胡桃对小鼠组织细胞膜酶及脂质过氧化的影响

胡桃对小鼠组织细胞膜酶及脂质过氧化的影响王素敏，符云峰，董玉枝，王薇（河北省医学科学院生化研究室，石家庄０５００２１）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＪｕｇｌａｎｓｒｅｇｉａＬ．ｏｎＮａ－Ｋ－ＡＴＰａｓｅＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄＬｉｐｉｄＰｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｉｎＭｉｃｅ￥...     

Fatty acid content of New Zealand-grown walnuts (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) samples were collected during the 1994 and 1995 harvest from ten different cultivars of trees grown in a replicated trial in an experimental orchard at Lincoln University, New Zealand. Two US commercial cultivars (Tehama and Vina), three European commercial cultivars (Esterhazy, 139, G120) and five New Zealand selections (Rex, Dublin's Glory, Meyric, McKinster, Stanley) were evaluated. Total oil was extracted using a cold press and individual fatty acids were analysed by GLC. The total oil content of the nuts ranged from 62.4 to 68.7%. The oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 14.3 to 26.1% of the total fatty acids, while the linoleic acid content ranged from 49.3 to 62.3% and the linolenic contents from 8.0 to 13.8%.     

牡蛎提取物对高血糖小鼠保护作用

目的探讨牡蛎提取物对四氧嘧啶诱发的小鼠高血糖的保护作用。方法预先给小鼠牡蛎提取物灌胃，连续4周，然后腹腔注射四氧嘧啶，观察牡蛎提取物对小鼠血糖、体重、胸腺、脾脏重量的影响。结果牡蛎提取物可显著减低由四氧嘧啶所致的小鼠血糖升高的幅度（P〈0．01），增加小鼠免疫器官的重量（P〈0．05）；对正常小鼠血糖无明显影响。结论牡蛎提取物对四氧嘧啶所致小鼠血糖升高有显著的保护作用。     

The neuroprotective effects of an ethanolic turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract against trimethyltin-induced oxidative stress in rats

Introduction: Oxidative stress is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. An ethanolic turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract containing curcumin has been reported to produce antioxidant effects.

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of the ethanolic turmeric extract against trimethyltin (TMT)-induced oxidative stress in Sprague Dawley rats.

Methods: The ethanolic turmeric extract and citicoline were administered to the TMT exposed rats from day 1 to day 28 of the experiment. The TMT injection was administered on day 8 of the experiment. The plasma and brain malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes in the brain were examined at the end of the experiment.

Results: The administration of 200 mg/kg bw of the ethanolic turmeric extract prevented oxidative stress by decreasing the plasma and brain MDA levels and increasing the SOD, CAT, and GPx enzyme activities and GSH levels in the brain. These effects seem to be comparable to those of citicoline.

Discussion: The ethanolic turmeric extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw may exert neuroprotective effects on TMT-exposed Sprague Dawley rats by preventing them from oxidative stress.     

糖尿病教育对血糖控制的影响

目的：探讨糖尿病教育对血糖控制的影响。方法：对确诊为Ⅱ型糖尿病的286例住院病人，随机分为受教育组和对照组，每组各143例，受教育组至少接受过一个阶段（1个月，每周1次）的糖尿病正规讲座教育，两者患者在教育前和受教育后（4周，6个月）时分别测定空腹血糖，餐后血糖和糖化血红蛋白。结果：受教育组在教育后4周，6个月时血糖控制满意率分别为92．3％，80．42％明显优于对照组60．14％，41．96％（P＜0．01），结论：对糖尿病患者进行糖尿病知识教育有利于病人的血糖控制。     

Walnut extract (Juglans regia L.) and its component ellagic acid exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in human aorta endothelial cells and osteoblastic activity in the cell line KS483

Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of CVD and postmenopausal osteoporosis is low in the Mediterranean area, where herbs and nuts, among others, play an important role in nutrition. In the present study, we sought a role of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in endothelial and bone-cell function. As the endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules has been recognised as an early step in inflammation and atherogenesis, we examined the effect of walnut methanolic extract and ellagic acid, one of its major polyphenolic components (as shown by HPLC analysis), on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in human aortic endothelial cells. After incubating the cells with TNF-alpha (1 ng/ml) in the absence and in the presence of walnut extract (10-200 microg/ml) or ellagic acid (10- 7-10- 5 m), the VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression was quantified by cell-ELISA. We further evaluated the effect of walnut extract (10-50 microg/ml), in comparison with ellagic acid (10- 9-10- 6m), on nodule formation in the osteoblastic cell line KS483.Walnut extract and ellagic acid decreased significantly the TNF-alpha-induced endothelial expression of both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). Both walnut extract (at 10-25 microg/ml) and ellagic acid (at 10- 9-10- 8 m) induced nodule formation in KS483 osteoblasts. The present results suggest that the walnut extract has a high anti-atherogenic potential and a remarkable osteoblastic activity, an effect mediated, at least in part, by its major component ellagic acid. Such findings implicate the beneficial effect of a walnut-enriched diet on cardioprotection and bone loss.     

Antidiarrheal activity of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract in rats

In Jordan, the leaves of Laurus nobilis (Family Lauraceae) have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, among other ailments. However, the ethnopharmacology of this plant needs to be scientifically validated. The present work was carried out to evaluate the scientific basis of the antidiarrheal effect of the aqueous extract of L. nobilis leaf. L. nobilis leaf extract significantly inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea (effective concentration producing 50% of the maximum response [EC(50)]=150±6.4 mg/kg) and reduced castor oil-induced enteropooling in rats (EC(50)=162±5.9 mg/kg). The extract also significantly inhibited intestinal transit of a charcoal meal and exerted a significant dose-dependent relaxation (EC(50)=71±5.3 mg/mL) on rat ileal smooth muscle. The aqueous extract tested positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These results established the efficacy of L. nobilis leaf aqueous extract as an antidiarrheal agent and are consistent with the popular use of the plant in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, particularly diarrhea.     

Comet Assay to Assess the Genotoxicity of Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Husks with Statistical Evaluation

The aim of this study was to confirm the utility of the Comet assay as a genotoxicity screening test for evaluating the impact of walnut husk aqueous extract. Phytotoxicity assays using diluted and undiluted walnut husk aqueous extracts were performed on young roots of Raphanus sativus (radish), and the Comet assay was used to evaluate DNA integrity in isolated radish radicle nuclei. The results reveal a dose-dependent accumulation of DNA damage in radish radicles treated with walnut husks water extract and that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test combined with Johnson SB distribution was the best approach for describing Comet assay data.     

Comparative study of the nutritional and bioactive compounds content of four walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars

The proximate and mineral composition, fatty acid profile, total polyphenol, melatonin and serotonin contents were assessed in four walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars (cv. Serr, Hartley, Chandler and Howard). The aim was to decide which cultivar is the most suitable from a nutritive, but also commercial, point of view. Proteins and fats accounted for more than 70% of the walnut kernel weight. Due to their content in bioactive compounds such as melatonin, serotonin and total phenols, their high content in magnesium (up to 443 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) and other minerals, their high contents in polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 78.0% of total fatty acids) and their favorable n−6/n−3 ratio, among other healthful properties, consumption of all the studied cultivars would be potentially beneficial to health. According to its fatty acid profile, Howard would be the most healthful cultivar, but also it would be theoretically the most sensitive to rancidity, and thus the cultivar with the shortest shelf life. Nonetheless, this cultivar showed the highest content in the antioxidants melatonin and total polyphenols.     

正钒酸钠对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖水平的影响

目的 :研究正钒酸钠对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖水平的影响。方法 :采用葡萄糖氧化酶—过氧化物酶法(GOD—PAP法 )。结果 :实验前后分别测空腹血糖值 ,实验组动物血糖与实验前及糖尿病对照组相比均有明显下降 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :正钒酸钠对实验性糖尿病小鼠具有明显的降血糖作用     

Suppression of fertility in male albino rats following the administration of 50% ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos

BACKGROUND: Plants have served as a natural source of antifertility substances. The reactivated interest in the evaluation of some lead plants for fertility prompted us to undertake studies on the antifertility potential of Aegle marmelos leaves. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty percent ethanolic extract from the leaves of A. marmelos (AMLEt) was prepared. The effect of A. marmelos leaf extract on the reproductive system of male albino rats was investigated at three different doses, namely, 100, 200 and 300 mg(-1) kg (-1) day(-1) for each rat for 60 days. Recovery was also investigated after a withdrawal of 120 days. RESULTS: All the major accessory sex organs shed weight postadministration of the extract. There was a marked reduction in motility and density of the sperm derived from cauda epididymis of the treated animals. A. marmelos reduced fertility of male rats by 100% at the 300-mg dose level. Serum testosterone levels also decreased significantly in all the experimental groups. The protein, glycogen and lipid peroxidation content of the testes was significantly reduced at the highest dose level; a highly significant increase in testicular cholesterol was observed along with a highly significant reduction in the sialic acid contents of testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles. Blood tests did not point to distress in any of the vital organs. Withdrawal of the extract restored all the altered parameters including organ weights, fertility, testosterone levels and tissue biochemistry to control levels after 120 days. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, it is inferred that the leaf extract of A. marmelos (AMLEt) suppresses fertility in male rats. Complete recovery of fertility was observed following the withdrawal of drug. Absence of any deleterious effect on the vital organs points to the safe use of the extract.     

Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) extract on blood glucose, blood lipid and hemorheological properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds have previously been shown to have hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects on type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and experimental diabetic animals. The Trigonella foenum-graecum extract has now been investigated for its effects on general properties, blood glucose and blood lipid, and hemorheological parameters in experimental diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were administrated by oral intragastric intubation separately with low dose (0.44 g/kg.d), middle dose (0.87 g/kg.d), high dose (1.74 g/kg.d) of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract, and Metformin HCl (0.175 g/kg.d) for 6 weeks. Compared with diabetic group, rats treated with Trigonella foenum-graecum extract had an increase in body weight and a decrease in kidney /body weight ratio (p<0.05). Compared with diabetic group, rats treated Trigonella foenum-graecum extract had lower blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholestrol and higher higher-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity of high shear rate (200 s-1) and low shear rate (40 s-1), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, whole blood reduction viscosity and platelet conglutination were significantly reduced in diabetic rats treated with high and middle doses of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract, but not in those treated with low dose of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract. It may be concluded that Trigonella foenum-graecum extract can lower kidney /body weight ratio, blood glucose, blood lipid levels and improve hemorheological properties in experimental diabetic rats following repeated treatment for 6 weeks.     

Effect of increasing iron supplementation on blood lipids in rats.

The effects of increasing levels of Fe on serum fatty acids, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, liver and heart were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either Fe-deficient or carbonyl Fe-supplemented diets with 35 (control), 350, 3500 and 20 000 microg Fe/g for 12 weeks. As intake of Fe increased, serum total cholesterol increased from 2.0 mmol/l in controls to 5.2 mmol/l at the highest level of Fe. Also, the total serum phospholipid fatty acids increased from 609 mg/dl in controls to 1292 mg/l at the highest level of Fe. Except for the highest dose of Fe, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated phospholipid fatty acids increased from 1.2 to 1.7. The serum total free fatty acid levels remained constant among all groups with a range from 162 to 228 mg/l, while a ratio of 0.6 to 0.8 for saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was maintained. A dose-related increase in liver non-haem Fe from 18 to 3500 microg/g correlated with increases in lipid peroxidation (r 0.87), measured by the lipid-conjugated diene assay. Oxidative changes in the liver may have resulted in alterations in sterol synthesis, leading to increased serum cholesterol levels with increases in serum phospholipids and changes in the ratios of their saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Animals with heart damage showed myocardial degeneration and cardiomyopathy with haemosiderin in interstitial macrophages or myocardial fibres and, when these were coupled with the findings of increased non-haem Fe in the heart and lipid peroxidation in the liver, suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of the lesions.     

职业压力对高校教师血脂、血糖、血压影响的研究

目的 探讨职业压力对高校教师健康的影响,为采取干预措施提供依据.方法 选取2006年本市接受健康检查的60岁以下的高校教师1 751人进行职业压力调查和健康检查,另选高校专职行政人员258人作为对照组.结果 高校教师职业压力强度高于行政人员.高血脂、糖尿病、高血压患病率分别为34.72%、5.65%、13.59%,均高于行政人员,患病率随年龄升高而升高且男性均高于女性.结论 职业压力是引起高校教师血脂、血糖、血压升高的重要危险因素之一.因此对高校教师采取干预措施,缓解职业压力,预防疫病,保护健康不容忽视.     

