滴度、亲和力及Env结合抗体的构象依赖性进行动态实相检测,同时采用细胞蚀斑染色和逆转录酶活性检测方法对中和抗体水平进行同期检测.结果:Env和P26结合抗体的滴度、亲和力、构象依赖性及中和抗体的中和活性均存在一个缓慢上升的过程.对于P26抗体滴度及Env抗体亲和力,疫苗组和强毒隐性感染组仅在病毒接种2个月内,表现为统计学差异(P<0.05).疫苗组从接种后14 d开始,Env抗体的构象依赖性高于强毒隐性感染组(P<0.05),并持续至最后一个监测点.最明显的是,疫苗组诱导产生具有中和强毒特性毒株(EIAVDLV34)和弱毒特性毒株(EIAV_(FDDV))活性的中和抗体均高于强毒隐性感染组(P<0.05).结论:弱毒疫苗株和强毒株诱导机体产生结合抗体和中和抗体的时间、水平和性质均存在明显差异,其中中和抗体和构象依赖性抗体的差异,可能是EIAV弱毒疫苗诱导保护性免疫的主要因素之一. 强毒隐性感染组仅在病毒接种2个月内,表现为统计学差异(P<0.05).疫苗组从接种后14 d开始,Env抗体的构象依赖性高于强毒隐性感染组(P<0.05),并持续至最后一个监测点.最明显的是,疫苗组诱导产生具有中和强毒特性毒株(EIAV_(DLV34))和弱毒特性毒株(EIAV_(FDDV))活性的中和抗体均高于强毒隐性感染组(P<0.05).结论:弱毒疫苗株和强毒株诱导机体产生结合抗体和中和抗体的时间、水平和性质均存在明显差异,其中中和抗体和构象依赖性抗体的差异,可能是EIAV弱毒疫苗诱导保护 免疫的主要因素之一. 强毒隐性感染组仅在病毒接种2个月内,表现为统计学差异(P<0.05).疫苗组从接种后14 d开始,Env抗体的构象依赖性高于强毒隐性感染组(P<0.05),并持续至最后一个监测点.最明显的是,疫苗组诱导产生具有中和强毒特性毒株(EIAVDLV34)和弱毒特性毒株(EIAVFDDV)活性的中和抗体均高于强毒隐     

外周血单个核细胞中乙型肝炎病毒核酸与细胞因子含量变化

目的：探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞中乙型肝炎病毒核酸与血清细胞因子变化关系。方法：采用荧光实时PCR技术定量检测76例慢性乙型肝炎患者和15例健康者外周血单个核细胞中HBVDNA含量，用ELISA法定量检测血浆细胞因子(IFN-γ、TNF—α、IL-4、IL-6、TGF-β1、sIL-2R)水平。结果：①慢性乙型病毒性肝炎中细胞因子(IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6、TGF-β1、sIL-2R)水平明显高于健康对照组；②单个核细胞HBVDNA阳性组IFN-γ、TNF-α含量明显低于阴性组，而sIL-2R含量则高于阴性组但无统计学差异，IL-4、IL-6、TGF-β1含量无差异；③随着PBMCs中HBVDNA含量升高，TNF—α含量逐渐降低，IL-4和sIL-2R含量逐渐升高，而IFN-γ，IL-6、TGF-β1含量无显著性变化。结论：外周血单个核细胞HBVDNA持续存在及含量变化与细胞因子相对异常有关，进而导致肝细胞损伤。     

实时定量PCR检测马传染性贫血病毒载量方法的建立和应用

目的建立实时定量PCR检测血浆病毒载量的方法，对马传染性贫血病毒（equine infectious anemia virus，EIAV）强毒株攻毒马和疫苗免疫攻毒马血浆中病毒载量进行了跟踪检测，探讨病毒载量和临床疾病状态的相关性。方法以EIAV强毒株LN40序列为标准，在gag保守区设计1对引物和Taqman探针，用于实时定量PCR扩增，用含扩增目的基因的体外转录RNA作标准品，获得标准曲线，对扩增样品进行准确定量。强毒株LN40直接攻毒，或者疫苗株DLV免疫马6个月后用强毒株LN40进行攻毒，跟踪检测攻毒马及免疫攻毒马血浆中EIAV载量情况。结果反应在10^1～10^9copies／ml之间具有良好的线性关系，反应的检出下限为10copies／ml。强毒攻毒马出现发热并最终死亡，发热期间马血浆中EIAV载量与体温呈正相关，载量最高达10^7copies／ml。免疫攻毒马未出现发热，其血浆EIAV载量的总体水平低于强毒攻毒马，攻毒后3个月低至10copies／ml以下。结论成功建立了实时定量PCR检测血浆EIAV载量的方法，并证实了用实时荧光定量PER检测EIAV病毒载量的方法来监测动物感染状态具有可行性，为EIAV致病机制研究和弱毒疫苗免疫保护机制的研究提供良好的技术平台。     

