Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Patients and Post-Discharge Mortality

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the impact of delirium on post-discharge mortality in hospitalized older patients.

INTRODUCTION:

Delirium is frequent in hospitalized older patients and correlates with high hospital mortality. There are only a few studies about its impact on post-discharge mortality.

METHODS:

This is a prospective study of patients over 60 years old who were hospitalized in the Geriatric Unit at Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo between May 2006 and March 2007. Upon admission, demographics, comorbidities, number of drugs taken, and serum albumin concentration were evaluated for each patient. Delirium was diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria. Patients were divided into group A (with delirium) and group B (without delirium). One year after discharge, the patients or their caregivers were contacted to assess days of survival.

RESULTS:

The sample included 199 patients, 66 (33%) of whom developed delirium (Group A). After one year, 33 (50%) group A patients had died, and 45 (33.8%) group B patients had died (p = 0.03). There was a significant statistical difference in average age (p = 0.001) and immobility (p <0.001) between groups A and B. There were no statistically significant differences between groups A and B in number of drugs taken greater than four (p = 0.62), sex (p = 0.54) and number of diagnoses greater than four (p = 0.21). According to a multivariate analysis, delirium was not an independent predictor of post-discharge mortality. The predictors of post-discharge mortality were age ≥ 80 years (p = 0.029), albumin concentration < 3.5 g/dl (p = 0.001) and immobility (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSION:

Delirium is associated with higher post-discharge mortality as a dependent predictor.     

sPD‐L1 Expression is Associated with Immunosuppression and Infectious Complications in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) with infectious complications has high mortality because of early‐stage immunosuppression. The programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) pathway is an important host immunosuppression mechanism. Soluble PD‐L1 (sPD‐L1) expression regulates co‐inhibitory signals in malignancies or autoimmune disorders; however, its effects in AP are unknown. Here, we evaluated whether serum sPD‐L1 is involved in immune dysfunction and assessed its relationship with infectious complications in early AP. Blood samples were obtained from 56 patients with acute pancreatitis and 21 healthy individuals in this prospective study. Serum sPD‐L1 levels within 48 h after AP onset were tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Relevant immune parameters (human leucocyte antigen‐DR, lymphocyte count) and inflammatory markers (C‐reactive protein, white blood cell count) were analysed. sPD‐L1 was significantly upregulated in patients with early AP, especially those with infectious complications, compared to healthy controls. Significant negative correlations were observed among monocyte HLA‐DR expression, lymphocyte count and sPD‐L1 levels in AP. Multivariate regression indicated that sPD‐L1 was an independent risk factor for infectious complications in AP. The findings suggest that increased sPD‐L1 expression appears to be involved in the development of immunosuppression in the early stage of AP and that sPD‐L1 might be an early parameter for prediction of infectious complications in patients with AP.     

Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with Serratia marcescens Bacteremia

PurposeOver the last 30 years, Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) has emerged as an important pathogen, and a common cause of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with mortality in patients with S. marcescens bacteremia.ResultsThe 28-day mortality was 22.4% (22/98 episodes). In a univariate analysis, the onset of bacteremia during the intensive care unit stay (p=0.020), serum albumin level (p=0.011), serum C-reactive protein level (p=0.041), presence of indwelling urinary catheter (p=0.023), and Sequential Oran Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at the onset of bacteremia (p<0.001) were significantly different between patients in the fatal and non-fatal groups. In a multivariate analysis, lower serum albumin level and an elevated SOFA score were independently associated with 28-day mortality [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.206, 95% confidential interval (CI) 0.044-0.960, p=0.040, and adjusted OR 1.474, 95% CI 1.200-1.810, p<0.001, respectively].ConclusionLower serum albumin level and an elevated SOFA score were significantly associated with adverse outcomes in patients with S. marcescens bacteremia.     