In vitro neuroprotective effects of the leaf and fruit extracts of Juglans regia L. (walnut) through enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease and antioxidant activity

Several extracts of the leaves and fruits of Juglans regia L. were assessed for their neuroprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase methods. Anticholinesterase activity was determined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the enzymes vital for Alzheimer's disease, at 50, 100 and 200 μg ml(-1). Antioxidant activity was tested using radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD), superoxide (SO), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) radicals, as well as ferric ion-chelating capacity, ferric- and phosphomolybdenum-reducing antioxidant power at 500, 1000 and 2000 μg ml(-1). Total phenol and flavonoid quantification of the extracts was calculated. The extracts scavenged DPPH radical in varying degrees; however, they did not scavenge DPMD and H(2)O(2). Only the dichloromethane and water extracts were able to quench SO (10.09 ± 1.38%) and NO (24.09 ± 2.19%) radicals, respectively, at low level. The extracts showed either low or no BChE inhibition and no AChE inhibition.     

亚麻木酚素提取物对糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞的影响

目的:观察亚麻木酚素提取物对糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞损伤的影响。方法:将未造模大鼠作为正常对照组;成模大鼠随机分为3组(模型组、实验组、药物对照组)。实验12周末检测24 h尿白蛋白排泄率、肾重系数等变化,透射电镜观察肾脏足细胞超微病理结构变化。结果:与糖尿病模型组比较,实验组降低肾重、24 h尿白蛋白排泄率、Scr、BUN(P<0.05)。实验组和药物对照组病理改变均较糖尿病模型组明显减轻,足突部分融合,系膜基质轻度增多,肾小球基底膜增厚减轻。结论:亚麻木酚素提取物可减轻糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞病理损伤,改善肾功能。     

缬草提取物对肺纤维化大鼠转化生长因子-β1的影响

目的探讨缬草提取物对博莱霉素所致肺纤维化大鼠转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的影响。方法健康Wistar大鼠气管内一次性注入博莱霉素5mg／kg制造肺纤维化模型,取造模存活大鼠65只,随机分为缬草高剂量组（16只）、缬草低剂量组（16只）、秋水仙碱组（16只）及模型组（17只）4组。造模后第2天始分别灌胃给予缬草提取物100mg／kg、缬草提取物20mg／kg、秋水仙碱100μg／kg及生理盐水10ml／kg,1次／d次。模型组及用药组于第7天各处死大鼠6只,28d处死剩存大鼠。另取8只大鼠,气管内一次性注入生理盐水1．0mL／kg,灌胃给予生理盐水10ml／（kg·d）作为健康对照组,于第28天处死。大鼠处死后,取右下肺叶做HE染色和Masson染色观察肺组织结构的改变;免疫组织化学法检测肺组织中的TGF-β1表达改变。结果模型组鼠观察期内死亡3只（17．65％）,7d肺组织呈现重度肺泡炎改变,合并有TGF-β1表达显著升高,28d肺组织胶原纤维重度增生;缬草组及秋水仙碱组第7天时肺泡炎较模型组减轻,TGF-β1表达较模型组弱（P〈0．05）,第28d缬草组及秋水仙碱组肺纤维化病变较模型组减轻,TGF-β1表达较模型组弱。结论缬草提取物可以有效防治博莱霉素诱导的大鼠肺泡炎及肺纤维化,其机制可能是通过降低TGF-β1的表达来实现。     

In vitro neuroprotective effects of the leaf and fruit extracts of Juglans regia L. (walnut) through enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease and antioxidant activity

Several extracts of the leaves and fruits of Juglans regia L. were assessed for their neuroprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase methods. Anticholinesterase activity was determined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the enzymes vital for Alzheimer's disease, at 50, 100 and 200 μg ml^{? 1}. Antioxidant activity was tested using radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD), superoxide (SO), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) radicals, as well as ferric ion-chelating capacity, ferric- and phosphomolybdenum-reducing antioxidant power at 500, 1000 and 2000 μg ml^{? 1}. Total phenol and flavonoid quantification of the extracts was calculated. The extracts scavenged DPPH radical in varying degrees; however, they did not scavenge DPMD and H₂O₂. Only the dichloromethane and water extracts were able to quench SO (10.09 ± 1.38%) and NO (24.09 ± 2.19%) radicals, respectively, at low level. The extracts showed either low or no BChE inhibition and no AChE inhibition.