CTL from EIAV carrier horses with diverse MHC class I alleles recognize epitope clusters in Gag matrix and capsid proteins

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are important for controlling equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Because Gag matrix (MA) and capsid (CA) are the most frequently recognized proteins, the hypothesis that CTL from EIAV-infected horses with diverse MHC class I alleles recognize epitope clusters (EC) in these proteins was tested. Four EC were identified by CTL from 15 horses and 8 of these horses had diverse MHC class I alleles. Two of the eight had CTL to EC1, six to EC2, five to EC3, and four to EC4. Because EC2-4 were recognized by CTL from >50% of horses with diverse alleles, the hypothesis was accepted. EC1 and EC3 were the most conserved EC and these more conserved broadly recognized EC may be most useful for CTL induction, helping overcome MHC class I polymorphism and antigenic variation.     

Induction of phagocyte-stimulating and Th1-promoting cytokines by in vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes, which provide a major defence against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, are attracted to and activated by various cytokines. The aim of this study was to analyse the cytokine response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to stimulation with S. pneumoniae. Strains belonging to serogroups 4, 6, 14, 19 or 23, were isolated from nasopharynx, middle ear fluid, cerebrospinal fluid or blood. All strains induced a marked proliferative response of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells; the stimulatory index was 34+/-11. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were induced, i.e. interleukin (IL)-1beta (53+/-25 ng/ml), IL-6 (347+/-41 ng/ml) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (15+/-4 ng/ml). Also, chemokines and immunoregulatory cytokines including IL-8 (215+/-224 ng/ml), IL-10 (122+/-60 pg/ml), IL-12 (1195+/-648 pg/ml), interferon (IFN)-gamma (18+/-4 ng/ml) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (135+/-80 pg/ml) were induced. Several of these cytokines can up-regulate phagocytosis and the killing of bacteria. Interestingly, strains isolated from middle ear fluid and blood elicited significantly fewer IL-8 and significantly more IL-12 and IL-10 than strains from nasopharynx. They also induced a stronger proliferative response. Our results indicate that pneumococci are potent inducers of cytokines, especially IL-12, favouring T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) responses.     

脐血和外周血单个核细胞培养上清影响HIV-1感染的体外实验研究

目的：体外研究脐血和外周血单个核细胞（CBMC和PBMC）培养上清对HIV-1感染的影响，为发现抗HIV-1的可溶性因子奠定基础。 方法： PHA刺激CBMC和PBMC后5 h和12 h收集上清，加入荧光标记的HIV-1ⅢB/H9和MT-2细胞培养体系中，2 h后在倒置荧光显微镜下观察其对细胞融合的影响；用Luminex 100TM分析仪检测收集上清中细胞因子含量。 结果： PHA刺激CBMC和PBMC后5 h和12 h的上清均可抑制HIV-1ⅢB/H9和MT-2细胞融合，同一时间收集的PBMC和CBMC上清对HIV-1ⅢB/H9和MT-2细胞融合的抑制作用无差异，但5 h上清的抑制作用强于12 h的上清；CBMC 5 h上清中促炎症细胞因子比PBMC 5 h上清为低，而CCR5配体MIP-1α和RANTES则比PBMC 5 h上清高，差异显著（P＜0.05）。 结论： 通过脐血和外周血单个核细胞可以制备有效抗HIV感染的可溶性因子，可能为艾滋病治疗药物提供新的来源。     

Effect of glutamine on Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Decreased glutamine concentrations are found in patients with catabolic stress and are related to susceptibility to infections. In this study, we evaluated the role of glutamine in Th1/Th2 cytokine responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), live attenuated bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), or measles virus in the presence of different glutamine concentrations. We found that glutamine at an optimal concentration (0.6 mM) significantly enhanced PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation as well as Th1 [interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2)] and Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-10) production. In the absence of glutamine, BCG and measles virus elicited minimal lymphocyte proliferation, whereas BCG enhanced Th1 cytokine response and measles virus promoted Th2 cytokine response. Interestingly, addition of glutamine promoted the BCG-elicited Th1 cytokine response (IFN-gamma), but suppressed the measles-induced Th2 cytokine response (IL-10). These results suggest that appropriate glutamine levels may influence host responses to different antigens and microorganisms. Furthermore, predominately Th1, but not Th2, cytokine responses required the presence of optimal concentrations of glutamine.     