Multidimensional Evaluation of All-Cause Mortality Risk and Survival Analysis for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused over 3.8 million deaths globally. Up to date, the number of death in 2021 is more than that in 2020 globally. Here, we aimed to compare clinical characteristics of deceased patients and recovered patients, and analyze the risk factors of death to help reduce mortality of COVID-19.Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 2719 COVID-19 patients were enrolled, including 109 deceased patients and 2610 recovered patients. Medical records of all patients were collected between February 4, 2020, and April 7, 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory indices, treatments, and deep-learning system- assessed lung lesion volumes were analyzed. The effect of different medications on survival time of fatal cases was also investigated.Results: The deceased patients were older (73 years versus 60 years) and had a male predominance. Nausea (10.1% versus 4.1%) and dyspnea (54.1% versus 39.2%) were more common in deceased patients. The proportion of patients with comorbidities in deceased patients was significantly higher than those in recovered patients. The median times from hospital admission to outcome in deceased patients and recovered patients were 9 days and 13 days, respectively. Patients with severe or critical COVID-19 were more frequent in deceased group. Leukocytosis (11.35×10⁹/L versus 5.60×10⁹/L) and lymphocytopenia (0.52×10⁹/L versus 1.58×10⁹/L) were shown in patients who died. The level of prothrombin time, activated partial prothrombin time, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, glucose, brain natriuretic peptide, and inflammatory indicators were significantly higher in deceased patients than in recovered patients. The volumes of ground-glass, consolidation, total lesions and total lung in all patients were quantified. Complications were more common in deceased patients than in recovered patients; respiratory failure (57.8%), septic shock (36.7%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (26.6%) were the most common complications in patients who died. Many treatments were more frequent in deceased patients, such as antibiotic therapy (88.1% versus 53.7%), glucocorticoid treatment (70.6% versus 11.0%), intravenous immunoglobin treatment (36.6% versus 4.9%), invasive mechanical ventilation (62.3% versus 3.8%). Antivirals, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicines and glucocorticoid treatment may significantly increase the survival time of fatal cases. Quantitative computed tomography imaging results were correlated with biochemical markers.Conclusions: Most patients with fatal outcomes were more likely to have common comorbidities. The leading causes of death were respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure and septic shock were the most common serious complications. Antivirals, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicines, and glucocorticoid treatment may prolong the survival time of deceased patients with COVID-19.     

A Prospective Korean Multicenter Study for Infectious Complications in Patients Undergoing Prostate Surgery: Risk Factors and Efficacy of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

This multicenter study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis and identify the risk factors for infectious complications after prostate surgery in Korean patients. A total of 424 patients who underwent surgery of the prostate were reviewed. All patients underwent urinalysis and urine culture preoperatively and postoperatively. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis and risk factors for infectious complications were investigated. Infectious complications were observed in 34.9% of all patients. Factors independently associated with infectious complications were diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.65, P=0.025) and operation time (adjusted OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13, P=0.004). Clinicians should be aware of the high risk of infectious complications in patients with diabetes and those who undergo a prolonged operation time. Neither the type nor duration of prophylactic antibiotics resulted in differences in infectious complications.

Graphical Abstract

相似文献   

Prognostic Factors Influencing Mortality in Cancer Patients with Neutropenia and Bacteremia

 The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for mortality in neutropenic patients with cancer and bacteremia. A consecutive sample of 438 neutropenic patients (granulocyte count <0.5×10⁹/l) with cancer and bacteremia was studied to identify the clinical characteristics associated with mortality at the onset of bacteremia. The mean age of the subjects was 48 years (range, 15–87 years). Most cases of bacteremia (77%) were hospital-acquired and occurred in patients with acute leukemia (48%). Gram-positive organisms caused 233 (53%) episodes of bacteremia, gram-negative organisms caused 151 (34%) episodes, and 48 (11%) episodes were polymicrobial. The overall mortality within 30 days of the onset of bacteremia was 24.4%. The variables found to be independently associated with increased mortality using logistic regression techniques were as follows: shock at the onset of bacteremia (OR, 10; 95% CI, 4.2–23.8), pneumonia (OR,4.4; 95% CI, 1.9–10), uncontrolled cancer (OR,4.3; 95 %CI, 1.5–12.7), and absence of prophylaxis with norfloxacin (OR,2.4; 95%CI, 1.3–4.5). The prognostic factors ascertained in this study may help to identify those patients at higher risk of death. Medical intervention addressing some of these factors may improve the outcome of bacteremia in neutropenic patients with cancer.     