ITP患者脾切除前后外周血Th亚群细胞因子的变化及意义

目的: 探讨辅助性T淋巴细胞(T helper lymphocyte,Th)亚群细胞因子在原发性免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者脾切除术前后的表达及意义。方法: 采用QuantiGene Plex (QGP)方法检测22例ITP患者腹腔镜脾切除术前后外周血Th1(IL-2和IFN-γ)、Th2(IL-4、IL-5、IL-6和IL-10)、Th3(TGF-β₁)和Th17(IL-17)细胞因子mRNA表达水平的变化。30例健康体检者作为对照组。结果: (1)术前组IL-2表达水平较对照组明显降低(P<0.05),IL-17表达水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.05),其它细胞因子表达水平在术前组和对照组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。术后组TGF-β₁表达较术前组和正常对照组均明显升高(P<0.05);术后组IL-2 表达较术前有所升高(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组(P<0.05)。其它细胞因子表达水平在术前组和术后组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)术前IL-2与IFN-γ之间成正相关(r=0.647,P<0.01),术前其它细胞因子之间均无明显相关性(P>0.05)。术后3对细胞因子之间成正相关,分别是IL-2与IFN-γ(r=0.787, P<0.01),IL-17与IL-2(r=0.554,P<0.01),IL-17与IFN-γ(r=0.461,P<0.05);术后其它细胞因子之间均无明显相关性(P>0.05)。 结论: ITP患者存在Th亚群细胞因子失衡,脾切除术可改善ITP患者部分Th亚群细胞因子的失衡。     

T regulatory cells and Th1/Th2 cytokines in peripheral blood from tuberculosis patients

About 10% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop active tuberculosis (TB), and Th1 effector cells and Th1 cytokines play key roles in controlling M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we hypothesise that this susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection is linked to increased T regulatory (Treg) cells and Th2 cytokines in TB patients. To test this, we recruited 101 participants (71 TB patients, 12 non-TB pulmonary diseases and 18 healthy subjects) and investigated Treg cells and Th1/Th2 cytokines in peripheral blood. CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells and CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ T cells significantly increased and IL-5 dramatically decreased in TB patients relative to healthy subjects. CD8⁺CD28⁻ T cells, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 significantly increased in patients with culture and sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB(+)) compared with healthy subjects. CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ and CD8⁺CD28⁻ T cells significantly decreased in PTB(+) after one month of chemotherapy. CD4⁺, CD4⁺CD25⁺ and CD8⁺CD28⁺ T cells significantly increased in extra-pulmonary TB patients after one month of chemotherapy. These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis infection induces circulating CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ and CD8⁺CD28⁻ T cell expansion, which may be related to the progression of M. tuberculosis infection, and that the balance between effector immune responses and suppression immune responses is essential to control M. tuberculosis infection.     

Induction of phagocyte-stimulating cytokines by in vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Haemophilus influenzae

The aim of this study was to analyse the in vitro response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to stimulation with killed Haemophilus influenzae strains of different capsular types, isolation sites and from cases with different forms of infections. The mean stimulatory index using 10(6) bacteria/well was 10, and 80 when 10(8) bacteria/well were used for stimulation. The mean+/-SD level was 13+/-4 ng/ml for interleukin (IL)-1beta, 128+/-73 ng/ml for IL-6, 203+/-122 ng/ml for IL-8, 3160+/-1220 pg/ml for IL-10, 29+/-40 pg/ml for IL-12, 2800+/-1790 pg/ml for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and 4+/-7 ng/ml for interferon (IFN)-gamma, when stimulating cells with the lower dose of 10(6) bacteria/well. Using the higher bacterial dose, the levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-12 remained similar, whereas the IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were significantly lower, and IFN-gamma levels were significantly higher. Strains isolated from the bronchial tree induced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma and significantly lower levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 than strains from other isolation sites. In conclusion, H. influenzae generated phagocyte-activating cytokines and an IL-10/IL-12 ratio that was 1090 times that described previously for Streptococcus pneumoniae.