慢性精神分裂症患者共情缺陷及其相关因素

目的调查慢性精神分裂症患者的共情缺陷及其相关因素。方法采用人际反应指针量表(IRI-C)对116例住院慢性精神分裂症患者和109例社区正常对照组的共情能力进行比较,并应用情绪-社交孤独问卷(ESLI)、德克萨斯社交行为问卷(TSBI)、罗森伯格自尊量表(SES)、阴性症状评定量表(SANS)、住院精神病人社会功能量表(SSPI)等进行评定,分析患者共情能力的相关因素。结果研究组IRI-C总分显著低于对照组(t=3.97,P0.01),且总分离散度大于对照组。患者的受教育程度、阴性症状与患者共情能力有相关性(r=0.115,-0.459;P0.05);IRI-C总分与SES总分、TSBI总分呈正相关(r=0.386,0.541,P0.01),并且TSBI总分进入回归模型,Beta值为0.417,与ESLI总分无相关性,但与社交孤立因子、社交孤独因子相关(r=-0.256,0.327;P0.05),且社交孤立、社交孤独因子全部进入回归模型,Beta值分别为-0.258,0.523。结论慢性精神分裂症患者存在广泛的共情缺陷,并且阴性症状明显、自尊水平低、缺乏自信心、支配性差、社会退缩、社交孤独,共情能力越差。     

Three Cases of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Associated with Abscess Formation and Cellulitis

 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum has been described as an unusual pathogen causing pharyngotonsillitis and systemic disease in patients with predisposing conditions. A case of soft tissue abscess with no apparent portal of entry is reported in a healthy 31-year-old man who presented with a breast tumor. A second case of abscess formation in a 50-year-old patient with complicated wound healing is presented. In addition, a case of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum cellulitis in a 25-year-old female is reported. Due to its innocuous, coryneform appearance, this pathogen is probably underreported; therefore, the diagnostic evaluation of this organism is emphasized.     

长期住院精神分裂症患者的生活质量评估

目的评估长期住院精神分裂症患者的生活质量并分析影响因素,为提高患者的生活质量提供科学依据。方法入组精神分裂症患者258例,均为男性,采用生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)评定生活质量,阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的精神病状态,分析年龄、文化程度、婚姻、病情、病程、住院时间、躯体疾病、抗精神病药等对患者生活质量的影响。结果①受教育程度较高、无躯体疾病及服用新型抗精神病药者生活质量总分显著较高(t=2.052,3.425,3.004;P0.05或0.01);而年龄越大、未婚/离婚/丧偶者、住院时间较长、副反应明显者生活质量总分显著较低(t=3.394,2.337,2.855,2.184;P0.05或0.01);②PANSS总分、阳性因子分、阴性因子分及一般精神病理因子分越高,而患者生活质量评分越低(r=0.326,0.371,0.318,0.206;P0.05或0.01)。结论长期住院精神分裂症患者的生活质量受着多因素的影响。     

Risk Factors for Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: Two-Year Follow-Up Study

Background. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients under hemodialysis (HD) have high mortality rate. Inflammation, dyslipidemia, disturbances in erythropoiesis, iron metabolism, endothelial function, and nutritional status have been reported in these patients. Our aim was to identify any significant association of death with these disturbances, by performing a two-year follow-up study. Methods and Results. A large set of data was obtained from 189 HD patients (55.0% male; 66.4 ± 13.9 years old), including hematological data, lipid profile, iron metabolism, nutritional, inflammatory, and endothelial (dys)function markers, and dialysis adequacy. Results. 35 patients (18.5%) died along the follow-up period. Our data showed that the type of vascular access, C-reactive protein (CRP), and triglycerides (TG) are significant predictors of death. The risk of death was higher in patients using central venous catheter (CVC) (Hazard ratio [HR] =3.03, 95% CI = 1.49–6.13), with higher CRP levels (fourth quartile), compared with those with lower levels (first quartile) (HR = 17.3, 95% CI = 2.40–124.9). Patients with higher TG levels (fourth quartile) presented a lower risk of death, compared with those with the lower TG levels (first quartile) (HR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.05–0.58). Conclusions. The use of CVC, high CRP, and low TG values seem to be independent risk factors for mortality in HD patients.     

Incidence and Mortality Associated with Cardiovascular Medication among Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients in South Korea

PurposeWe aimed to investigate whether the use of cardiovascular drugs in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with hypertension as a comorbidity has a significant effect on the incidence and associated mortality rate of COVID-19.Materials and MethodsData covering the period between January 1, 2020 and June 4, 2020 were extracted from The National Health Insurance Service-COVID-19 (NHIS-COVID-19) database in South Korea and analyzed as a population-based cohort study.ResultsA total of 101657 hypertensive adults aged 20 years or older were included for final analysis. Among them, 1889 patients (1.9%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and June 4, 2020, and hospital mortality occurred in 193 patients (10.2%). In a multivariable model, the use of beta-blockers was associated with an 18% lower incidence of COVID-19 [odds ratio (OR): 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69–0.98; p=0.029]. Among 1889 hypertensive patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the use of a calcium channel blocker (CCB) was associated with a 42% lower hospital mortality rate (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.38–0.89; p=0.012). The use of other cardiovascular drugs was not associated with the incidence of COVID-19 or hospital mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. Similar results were observed in all 328374 adults in the NHIS-COVID-19 database, irrespective of the presence of hypertension.ConclusionIn South Korea, beta-blockers exhibited potential benefits in lowering the incidence of COVID-19 among hypertensive patients. Furthermore, CCBs may lower the hospital mortality rate among hypertensive COVID-19 patients. These findings were also applied to the general adult population, regardless of hypertension.     

精神分裂症患者代谢综合征的患病率及相关因素

目的探索精神分裂症患者伴发代谢综合征的患病率及相关因素。方法对使用单一非典型精神病药物6月以上的精神分裂症患者做调查,测定其代谢指标,采用世界糖尿病联盟(IDF,2005)全球统一标准定义代谢综合征(MS),了解精神分裂症患者伴发代谢综合征的发生率,用Logistic回归分析影响发生的相关因素。结果共入组完成386例,MS患病率为35.8%,MS患病率随年龄、病程的增加而增加(P<0.001),同时与服药有关。Logistis回归分析结果显示,年龄、病程进入方程(P<0.01)。结论非典型抗精神病药引起代谢综合征发生率高于普通人群,可能的危险因素有高龄、长病程。     

Pretransplant Neutropenia Is Associated with Poor-Risk Cytogenetic Features and Increased Infection-Related Mortality in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes

A retrospective cohort analysis was performed to determine the impact of neutropenia on the outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with myelodysplasia (MDS). Among 291 consecutive patients, 178 (61%) had absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) <1500/μL and 113 (39%) had ANCs ≥1500/μL within 2 weeks before HSCT. Neutropenic patients more often had poor-risk karyotypes (34% versus 12%, P < .0001) and high-risk International Prognostic Scoring System scores (37% veresus 18%, P = .0006). After HSCT, the rate of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria and invasive fungal infections was significantly increased among neutropenic patients (rate ratio [RR] 1.77, P = .02 and RR = 2.56, P = .03, respectively), whereas infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria were not affected (RR 1.33, P = .53). The hazards of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.62 [1.1-2.4], P = .01), overall mortality (HR = 1.55 [1.1-2.1], P = 0.007), and infection-related mortality (HR = 2.22 [1.2-4.2], P = .01) were increased in neutropenic patients, whereas relapse, engraftment, and graft-versus-host-disease were not affected. After adjusting for cytogenetic risk and marrow myeloblast percentages, neutropenic patients remained at significant hazard for infection-related mortality (HR = 1.94 [1.0-3.8], P = .05), but not for overall mortality or NRM. We propose that intensified strategies to prevent infections should be implemented in MDS patients with preexisting neutropenia who undergo HSCT.     

The Influencing Factors of Medication Compliance of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

目的 分析住院精神病患者服药依从性的影响因素,从而提出干预措施.方法 通过与病人、家属及其他病友交流以及对病人进行观察,对89例服药依从性差的住院患者进行分析.结果 影响住院精神病患者服药依从性的原因很多,在89例被调查者中,对疾病无正确认识23例(占25.84％),害怕出现药物副反应17例(占19.10％),受幻觉妄想内容的影响15例(占16.85％),认为自己病好了没有必要再服药11例(占12.36％),对医护人员不信任7例(占7.86％),经济因素7例(占7.86％),家属对病人支持不良6例(占6.74％),企图积存药物自杀3例(占3.37％).结论 影响住院精神病患者服药依从性的原因,有病人个人的因素、医护人员的因素和其他因素(经济因素、家属的态度)等.     

住院精神病患者服药依从性的影响因素

目的分析住院精神病患者服药依从性的影响因素,从而提出干预措施。方法通过与病人、家属及其他病友交流以及对病人进行观察,对89例服药依从性差的住院患者进行分析。结果影响住院精神病患者服药依从性的原因很多,在89例被调查者中,对疾病无正确认识23例(占25.84%),害怕出现药物副反应17例(占19.10%),受幻觉妄想内容的影响15例(占16.85%),认为自己病好了没有必要再服药11例(占12.36%),对医护人员不信任7例(占7.86%),经济因素7例(占7.86%),家属对病人支持不良6例(占6.74%),企图积存药物自杀3例(占3.37%)。结论影响住院精神病患者服药依从性的原因,有病人个人的因素、医护人员的因素和其他因素(经济因素、家属的态度)等。